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PATTISON IH, MILLSON GC. Scrapie produced experimentally in goats with special reference to the clinical syndrome. J Comp Pathol 1998; 71:101-9. [PMID: 13733383 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1742(61)80013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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MILLSON GC, WEST LC, DEW SM. Biochemical and haematological observation on the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of clinically healthy and scrapie-affected goats. J Comp Pathol 1998; 70:194-8. [PMID: 14422665 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1742(60)80019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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DARCEL CL, AVERY RJ, CARSON RB. Brain glycogen- and copper-levels in normal sheep and sheep affected with scrapie. Nature 1998; 189:410. [PMID: 13719725 DOI: 10.1038/189410a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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54
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Baylis M, Houston F, McLean A. Study on scrapie resistance. Vet Rec 1998; 143:176. [PMID: 9746954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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55
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Hunter N, Cairns D. Scrapie-free Merino and Poll Dorset sheep from Australia and New Zealand have normal frequencies of scrapie-susceptible PrP genotypes. J Gen Virol 1998; 79 ( Pt 8):2079-82. [PMID: 9714260 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-8-2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As natural scrapie occurs only in sheep of specific PrP genotypes, one proposed aetiology was that scrapie is simply a genetic disease. However, Cheviot and Suffolk sheep of scrapie-susceptible genotypes are found in Australia and New Zealand, both generally accepted to be scrapie-free countries. A study of more common Australia and New Zealand sheep breeds (Merinos and Poll Dorsets) was carried out in order to obtain more generally applicable estimates of Australia and New Zealand sheep PrP genotype frequencies. We have confirmed that animals of highly susceptible PrP genotypes are found in Australia and New Zealand. Interestingly, the Poll Dorset sheep, although born in New Zealand, were brought to the UK as young adult animals and subsequently remained free of clinical scrapie despite 21% of the sheep having scrapie-susceptible genotypes. These results have implications for the genetic control of occurrence of the equivalent human diseases.
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Weber DJ, McFadden PN, Caughey B. Measurement of altered aspartyl residues in the scrapie associated form of prion protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 246:606-8. [PMID: 9618258 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), the endogenous protease-sensitive prion protein (PrP-sen) of the host is converted to a pathologic form (PrP-res) that has greatly enhanced proteinase K resistance, insolubility, and beta sheet content. To investigate the possibility that alterations at aspartyl or asparaginyl residues in the form of D-aspartate and/or L-isoaspartate could play a role in either the formation or stabilization of PrP-res in TSE-infected animals, we assayed for the presence of these abnormal residues in PrP-res. Protein D-aspartyl/L-isoaspartyl carboxyl methyltransferase (PIMT) was used to methylate and radiolabel altered aspartyl residues, which were detected in PrP-res, but at low levels (0.5 mole%). The scarcity of D-aspartyl and/or L-isoaspartyl groups in PrP-res suggests that this modification is unlikely to be primarily responsible for the differences between PrP-res and PrP-sen. However, it remains possible that such modifications in substoichiometric numbers of PrP molecules could help to initiate the PrP-res formation or stabilize PrP-res polymers in vivo.
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Caspi S, Halimi M, Yanai A, Sasson SB, Taraboulos A, Gabizon R. The anti-prion activity of Congo red. Putative mechanism. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:3484-9. [PMID: 9452472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PrPSc, an abnormal conformational isoform of the normal prion protein, PrPC, is the only known component of the prion, a proteinacious agent that causes fatal neurodegenerative disorders in humans and other animals. The hallmark properties of PrPSc are its insolubility in nondenaturing detergents and its resistance to digestion by proteases. Anions such as Congo red (CR) have been shown to reduce the accumulation of PrPSc in a neuroblastoma cell line permanently infected with prions as well as to delay disease onset in rodents when administrated prophylactically. The mechanism by which such anti-prion agents operate is unknown. We show here that in vitro incubation with CR renders native PrPSc resistant to denaturation by boiling SDS. This resulted from PrPSc conformation, since neither the properties of PrPC nor those of predenatured PrPSc were changed by the addition of CR. CR-PrPSc could only be denatured by the addition of acidic 3 M guanidine thiocyanate. Since in vitro conversion experiments have suggested that partial denaturation may be required for PrPSc to serve as template in the PrPC --> PrPSc conversion, we propose that CR inhibits prion propagation by overstabilizing the conformation of PrPSc molecules.
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58
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Inouye H, Kirschner DA. X-ray diffraction analysis of scrapie prion: intermediate and folded structures in a peptide containing two putative alpha-helices. J Mol Biol 1997; 268:375-89. [PMID: 9159477 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Small proteinaceous infectious particles called prions cause certain neurodegenerative diseases in human and animals. Limited proteolysis of infectious scrapie prions PrP(Sc) yields an N-truncated polypeptide termed PrP 27-30, which encompasses residues 90 to 231 of PrP(Sc) and which assembles into 100 to 200 A wide amyloid rods. It has been hypothesized that the infectious prion is converted from its non-infectious cellular form (PrP(C)) by means of an alpha-helical to beta-sheet conformational change. Secondary structure analysis, computer modeling, and structural biophysics methods support this hypothesis. Residues 90 to 145 of PrP, which contain two putative alpha-helical domains H1 and H2, may be of particular relevance to the disease pathogenesis, as C-terminal truncation at residue 145 was found in a patient with an inherited prion disease. Moreover, our recent X-ray diffraction analysis suggests that the peptide consisting of these residues (designated SHa 90-145) closely models the amyloidogenic beta-sheet core of PrP. In the current study, we have analyzed in detail the X-ray diffraction patterns of SHa 90-145. Two samples were examined: one that was dehydrated under ambient conditions whilst in an external magnetic field (to induce fibril orientation), and another that was sealed after partial drying. The dried, magnetically oriented sample showed a cross-beta diffraction pattern in which the fiber axis (rotation axis) was parallel to the H-bonding direction of the beta-sheets. The major wide-angle peaks indicate the presence of approximately 40 A wide beta-crystallites, which constitute the protofilament. Each crystallite is composed of several orthogonal unit cells, normal to the fiber (a-axis) direction, having lattice constants a = 9.69 A, b = 6.54 A, and c = 18.06 A. Electron density maps were calculated by iterative Fourier synthesis using beta-silk as an initial phase model. The distribution of density indicated that there were two types of beta-sheet, suggesting that larger and smaller side-chains localized to different sheets. This would arise from folding of the polypeptide in which there are turns in the middle of both the H1 and H2 domains. A monoclinic macrolattice, with a = 9.61 A, b = c = 52.99 A and alpha = 114.6 degrees, was found to index all the reflections, including those in the low-angle region. This suggests that the beta-crystallites are nearly hexagonally packed. To account for the approximately 100 A wide fibers visualized by negative staining in the electron microscope, the beta-crystallites would be arranged in 4-mers. The partially dried sample showed a sharp 4.7 A reflection (from H-bonding) and five broad peaks superimposed on monotonically decreasing diffuse scattering. This solution-like scattering was modeled by an anisometric rectangle with a thickness comparable to a singe beta-chain. The structure, which occurred during dehydration, could be a transient in the alpha-helical to beta-sheet conversion, suggesting that formation of hydrogen bonding precedes the inter-sheet interaction and assembly into the amyloid of scrapie prion.
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Naslavsky N, Stein R, Yanai A, Friedlander G, Taraboulos A. Characterization of detergent-insoluble complexes containing the cellular prion protein and its scrapie isoform. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6324-31. [PMID: 9045652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells infected with prions contain both prion protein isoforms cellular prion protein (PrPC) and scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). PrPSc is formed posttranslationally through the pathological refolding of PrPC. In scrapie-infected ScN2a cells, the metabolism of both PrP isoforms involves cholesterol-dependent pathways. We show here that both PrPC and PrPSc are attached to Triton X-100-insoluble, low-density complexes or "rafts." These complexes are sensitive to saponin and thus probably contain cholesterol. This finding suggests that the transformation PrPC --> PrPSc occurs within rafts. It also reveals the existence of rafts in late compartments of the endocytic pathway, where most PrPSc resides. When Triton X-100 lysates of cells were incubated at 37 degrees C prior to density analysis, PrPC was still found in buoyant complexes, although it now failed to sediment at high speed. This property was shared by another glycophosphatidyl inositol protein, Thy-1, and also by the raft resident GM1. In one ScN2a clone and in the brain of a Syrian hamster with scrapie, Triton X-100 extraction at 37 degrees C permitted resolution of PrPC and PrPSc into two distinct peaks of different densities. This suggests that there are two populations of PrP-containing rafts and may permit isolation of PrPC-specific rafts from those containing PrPSc. Our findings reinforce the contention that rafts are involved in various aspects of PrP metabolism and in the "life cycle" of prions.
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BECK E, DANIEL PM, PARRY HB. DEGENERATION OF THE CEREBELLAR AND HYPOTHALAMONEUROHYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEMS IN SHEEP WITH SCRAPIE; AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HUMAN SYSTEM DEGENERATIONS. Brain 1996; 87:153-76. [PMID: 14152208 DOI: 10.1093/brain/87.1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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ZLOTNIK I, RENNIE JC. EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF MOUSE PASSAGED SCRAPIE TO GOATS, SHEEP, RATS AND HAMSTERS. J Comp Pathol 1996; 75:147-57. [PMID: 14319384 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(65)90005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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DICKINSON AG, MACKAY JM. GENETICAL CONTROL OF THE INCUBATION PERIOD IN MICE OF THE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE, SCRAPIE. Heredity (Edinb) 1996; 19:279-88. [PMID: 14167576 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1964.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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O'Brien C. EU stops fiddling while cows burn. Science 1996; 274:1297-8. [PMID: 8966596 DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5291.1297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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65
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Yamauchi K. [Several problems concerning bovine spongiform encephalopathy]. J Toxicol Sci 1996; 21:143-50. [PMID: 8965331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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66
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Perini F, Vidal R, Ghetti B, Tagliavini F, Frangione B, Prelli F. PrP27-30 is a normal soluble prion protein fragment released by human platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 223:572-7. [PMID: 8687437 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of abnormal isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous system. PrPSc isoforms differ from their normal homologue (PrPC), in that they possess increased beta-sheet conformation, are partially protease resistant and may be associated with amyloid deposition. Amyloid proteins are thought to derive from soluble precursors or fragments thereof, present in biological fluids, which in the disease state undergo conformational change leading to aggregation and deposition in target tissues. We report here that platelets carry PrP mRNA and release PrPC, a sialoglycoprotein bound to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Soluble PrPC, and a N-terminal truncated PrPC isoform starting at position 90 are secreted by resting and agonist-stimulated platelets and are detectable after partial deglycosylation of releasates. N-terminal sequence analysis of the soluble 27-30 kDa isoform, GQGGGTHSQ(W)NKP, revealed homology to scrapie PrP27-30, the protease resistant core derived from PrPSc. These findings indicate that in addition to PrPC, platelets process a soluble PrP27-30 isoform. Whether this isoform can be converted in scrapie PrP27-30 remains to be determined.
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67
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Priola SA, Chesebro B. A single hamster PrP amino acid blocks conversion to protease-resistant PrP in scrapie-infected mouse neuroblastoma cells. J Virol 1995; 69:7754-8. [PMID: 7494285 PMCID: PMC189717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.7754-7758.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration caused by the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is associated with the conversion of a normal host protein, PrP-sen, into an abnormal aggregated protease-resistant form, PrP-res. In scrapie-infected mouse neuroblastoma cells, mouse PrP-sen is converted into PrP-res but recombinant hamster PrP-sen expressed in these cells is not. In the present studies, recombinant hamster/mouse PrP-sen molecules were expressed in these scrapie-infected cells to define specific PrP amino acid residues critical for the conversion to PrP-res. The results showed that homology to the region of mouse PrP-sen from amino acid residues 112 to 138 was required for conversion of recombinant PrP-sen to PrP-res in scrapie-infected mouse cells. Furthermore, a single hamster-specific PrP amino acid at residue 138 could inhibit the conversion of the recombinant PrP-sen into PrP-res. The data are consistent with studies in humans which show that specific amino acid residue changes within PrP can influence disease pathogenesis and transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies across species barriers.
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69
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70
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Kinser RL. Unsolved problems confronting the sheep industry. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1990; 6:807-10. [PMID: 2245376 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To support a sheep production system, veterinary practitioners must integrate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention with management, nutrition, and economics. Scrapie, spider syndrome, prolapses, and parasitism are a few of the less dramatic but constant problems in sheep practice. Problems with drug availability and residues may be as difficult to solve as predation and economic problems.
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71
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72
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Proceedings of an International Roundtable on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 196:1673-90. [PMID: 2189852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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73
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Eikelenboom P, Scott JR, McBride PA, Rozemuller JM, Bruce ME, Fraser H. No evidence for involvement of plasma proteins or blood-borne cells in amyloid plaque formation in scrapie-affected mice. An immunohistoperoxidase study. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1987; 53:251-6. [PMID: 2890238 DOI: 10.1007/bf02890250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate blood-brain permeability and the possible involvement of plasma proteins and blood-borne cells in amyloid plaque formation in scrapie-affected mice. No abnormal extravasation of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was found and with immunocytochemical techniques no plasma proteins were detected in neuropil from scrapie-affected mice. In contrast to an earlier report, these findings suggest that the blood-brain barrier is essentially intact in scrapie-affected mice. Using immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical methods no cells belonging to the monocyte-macrophage lineage were detected in association with amyloid plaques. Thus, by these methods there was no evidence that plasma proteins or blood-borne cells are involved in amyloid plaque formation in scrapie-affected mice. However, astrocytes were consistently found to be associated with amyloid plaques at all stages of their development.
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Kimberlin RH, Cole S, Walker CA. Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in Chinese hamsters: identification of two strains of TME and comparisons with scrapie. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1986; 12:197-206. [PMID: 2940469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1986.tb00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
TME from a single source was transmitted by intracerebral injection to Chinese hamsters, producing clinical disease in all seven animals after incubation periods of over 600 days. The brain from each of the primary cases was used to establish separate intracerebral passage-lines of TME and this led to the isolation of two different strains of agent, designated 333K and 333W. These strains were easily distinguished by the incubation periods they produced (about 130 and 230 days, respectively) under standard conditions of infection, and by the characteristic profiles of vacuolation seen in different regions of the brain. Comparisons were made with a strain of scrapie passaged in Chinese hamsters, designated 34W, which could be distinguished from both strains of TME. Nevertheless the properties of the scrapie and TME strains overlapped, with one of the TME strains (333K) resembling the 34W strain of scrapie in Chinese hamsters more closely than the other TME strain (333W). These similarities strengthen the view that TME and scrapie are caused by a similar type of infectious agent. The very large 'species barrier effect' on transmitting TME to Chinese hamsters was in marked contrast to the minimal effect seen with scrapie and an explanation for this is suggested. Two interesting pathological features of the study were (a) the severe loss of pyramidal cells produced in the hippocampus by the 34W strain of scrapie, and (b) the focal, symmetrical vacuolation of the thalamus caused by 333K TME.
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Buyukmihci N, Goehring-Harmon F, Marsh RF. Retinal degeneration in experimental scrapie after intraperitoneal or subcutaneous inoculation of hamsters. Exp Neurol 1985; 88:461-6. [PMID: 3921398 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(85)90207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hamsters injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with the scrapie agent developed photoreceptor degeneration. The degree of degeneration did not correlate well with infectivity titers of retinal tissue or stage of clinical encephalopathy, and was not as great as seen in intracerebrally injected animals. We conclude that retinal degeneration is universal in hamsters experimentally inoculated with the scrapie agent regardless of the route of inoculation.
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