Advance in placenta drug delivery: concern for placenta-originated disease therapy

In the therapy of placenta-originated diseases during pregnancy, the main challenges are fetal exposure to drugs, which can pass through the placenta and cause safety concerns for fetal development. The design of placenta-resident drug delivery system is an advantageous method to minimize fetal exposure as well as reduce adverse maternal off-target effects. By utilizing the placenta as a biological barrier, the placenta-resident nanodrugs could be trapped in the local placenta to concentrate on the treatment of this abnormal originated tissue. Therefore, the success of such systems largely depends on the placental retention capacity. This paper expounds on the transport mechanism of nanodrugs in the placenta, analyzes the factors that affect the placental retention of nanodrugs, and summarizes the advantages and concerns of current nanoplatforms in the treatment of placenta-originated diseases. In general, this review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the construction of placenta-resident drug delivery systems, which will potentially enable safe and efficient clinical treatment for placenta-originated diseases in the future.

The lamin A/C Ig-fold undergoes cell density-dependent changes that alter epitope binding

Lamins A/C are nuclear intermediate filament proteins that are involved in diverse cellular mechanical and biochemical functions. Here, we report that recognition of Lamins A/C by a commonly used antibody (JOL-2) that binds the Lamin A/C Ig-fold and other antibodies targeting similar epitopes is highly dependent on cell density, even though Lamin A/Clevels do not change. We propose that the effect is caused by partial unfolding or masking of the C'E and/or EF loops of the Ig-fold in response to cell spreading. Surprisingly, JOL-2 antibody labeling was insensitive to disruption of cytoskeletal filaments or the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. Furthermore, neither nuclear stiffness nor nucleo-cytoskeletal force transmission changed with cell density. These findings are important for the interpretation of immunofluorescence data for Lamin A/C and also raise the intriguing prospect that the conformational changes may play a role in Lamin A/C mediated cellular function.

Hydrophobic aerogel-modified hemostatic gauze with thermal management performance

Current hemostatic agents or dressings are not efficient under extremely hot and cold environments due to deterioration of active ingredients, water evaporation and ice crystal growth. To address these challenges, we engineered a biocompatible hemostatic system with thermoregulatory properties for harsh conditions by combining the asymmetric wetting nano-silica aerogel coated-gauze (AWNSA@G) with a layer-by-layer (LBL) structure. Our AWNSA@G was a dressing with a tunable wettability prepared by spraying the hydrophobic nano-silica aerogel onto the gauze from different distances. The hemostatic time and blood loss of the AWNSA@G were 5.1 and 6.9 times lower than normal gauze in rat's injured femoral artery model. Moreover, the modified gauze was torn off after hemostasis without rebleeding, approximately 23.8 times of peak peeling force lower than normal gauze. For the LBL structure, consisting of the nano-silica aerogel layer and a n-octadecane phase change material layer, in both hot (70 °C) and cold (-27 °C) environments, exhibited dual-functional thermal management and maintained a stable internal temperature. We further verified our composite presented superior blood coagulation effect in extreme environments due to the LBL structure, the pro-coagulant properties of nano-silica aerogel and unidirectional fluid pumping of AWNSA@G. Our work, therefore, shows great hemostasis potential under normal and extreme temperature environments.

MTMC-AUR2CNet: Multi-textural multi-class attention recurrent residual convolutional neural network for COVID-19 classification using chest X-ray images

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has infected over 603 million confirmed cases as of September 2022, and its rapid spread has raised concerns worldwide. More than 6.4 million fatalities in confirmed patients have been reported. According to reports, the COVID-19 virus causes lung damage and rapidly mutates before the patient receives any diagnosis-specific medicine. Daily increasing COVID-19 cases and the limited number of diagnosis tool kits encourage the use of deep learning (DL) models to assist health care practitioners using chest X-ray (CXR) images. The CXR is a low radiation radiography tool available in hospitals to diagnose COVID-19 and combat this spread. We propose a Multi-Textural Multi-Class (MTMC) UNet-based Recurrent Residual Convolutional Neural Network (MTMC-UR2CNet) and MTMC-UR2CNet with attention mechanism (MTMC-AUR2CNet) for multi-class lung lobe segmentation of CXR images. The lung lobe segmentation output of MTMC-UR2CNet and MTMC-AUR2CNet are mapped individually with their input CXRs to generate the region of interest (ROI). The multi-textural features are extracted from the ROI of each proposed MTMC network. The extracted multi-textural features from ROI are fused and are trained to the Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) based DeepCNN classifier on classifying the CXR images into normal (healthy), COVID-19, viral pneumonia, and lung opacity. The experimental result shows that the MTMC-AUR2CNet has superior performance in multi-class lung lobe segmentation of CXR images with an accuracy of 99.47%, followed by MTMC-UR2CNet with an accuracy of 98.39%. Also, MTMC-AUR2CNet improves the multi-textural multi-class classification accuracy of the WOA-based DeepCNN classifier to 97.60% compared to MTMC-UR2CNet.

Prevention strategies of postoperative adhesion in soft tissues by applying biomaterials: Based on the mechanisms of occurrence and development of adhesions

Postoperative adhesion (POA) widely occurs in soft tissues and usually leads to chronic pain, dysfunction of adjacent organs and some acute complications, seriously reducing patients' quality of life and even being life-threatening. Except for adhesiolysis, there are few effective methods to release existing adhesion. However, it requires a second operation and inpatient care and usually triggers recurrent adhesion in a great incidence. Hence, preventing POA formation has been regarded as the most effective clinical strategy. Biomaterials have attracted great attention in preventing POA because they can act as both barriers and drug carriers. Nevertheless, even though much reported research has been demonstrated their efficacy on POA inhibition to a certain extent, thoroughly preventing POA formation is still challenging. Meanwhile, most biomaterials for POA prevention were designed based on limited experiences, not a solid theoretical basis, showing blindness. Hence, we aimed to provide guidance for designing anti-adhesion materials applied in different soft tissues based on the mechanisms of POA occurrence and development. We first classified the postoperative adhesions into four categories according to the different components of diverse adhesion tissues, and named them as "membranous adhesion", "vascular adhesion", "adhesive adhesion" and "scarred adhesion", respectively. Then, the process of the occurrence and development of POA were analyzed, and the main influencing factors in different stages were clarified. Further, we proposed seven strategies for POA prevention by using biomaterials according to these influencing factors. Meanwhile, the relevant practices were summarized according to the corresponding strategies and the future perspectives were analyzed.

Chemically revised conducting polymers with inflammation resistance for intimate bioelectronic electrocoupling

Conducting polymers offer attractive mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, tunable interfacial barrier with metal, tissue matchable softness, and versatile chemical functionalization, making them robust to bridge the gap between brain tissue and electronic circuits. This review focuses on chemically revised conducting polymers, combined with their superior and controllable electrochemical performance, to fabricate long-term bioelectronic implants, addressing chronic immune responses, weak neuron attraction, and long-term electrocommunication instability challenges. Moreover, the promising progress of zwitterionic conducting polymers in bioelectronic implants (≥4 weeks stable implantation) is highlighted, followed by a comment on their current evolution toward selective neural coupling and reimplantable function. Finally, a critical forward look at the future of zwitterionic conducting polymers for in vivo bioelectronic devices is provided.

Kanpumasatsu: A superficial self-massage with a dry towel to enhance relaxation and immune functions

Prior to 2020, healthcare professionals in the United States already had high rate of burnout. Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic created an urgent need for public health measures to effectively mitigate its negative health impacts. Despite these measures including vaccination, masking, handwashing, and physical distancing, people continue to be affected by post-COVID conditions (PCC) or newly acquired infections. Promoting one's well-being and self-care, especially the methods that promote one's relaxation and immune functions will serve as valuable tools among all healthcare practitioners and educators. For example, Kanpumasatsu, a skin rubdown using a dry towel, is simple to instruct, safe, and a cost-containing self-care approach that has the potential to promote relaxation and improve one's immune functions. At the present moment, the evidence is limited and the mechanism of how kanpumasatsu improves immune functions has not been clearly documented. However, this author postulates this superficial massage causes the skin to stretch and enhances the lymphatic flow beneath the skin in a mechanism similar to that of lymphatic drainage massage. While the limited evidence of the health benefits of kanpumasatsu is available today, there is a potential for creating and enhancing instructional resources, conducting research and practice through awareness of kanpumasatsu among interprofessional educators and practitioners as a pilot self-care program to prevent burnout.

Implications of the Regulation of Endothelial Glycocalyx Breakdown and Reconstitution in Severe Burn Injury

INTRODUCTION

Effective initial fluid resuscitation is the cornerstone intervention in the setting of severe burn injury. Critically, few major advances in burn resuscitation have been made since the 1970s, and since that time there has been only modest improvement in overall morbidity and mortality. Recently, investigations regarding the dynamic changes of vascular endothelium, and more specifically the vascular endothelial glycocalyx, in the setting of severe burn injury and resuscitation have offered insight into the possibility of more tightly controlling fluid shifts and understanding the consequences thereof during this critical period.

METHODS

We conducted a literature search of the PubMed database using the terms "burn", and "glycocalyx" limited to studies published in the English language over the past 10 y. A total of 31 articles were initially identified. Abstracts and full text were manually reviewed to identify suitable articles. Of the identified articles, 10 were deemed relevant and included within this review, along with additional articles necessary to provide background on glycocalyx structure and function as well as principles of burn injury management.

RESULTS

Glycocalyx shedding is a process known to occur early in the setting of severe burn injury and resuscitation. The degree of shedding tends to increase with age and severity of injury. Though the role and regulation of this shedding is incompletely understood, it has direct consequences on vascular unction and permeability and likely coagulation as well.

CONCLUSIONS

Here in this research review, we examine what is known regarding the dynamic breakdown and reconstitution of the glycocalyx during burn injury and how it may be impacted by fluid resuscitation strategies. We further explore the need to more completely understand this mechanism and the consequences of its manipulation.

A Method for Evaluating Brain Deformation Under Sagittal Blunt Impacts Using a Half-Skull Human-Scale Surrogate

Trauma to the brain is a biomechanical problem where the initiating event is a dynamic loading (blunt, inertial, blast) to the head. To understand the relationship between the mechanical parameters of the injury and the spatial and temporal deformation patterns in the brain, there is a need to develop a reusable and adaptable experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) model that can measure brain motion under varying parameters. In this effort, we aim to directly measure brain deformation (strain and strain rates) in different brain regions in a human head model using a drop tower.

METHODS

Physical head models consisting of a half, sagittal plane skull, brain, and neck were constructed and subjected to crown and frontal impacts at two impact speeds. All tests were recorded with a high-speed camera at 1000 frames per second. Motion of visual markers within brain surrogates were used to track deformations and calculate spatial strain histories in 6 brain regions of interest. Principal strains, strain rates and strain impulses were calculated and reported.

RESULTS

Higher impact velocities corresponded to higher strain values across all impact scenarios. Crown impacts were characterized by high, long duration strains distributed across the parietal, frontal and hippocampal regions whereas frontal impacts were characterized by sharply rising and falling strains primarily found in the parietal, frontal, hippocampal and occipital regions. High strain rates were associated with short durations and impulses indicating fast but short-lived strains. 2.23 m/s (5 mph) crown impacts resulted in 53% of the brain with shear strains higher than 0.15 verses 32% for frontal impacts.

CONCLUSIONS

The results reveal large differences in the spatial and temporal strain responses between crown and forehead impacts. Overall, the results suggest that for the same speed, crown impact leads to higher magnitude strain patterns than a frontal impact. The data provided by this model provides unique insight into the spatial and temporal deformation patterns that have not been provided by alternate surrogate models. The model can be used to investigate how anatomical, material and loading features and parameters can affect deformation patterns in specific regions of interest in the brain.

Synthetic developmental biology: New tools to deconstruct and rebuild developmental systems

Technological advances have driven many recent advances in developmental biology. Light sheet imaging can reveal single-cell dynamics in living three-dimensional tissues, whereas single-cell genomic methods open the door to a complete catalogue of cell types and gene expression states. An equally powerful but complementary set of approaches are also becoming available to define development processes from the bottom up. These synthetic approaches aim to reconstruct the minimal developmental patterns, signaling processes, and gene networks that produce the basic set of developmental operations: spatial polarization, morphogen interpretation, tissue movement, and cellular memory. In this review we discuss recent approaches at the intersection of synthetic biology and development, including synthetic circuits to deliver and record signaling stimuli and synthetic reconstitution of pattern formation on multicellular scales.

Mapping and exploring the organoid state space using synthetic biology

The functional relevance of an organoid is dependent on the differentiation, morphology, cell arrangement and biophysical properties, which collectively define the state of an organoid. For an organoid culture, an individual organoid or the cells that compose it, these state variables can be characterised, most easily by transcriptomics and by high-content image analysis. Their states can be compared to their in vivo counterparts. Current evidence suggests that organoids explore a wider state space than organs in vivo due to the lack of niche signalling and the variability of boundary conditions in vitro. Using data-driven state inference and in silico modelling, phase diagrams can be constructed to systematically sort organoids along biochemical or biophysical axes. These phase diagrams allow us to identify control strategies to modulate organoid state. To do so, the biochemical and biophysical environment, as well as the cells that seed organoids, can be manipulated.

Analysis of texture properties and water-soluble fraction proteome of sea cucumber body wall with different boiling heating treatment

Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was utilized to determine the key proteins that affect texture properties of sea cucumber body wall (SCBW) with different boiling heating treatment. 862, 363, 315, and 258 proteins were confirmed in water-soluble fractions from fresh group, 0.5 h-, 2 h- and 4 h-heat treatment group, respectively. During boiling heating treatment, proteins with an increased abundance in water-soluble fraction primarily belong to structural proteins, such as collagens, microfibril-associated proteins, glycoproteins, and muscle proteins. It was speculated that the degradation of these structural proteins caused the progressive disintegration of network skeleton of collagen fibres and FMs as well as the gelatinization, thus resulted in the decrease of hardness and shear force. Besides, the degradation of FMs was occurred layer by layer during boiling heating treatment, and the fibrilin-1 outer layer degraded first, followed by the fibrilin-2 core component.

Peeking under the hood of early embryogenesis: Using tools and synthetic biology to understand native control systems and sculpt tissues

Early embryogenesis requires rapid division of pluripotent blastomeres, regulated genome activation, precise spatiotemporal signaling to pattern cell fate, and morphogenesis to shape primitive tissue architectures. The complexity of this process has inspired researchers to move beyond simple genetic perturbation into engineered devices and synthetic biology tools to permit temporal and spatial manipulation of the control systems guiding development. By precise alteration of embryo organization, it is now possible to advance beyond basic analytical strategies and directly test the sufficiency of models for developmental regulation. Separately, advances in micropatterning and embryoid culture have facilitated the bottom-up construction of complex embryo tissues allowing ex vivo systems to recapitulate even later stages of development. Embryos fertilized and grown ex vivo offer an excellent opportunity to exogenously perturb fundamental pathways governing embryogenesis. Here we review the technologies developed to thermally modulate the embryo cell cycle, and optically regulate morphogen and signaling pathways in space and time, specifically in the blastula embryo. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in cell patterning in two and three dimensions that have helped reveal the self-organizing properties and gene regulatory networks guiding early embryo organization.

A propitious role of marine sourced polysaccharides: Drug delivery and biomedical applications

Numerous compounds, with extensive applications in biomedical and biotechnological fields, are present in the oceans, which serve as a prime renewable source of natural substances, further promoting the development of novel medical systems and devices. Polysaccharides are present in the marine ecosystem in abundance, promoting minimal extraction costs, in addition to their solubility in extraction media, and an aqueous solvent, along with their interactions with biological compounds. Certain algae-derived polysaccharides include fucoidan, alginate, and carrageenan, while animal-derived polysaccharides comprise hyaluronan, chitosan and many others. Furthermore, these compounds can be modified to facilitate their processing into multiple shapes and sizes, as well as exhibit response dependence to external conditions like temperature and pH. All these properties have promoted the use of these biomaterials as raw materials for the development of drug delivery carrier systems (hydrogels, particles, capsules). The present review enlightens marine polysaccharides providing its sources, structures, biological properties, and its biomedical applications. In addition to this, their role as nanomaterials is also portrayed by the authors, along with the methods employed to develop them and associated biological and physicochemical properties designed to develop suitable drug delivery systems.

Advances in mechanically robust and biomimetic polysaccharide-based constructs for cartilage tissue engineering

The purpose of cartilage tissue engineering is to provide artificial constructs with biological functions and mechanical features that resemble native tissue to improve tissue regeneration. Biochemical characteristics of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment provide a platform for researchers to develop biomimetic materials for optimal tissue repair. Due to the structural similarity of polysaccharides into physicochemical characteristics of cartilage ECM, these natural polymers capture special attention for developing biomimetic materials. The mechanical properties of constructs play a crucial influence in load-bearing cartilage tissues. Moreover, the addition of appropriate bioactive molecules to these constructs can promote chondrogenesis. Here, we discuss polysaccharide-based constructs that can be used to create substitutes for cartilage regeneration. We intend to focus on newly developed bioinspired materials, fine-tuning the mechanical properties of constructs, the design of carriers loaded by chondroinductive agents, and development of appropriate bioinks as a bioprinting approach for cartilage regeneration.

Stretch-Induced Uncrimping of Equatorial Sclera Collagen Bundles

Stretch-induced collagen uncrimping underlies the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the sclera according to what is often called the process of recruitment. We recently reported experimental measurements of sclera collagen crimp and pressure-induced uncrimping. Our studies, however, were cross-sectional, providing statistical descriptions of crimp with no information on the effects of stretch on specific collagen bundles. Data on bundle-specific uncrimping is necessary to better understand the effects of macroscale input on the collagen microscale and tissue failure. Our goal in this project was to measure bundle-specific stretch-induced collagen uncrimping of sclera. Three goat eyes were cryosectioned sagittally (30 μm). Samples of equatorial sclera were isolated, mounted to a custom uni-axial stretcher and imaged with polarized light microscopy at various levels of clamp-to-clamp stretch until failure. At each stretch level, local strain was measured using image tracking techniques. The level of collagen crimping was determined from the bundle waviness, defined as the circular standard deviation of fiber orientation along a bundle. Eye-specific recruitment curves were then computed using eye-specific waviness at maximum stretch before sample failure to define fibers as recruited. Nonlinear mixed effect models were used to determine the associations of waviness to local strain and recruitment to clamp-to-clamp stretch. Waviness decreased exponentially with local strain (p < 0.001), whereas bundle recruitment followed a sigmoidal curve with clamp-to-clamp stretch (p < 0.001). Individual bundle responses to stretch varied substantially, but recruitment curves were similar across sections and eyes. In conclusion, uni-axial stretch caused measurable bundle-specific uncrimping, with the sigmoidal recruitment pattern characteristic of fiber-reinforced soft tissues.

Cell-instructive biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

The field of biomaterials aims to improve regenerative outcomes or scientific understanding for a wide range of tissue types and ailments. Biomaterials can be fabricated from natural or synthetic sources and display a plethora of mechanical, electrical, and geometrical properties dependent on their desired application. To date, most biomaterial systems designed for eventual translation to the clinic rely on soluble signaling moieties, such as growth factors, to elicit a specific cellular response. However, these soluble factors are often limited by high cost, convoluted synthesis, low stability, and difficulty in regulation, making the translation of these biomaterials systems to clinical or commercial applications a long and arduous process. In response to this, significant effort has been dedicated to researching cell-directive biomaterials which can signal for specific cell behavior in the absence of soluble factors. Cells of all tissue types have been shown to be innately in tune with their microenvironment, which is a biological phenomenon that can be exploited by researchers to design materials that direct cell behavior based on their intrinsic characteristics. This review will focus on recent developments in biomaterials that direct cell behavior using biomaterial properties such as charge, peptide presentation, and micro- or nano-geometry. These next generation biomaterials could offer significant strides in the development of clinically relevant medical devices which improve our understanding of the cellular microenvironment and enhance patient care in a variety of ailments.

One-step impedimetric NT-proBNP aptasensor targeting cardiac insufficiency in artificial saliva

Currently, sensitive and accurate approaches for diagnosis, rapid assessment, and cardiac biomarker monitoring in patients with heart failure are needed. In this context, the advantages of aptamers over traditional antibodies have been employed to fabricate a single-step impedimetric N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)-modified gold microelectrode array. The development of an electrochemical aptasensing platform was based on the coimmobilization of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers and amine-terminated aptamer that specifically recognized cardiac NT-proBNP protein resulting in charge electron transfer. Electroimpedimetric signals of the sensor were observed to be linear to the NT-proBNP concentrations in the range of 5.0 × 10^-3 to 1.0 pg mL^-1 (R² = 0.9624), while achieving a low detection limit of 5.0 × 10^-3 pg mL^-1. Clinically relevant detection levels for NT-proBNP were achieved in a simple, rapid, and label-free measurement using artificial saliva, which was highlighted to be specific, regenerative, and selective over potential interferers occurring during the processes of cardiac insufficiency, Therefore, the novel NT-proBNP aptasensor is a promising point-of-care tool exhibiting safe, non-invasive, affordable, and non-prescription home use accessible to overcome the limitations associated with conventional ELISA and previous aptasensing.

Multifunctional nanoprobe for multi-mode imaging and diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer

The high incidence and complex subtypes of prostate cancer put forward higher requirements for accurate diagnosis. Furthermore, advanced prostate cancer is prone to metastasis. Single biological imaging mode faces a challenge of sensitive and fast bioimaging of metastasic prostate cancer. Thus, exploring a nanoprobe with multi-mode imaging function has an important impact on preoperative imaging and intraoperative visualization guide of metastatic prostate cancer. Herein, based on the optical properties and X-ray attenuation capability of Au nanodots as well as the slow electronic relaxation of Gd³⁺, we designed and fabricated the multifunctional nanoprobe Au/Gd nanodots for multi-mode imaging and accurate diagnosis of bone metastatic prostate cancer. The results showed that multiple imaging modes complement each other to achieve high-precision of metastasic prostate cancer detection and accurately guide treatment. In addition, in vitro/vivo experiments showed that Au/Gd nanodots had good biocompatibility and biosafety. Therefore, the prepared multifunctional nanoprobe may provide new strategies and insights for precise diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer in clinical practice.

Hollow ring-like flexible electrode architecture enabling subcellular multi-directional neural interfacing

Implantable neural microelectrodes for recording and stimulating neural activity are critical for research in neuroscience and clinical neuroprosthetic applications. A current need exists for developing new technological solutions for obtaining highly selective and stealthy electrodes that provide reliable neural integration and maintain neuronal viability. This paper reports a novel Hollow Ring-like type electrode to sense and/or stimulate neural activity from three-dimensional neural networks. Due to its unique design, the ring electrode architecture enables easy and reliable access of the electrode to three-dimensional neural networks with reduced mechanical contact on the biological tissue, while providing improved electrical interface with cells. The Hollow Ring electrodes, particularly when coated with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), show improved electrical properties with extremely low impedance (7 MΩ μm²) and high charge injection capabilities (15 mC/cm²), when compared to traditional planar disk-type electrodes. The ring design also serves as an optimal architecture for cell growth to create an optimal subcellular electrical-neural interface. In addition, we showed that neural signals recorded by the ring electrode were better resolved than recordings from a traditional disk-type electrode improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the burst detection from 3D neuronal networks in vitro. Overall, our results suggest the great potential of the hollow ring design for developing next-generation microelectrodes for applications in neural interfaces used in physiological studies and neuromodulation applications.

Harnessing sortase A transpeptidation for advanced targeted therapeutics and vaccine engineering

The engineering of potent prophylactic and therapeutic complexes has always required careful protein modification techniques with seamless capabilities. In this light, methods that favor unobstructed multivalent targeting and correct antigen presentations remain essential and very demanding. Sortase A (SrtA) transpeptidation has exhibited these attributes in various settings over the years. However, its applications for engineering avidity-inspired therapeutics and potent vaccines have yet to be significantly noticed, especially in this era where active targeting and multivalent nanomedications are in great demand. This review briefly presents the SrtA enzyme and its associated transpeptidation activity and describes interesting sortase-mediated protein engineering and chemistry approaches for achieving multivalent therapeutic and antigenic responses. The review further highlights advanced applications in targeted delivery systems, multivalent therapeutics, adoptive cellular therapy, and vaccine engineering. These innovations show the potential of sortase-mediated techniques in facilitating the development of simple plug-and-play nanomedicine technologies against recalcitrant diseases and pandemics such as cancer and viral infections.

Targeted delivery of inhalable drug particles in the tracheobronchial tree model of a pediatric patient with bronchopneumonia: A numerical study

Pneumonia is a common cause of hospitalization and death in children worldwide. Inhalation therapy is one of the methods treating pneumonia However, there are limited studies that distinguish between the physiology of children and adults, especially with respect to targeted drug delivery. A tracheobronchial (TB) tree model of an 11-year-old child with bronchopneumonia is selected as a testbed for in silico trials of targeted drug delivery. The airflow and particle transport are solved by the computational fluid dynamics method at an airflow rate of 15 LPM. The results indicate that the distribution of deposited particles shows aggregation on the particle release map. Point-source aerosol release (PSAR) method can significantly reduce the deposition efficiency (DE) of particles in the TB tree model. Specifically, the PSAR method can reduce the DE of large particles (i.e., 7.5 µm and 10 µm) by 7.57% and 9.61%, respectively. This enables rapid design of patient-specific treatment for different population age groups and different airway diseases.

Selection and truncation of aptamers as fluorescence sensing platforms for selective and sensitive detection of nitrofurazone

Nitrofurazone (NFZ) is an antibiotic banned in many countries, as its residue seriously harms the human body. Herein, anti-NFZ aptamers were selected and identified based on the magnetic bead SELEX technique using a ssDNA library with a full length of 90 nucleotides (nt). Five full sequence candidate aptamers (NFZ8, NFZ24, NFZ28, NFZ34, and NFZ70) were obtained by secondary structure analysis. We optimized the entire sequence to obtain a truncated aptamer, a 16 nt sequence (NFZ8-1:5'-GTTCTATTGAAAAAAC-3') that showed the highest affinity for NFZ (K_d = 76.11 nM). The binding site of NFZ and aptamer NFZ8-1 was found to be "GAA" by molecular docking. In addition, utilizing the most special truncated aptamer NFZ8-1 as the identification probe, a graphene oxide fluorescent aptasensor is an innovative for the detection of NFZ residue that showed a wide linear reach from 1.25 to 160 ng/mL and a low limit of detection of 1.13 ng/mL. In the actual water environment sample detection, the recovery rate ranged from 95.21 to 113.66%, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 3.53 to 11.24%. These results demonstrate that the NFZ-truncated aptamer applied to the aptasensor provides a novel methodology for recognizing NFZ residues.

Using mesoscopic tract-tracing data to guide the estimation of fiber orientation distributions in the mouse brain from diffusion MRI

Diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography is the only tool for non-invasive mapping of macroscopic structural connectivity over the entire brain. Although it has been successfully used to reconstruct large white matter tracts in the human and animal brains, the sensitivity and specificity of dMRI tractography remained limited. In particular, the fiber orientation distributions (FODs) estimated from dMRI signals, key to tractography, may deviate from histologically measured fiber orientation in crossing fibers and gray matter regions. In this study, we demonstrated that a deep learning network, trained using mesoscopic tract-tracing data from the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas, was able to improve the estimation of FODs from mouse brain dMRI data. Tractography results based on the network generated FODs showed improved specificity while maintaining sensitivity comparable to results based on FOD estimated using a conventional spherical deconvolution method. Our result is a proof-of-concept of how mesoscale tract-tracing data can guide dMRI tractography and enhance our ability to characterize brain connectivity.

All-in-one bioactive properties of photothermal nanofibers for accelerating diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wound healing has attracted widespread attention in biomedical engineering. However, the harsh hypoxic microenvironment (HME) comprising high glucose levels, local bleeding, and bacterial infection often leads to the formation of hyperplastic scars, increasing the clinical demand for wound dressings. Here, we report a comprehensive strategy using near-infrared NIR-assisted oxygen delivery combined with the bioactive nature of biopolymers for remodeling the HME. Black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets and hemoglobin (Hb) were self-assembled layerwise onto electrospun poly-l-lactide (PLLA) nanofibers using charged quaternized chitosan (QCS) and hyaluronic acid. BP converts NIR radiation into heat and stimulates Hb to release oxygen in situ. QCS is a hemostatic and broad-spectrum antibacterial material. Moderate BP-derived photothermal therapy can increase the sensitivity of bacteria to QCS. A series of composite wound dressings (coded as PQBH-n) with different numbers of layers were fabricated, and the in vivo diabetic wound healing potentials were tested. The molecular mechanism can be partly attributed to the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Notably, this comprehensive strategy based on NIR-assisted oxygen delivery combined with the bioactive properties of biopolymers is not only applicable for fabricating multifunctional wound dressings but also has a great potential in expanding biomedical engineering fields.

The Application of Organs-on-a-Chip in Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research

The current development of microfluidics-based microphysiological systems (MPSs) will rapidly lead to a paradigm shift from traditional static 2-dimensional cell cultivation towards organized tissue culture within a dynamic cellular milieu. Especially organs-on-a-chip (OoCs) can very precisely re-create the mechanical and unique anatomical structures of the oral environment. This review provides an introduction to such technology, from commonly used chip materials and fabrication methods to the application of OoC in in vitro culture. OoCs are advantageous because of their small-scaled culture environment, the highly controlled dynamic experimental conditions, and the likeness to the in vivo structure. We specifically focus on current chip designs in dental, oral, and craniofacial (DOC) research. Also, future perspectives are discussed, like model standardization and the development of integrated platforms with advanced read-out functionality. By doing so, it will be possible for OoCs to serve as an alternative for animal testing and to develop highly predictive human models for clinical experiments and even personalized medicine.

Highlights from the 24th workshop on vitamin D in Austin, September 2022

The 24th Workshop on Vitamin D was held September 7-9, 2022 in Austin, Texas and covered a wide diversity of research in the vitamin D field from across the globe. Here, we summarize the meeting, individual sessions, awards and presentations given.

Vascular mechanotransduction

This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.

Spasticity evaluation and management tools

Spasticity is a complex and often disabling symptom for patients with upper motor neuron syndromes. Although spasticity arises from neurological disease, it often cascades into muscle and soft tissue changes, which may exacerbate symptoms and further hamper function. Effective management therefore hinges on early recognition and treatment. To this end, the definition of spasticity has expanded over time to more accurately reflect the spectrum of symptoms experienced by persons with this disorder. Once identified, clinical and research quantitative assessments of spasticity are hindered by the uniqueness of presentations both for individuals and for specific neurological diagnoses. Objective measures in isolation often fail to reflect the complex functional impact of spasticity. Multiple tools exist to quantitatively or qualitatively assess the severity of spasticity, including clinician and patient-reported measures as well as electrodiagnostic, mechanical, and ultrasound measures. A combination of objective and patient-reported outcomes is likely required to better reflect the burden of spasticity symptoms in an individual. Therapeutic options exist for the treatment of spasticity along a broad spectrum from nonpharmacologic to interventional procedures. Treatment strategies may include exercise, physical agent modalities, oral medications, injections, pumps, and surgery. Optimal spasticity management most often requires a multimodal approach, combining pharmacological management with interventions that match the functional needs, goals, and preferences of the patient. Physicians and other healthcare providers who manage spasticity must be familiarized with the full array of spasticity interventions and must frequently reassess results of treatment to ensure the patient's goals of treatment are met.