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Zhou X, Shen Y, Yuan D, Keppens R, Zhao X, Fu L, Tang Z, Wang J, Zhou C. Resolved magnetohydrodynamic wave lensing in the solar corona. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3281. [PMID: 38627403 PMCID: PMC11021502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic wave lensing, a common physical phenomenon recognized in visible light for centuries, finds extensive applications in manipulating light in optical systems such as telescopes and cameras. Magnetohydrodynamic wave is a common perturbation phenomenon in the corona. By using high spatio-temporal resolution observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, here, we report the observation of a magnetohydrodynamic wave lensing in the highly ionized and magnetized coronal plasma, where quasi-periodic wavefronts emanated from a flare converged at a specific point after traversing a coronal hole. The entire process resembles an electromagnetic wave lensing from the source to the focus. Meanwhile, the magnetohydrodynamic wave lensing is well reproduced through a magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation with full spatio-temporal resolution. We further investigate potential applications for coronal seismology, as the lensing process encodes information on the Alfvén speed, in conjunction with favorable geometric and density variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuandeng Shen
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650216, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ding Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Rony Keppens
- Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Department of Mathematics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiaozhou Zhao
- Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Department of Mathematics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Libo Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehao Tang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650216, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengrui Zhou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650216, People's Republic of China
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2
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Chapman SC, Dudok de Wit T. A solar cycle clock for extreme space weather. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8249. [PMID: 38589701 PMCID: PMC11001994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The variable solar cycle of activity is a long-standing problem in physics. It modulates the overall level of space weather activity at earth, which in turn can have significant societal impact. The Hilbert transform of the sunspot number is used to map the variable length, approximately 11 year Schwabe cycle onto a uniform clock. The clock is used to correlate extreme space weather seen in the aa index, the longest continuous geomagnetic record at earth, with the record of solar active region areas and latitudes since 1874. This shows that a clear switch-off of the most extreme space weather events occurs when > 90 % of solar active region areas have moved to within about 15° of the solar equator, from regions of high gradient in solar differential rotation which can power coronal mass ejections, to a region where solar differential rotation is almost constant with latitude. More moderate space weather events which coincide with 27 day solar rotation recurrences in the aa index, consistent with stable, persistent source regions of high speed streams, commence when the centroid of solar active region areas moves to within 15° of the solar equator. This offers a physical explanation for the longstanding identification of a two component cycle of activity in the aa index.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Chapman
- Physics Department, Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Physics and Statistics, University of Tromso, Tromsö, Norway.
| | - T Dudok de Wit
- International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland
- LPC2E, CNRS, CNES, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
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3
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Molina-Montenegro MA, Egas C, Ballesteros G, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, San Martín F, Gianoli E. Sunspot activity influences tree growth: Molecular evidence and ecological implications. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e16813. [PMID: 36479720 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solar activity has a significant influence on Earth's climate and may drive many biological processes. Here, we measured growth in 11 tree species distributed along an ≈600-km latitudinal gradient in South-Central Chile, recording the width of their growth-rings among periods of maximum (highest number of sunspots) and minimum (lowest number of sunspots) solar activity. In one of these species, Quillaja saponaria, we experimentally assessed three ecophysiological traits (CO2 fixation through photosynthesis [Amax], growth and leaf production) as well as the expression of five genes related to cell wall elongation and expansion following exposure to high and low levels of UV-B radiation, simulating scenarios of maximum and minimum solar activity, respectively. We found lower tree growth during the periods of maximum solar activity, with this trend being more evident at lower latitudes, where UV-B radiation is higher. Exposure of Q. saponaria to higher levels of UV-B affected the ecophysiological parameters, revealing a decrease in Amax, growth and leaf production. In addition, higher levels of UV-B led to repression in four of the five genes studied. Our results may help foresee environmental scenarios for different plant species associated with solar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Molina-Montenegro
- Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudia Egas
- Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Gabriel Ballesteros
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Ian S Acuña-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Filoromo San Martín
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ernesto Gianoli
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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4
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Aspinall MD, Alton TL, Binnersley CL, Bradnam SC, Croft S, Joyce MJ, Mashao D, Packer LW, Turner T, Wild JA. A new ground level neutron monitor for space weather assessment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7174. [PMID: 38531931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We report on a new ground-level neutron monitor design for studying cosmic rays and fluxes of solar energetic particles at the Earth's surface. The first-of-its-kind instrument, named the NM-2023 after the year it was standardised and following convention, will be installed at a United Kingdom Meteorological Office observatory (expected completion mid 2024) and will reintroduce such monitoring in the UK for the first time since ca. 1984. Monte Carlo radiation transport code is used for the development and application of parameterised models to investigate alternative neutron detectors, their location and bulk material geometry in a realistic cosmic ray neutron field. Benchmarked against a model of the current and most widespread design standardised in 1964 (the NM-64), two main parameterisation studies are conducted; a simplified standard model and a concept slab parameterisation. We show that the NM-64 standard is well optimised for the intended large-diameter boron trifluoride (BF3 ) proportional counters but not for multiple smaller diameter counters. The new design (based on a novel slab arrangement) produces comparable counting efficiencies to an NM-64 with six BF3 counters and has the added advantage of being more compact, lower cost and avoids the use of highly toxic BF3 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tilly L Alton
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Cory L Binnersley
- Mirion Technologies (Canberra UK) Limited, 207A Cavendish Place, Birchwood Park, Warrington, WA3 6WU, UK
| | - Steven C Bradnam
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Stephen Croft
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Malcolm J Joyce
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Dakalo Mashao
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Lee W Packer
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Tony Turner
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - James A Wild
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
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5
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Pak C, Billings V, Schlitters M, Bergeson SD, Murillo MS. Preliminary study of plasma modes and electron-ion collisions in partially magnetized strongly coupled plasmas. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:015201. [PMID: 38366520 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.015201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic fields influence ion transport in plasmas. Straightforward comparisons of experimental measurements with plasma theories are complicated when the plasma is inhomogeneous, far from equilibrium, or characterized by strong gradients. To better understand ion transport in a partially magnetized system, we study the hydrodynamic velocity and temperature evolution in an ultracold neutral plasma at intermediate values of the magnetic field. We observe a transverse, radial breathing mode that does not couple to the longitudinal velocity. The inhomogeneous density distribution gives rise to a shear velocity gradient that appears to be only weakly damped. This mode is excited by ion oscillations originating in the wings of the distribution where the plasma becomes non-neutral. The ion temperature shows evidence of an enhanced electron-ion collision rate in the presence of the magnetic field. Ultracold neutral plasmas provide a rich system for studying mode excitation and decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhyun Pak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Virginia Billings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Matthew Schlitters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Scott D Bergeson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Michael S Murillo
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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6
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Sarimov RM, Serov DA, Gudkov SV. Hypomagnetic Conditions and Their Biological Action (Review). Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1513. [PMID: 38132339 PMCID: PMC10740674 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The geomagnetic field plays an important role in the existence of life on Earth. The study of the biological effects of (hypomagnetic conditions) HMC is an important task in magnetobiology. The fundamental importance is expanding and clarifying knowledge about the mechanisms of magnetic field interaction with living systems. The applied significance is improving the training of astronauts for long-term space expeditions. This review describes the effects of HMC on animals and plants, manifested at the cellular and organismal levels. General information is given about the probable mechanisms of HMC and geomagnetic field action on living systems. The main experimental approaches are described. We attempted to systematize quantitative data from various studies and identify general dependencies of the magnetobiology effects' value on HMC characteristics (induction, exposure duration) and the biological parameter under study. The most pronounced effects were found at the cellular level compared to the organismal level. Gene expression and protein activity appeared to be the most sensitive to HMC among the molecular cellular processes. The nervous system was found to be the most sensitive in the case of the organism level. The review may be of interest to biologists, physicians, physicists, and specialists in interdisciplinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilove St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.M.S.); (D.A.S.)
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7
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Sarimov RM, Serov DA, Gudkov SV. Biological Effects of Magnetic Storms and ELF Magnetic Fields. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1506. [PMID: 38132332 PMCID: PMC10740910 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields are a constant and essential part of our environment. The main components of ambient magnetic fields are the constant part of the geomagnetic field, its fluctuations caused by magnetic storms, and man-made magnetic fields. These fields refer to extremely-low-frequency (<1 kHz) magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). Since the 1980s, a huge amount of data has been accumulated on the biological effects of magnetic fields, in particular ELF-MFs. However, a unified picture of the patterns of action of magnetic fields has not been formed. Even though a unified mechanism has not yet been generally accepted, several theories have been proposed. In this review, we attempted to take a new approach to analyzing the quantitative data on the effects of ELF-MFs to identify new potential areas for research. This review provides general descriptions of the main effects of magnetic storms and anthropogenic fields on living organisms (molecular-cellular level and whole organism) and a brief description of the main mechanisms of magnetic field effects on living organisms. This review may be of interest to specialists in the fields of biology, physics, medicine, and other interdisciplinary areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.M.S.); (D.A.S.)
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8
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Miura N, Ashida Y, Matsuda Y, Shibuya T, Tamada Y, Hatsumi S, Yamamoto H, Kajikawa I, Kamei Y, Hattori M. Adaptive Optics Microscopy with Wavefront Sensing Based on Neighbor Correlation. Plant Cell Physiol 2023; 64:1372-1382. [PMID: 37930869 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex structures in living cells and tissues induce wavefront errors when light waves pass through them, and images observed with optical microscopes are undesirably blurred. This problem is especially serious for living plant cells because images are strikingly degraded even within a single cell. Adaptive optics (AO) is expected to be a solution to this problem by correcting such wavefront errors, thus enabling high-resolution imaging. In particular, scene-based AO involves wavefront sensing based on the image correlation between subapertures in a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and thus does not require an intense point light source. However, the complex 3D structures of living cells often cause low correlation between subimages, leading to loss of accuracy in wavefront sensing. This paper proposes a novel method for scene-based sensing using only image correlations between adjacent subapertures. The method can minimize changes between subimages to be correlated and thus prevent inaccuracy in phase estimation. Using an artificial test target mimicking the optical properties of a layer of living plant cells, an imaging performance with a Strehl ratio of approximately 0.5 was confirmed. Upon observation of chloroplast autofluorescence inside living leaf cells of the moss Physcomitrium patens, recovered resolution images were successfully obtained even with complex biological structures. Under bright-field illumination, the proposed method outperformed the conventional method, demonstrating the future potential of this method for label- and damage-free AO microscopy. Several points for improvement in terms of the effect of AO correction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Miura
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami 090-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ashida
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami 090-8507, Japan
| | - Yuya Matsuda
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami 090-8507, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Shibuya
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami 090-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8585 Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8585 Japan
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-0912 Japan
- Robotics, Engineering and Agriculture-technology Laboratory (REAL), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-0912 Japan
| | - Shuto Hatsumi
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8585 Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Yamamoto
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8585 Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8585 Japan
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-0912 Japan
- Robotics, Engineering and Agriculture-technology Laboratory (REAL), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-0912 Japan
| | - Ikumi Kajikawa
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8585 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Masayuki Hattori
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, 181-8588 Japan
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9
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Pecora F, Yang Y, Matthaeus WH, Chasapis A, Klein KG, Stevens M, Servidio S, Greco A, Gershman DJ, Giles BL, Burch JL. Three-Dimensional Energy Transfer in Space Plasma Turbulence from Multipoint Measurement. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:225201. [PMID: 38101349 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.225201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel multispacecraft technique applied to Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission data in the Earth's magnetosheath enables evaluation of the energy cascade rate from the full Yaglom's equation. The method differs from existing approaches in that it (i) is inherently three-dimensional, (ii) provides a statistically significant number of estimates from a single data stream, and (iii) allows visualization of energy flux in turbulent plasmas. This new "lag polyhedral derivative ensemble" technique exploits ensembles of tetrahedra in lag space and established curlometerlike algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pecora
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - William H Matthaeus
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Alexandros Chasapis
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Kristopher G Klein
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Michael Stevens
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sergio Servidio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Greco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Barbara L Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - James L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
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10
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Abstract
The Sun's axisymmetric large-scale flows, differential rotation and meridional circulation, are thought to be maintained by the influence of rotation on the thermal-convective motions in the solar convection zone. These large-scale flows are crucial for maintaining the Sun's global magnetic field. Over the last several decades, our understanding of large-scale motions in the Sun has significantly improved, both through observational and theoretical efforts. Helioseismology has constrained the flow topology in the solar interior, and the growth of supercomputers has enabled simulations that can self-consistently generate large-scale flows in rotating spherical convective shells. In this article, we review our current understanding of solar convection and the large-scale flows present in the Sun, including those associated with the recently discovered inertial modes of oscillation. We discuss some issues still outstanding, and provide an outline of future efforts needed to address these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Hotta
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yuto Bekki
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
| | - Laurent Gizon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
- Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universtät Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
| | - Quentin Noraz
- Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, Oslo, NO-0315 Norway
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, Oslo, NO-0315 Norway
| | - Mark Rast
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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11
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Inceoglu F, Loto'aniu PTM. Detection of solar QBO-like signals in earth's magnetic field from multi-GOES mission data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19460. [PMID: 37945786 PMCID: PMC10636016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Through variations in its magnetic activity at different timescales, the Sun strongly influences the space weather conditions throughout the heliosphere. The most known solar activity variation is the Schwabe Cycle, also known as the Sunspot Cycle (SCs), period of which ranges from 9 to 13 years. The Sun also shows shorter quasi-periodic variations, such as the quasi-biennial oscillations (QBOs), superposed on the SCs. The QBOs are thought to be a global phenomena extending from the subsurface layers of the Sun to Earth and throughout the Heliosphere with a period generally between 1.3 and 1.6 years. In this study, we, for the first time, detected signals with periods ranging from 1.3 to 1.6 years in Earth's magnetosphere, which can be associated with the solar QBOs, using data from multiple GOES missions. The QBO-like signals detected in Earths Magnetopshere are thought to be propagated via the solar wind from the solar surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil Inceoglu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA.
| | - Paul T M Loto'aniu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA
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12
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Wu X, Huang L, Gu N. Enhanced-resolution Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing for extended objects. Opt Lett 2023; 48:5691-5694. [PMID: 37910735 DOI: 10.1364/ol.504057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics systems for large-aperture solar telescopes, especially multiconjugate adaptive optics systems, suffer from a fundamental trade-off between wavefront sampling rate and sub-aperture resolution. We introduce an enhanced-resolution Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing method that decouples sub-aperture resolution from the desired wavefront sampling rate. We experimentally verified the validity of this method. Results show that by synthesizing multiple low-spatial samplings, this method is capable to sense higher-frequency aberrations beyond any low-spatial sampling involved in the synthesis, and it allows higher sub-aperture resolution and higher operating bandwidths, which can better fulfill the needs of solar adaptive optics.
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13
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Gulson-Castillo ER, Van Doren BM, Bui MX, Horton KG, Li J, Moldwin MB, Shedden K, Welling DT, Winger BM. Space weather disrupts nocturnal bird migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306317120. [PMID: 37812699 PMCID: PMC10589677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306317120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Space weather, including solar storms, can impact Earth by disturbing the geomagnetic field. Despite the known dependence of birds and other animals on geomagnetic cues for successful seasonal migrations, the potential effects of space weather on organisms that use Earth's magnetic field for navigation have received little study. We tested whether space weather geomagnetic disturbances are associated with disruptions to bird migration at a macroecological scale. We leveraged long-term radar data to characterize the nightly migration dynamics of the nocturnally migrating North American avifauna over 22 y. We then used concurrent magnetometer data to develop a local magnetic disturbance index associated with each radar station (ΔBmax), facilitating spatiotemporally explicit analyses of the relationship between migration and geomagnetic disturbance. After controlling for effects of atmospheric weather and spatiotemporal patterns, we found a 9 to 17% decrease in migration intensity in both spring and fall during severe space weather events. During fall migration, we also found evidence for decreases in effort flying against the wind, which may represent a depression of active navigation such that birds drift more with the wind during geomagnetic disturbances. Effort flying against the wind in the fall was most reduced under both overcast conditions and high geomagnetic disturbance, suggesting that a combination of obscured celestial cues and magnetic disturbance may disrupt navigation. Collectively, our results provide evidence for community-wide avifaunal responses to geomagnetic disturbances driven by space weather during nocturnal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Gulson-Castillo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | | | - Michelle X. Bui
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Arlington, TX76019
| | - Kyle G. Horton
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Mark B. Moldwin
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Kerby Shedden
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Daniel T. Welling
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Benjamin M. Winger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
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14
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Käpylä PJ, Browning MK, Brun AS, Guerrero G, Warnecke J. Simulations of Solar and Stellar Dynamos and Their Theoretical Interpretation. Space Sci Rev 2023; 219:58. [PMID: 37840839 PMCID: PMC10567938 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-01005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We review the state of the art of three dimensional numerical simulations of solar and stellar dynamos. We summarize fundamental constraints of numerical modelling and the techniques to alleviate these restrictions. Brief summary of the relevant observations that the simulations seek to capture is given. We survey the current progress of simulations of solar convection and the resulting large-scale dynamo. We continue to studies that model the Sun at different ages and to studies of stars of different masses and evolutionary stages. Both simulations and observations indicate that rotation, measured by the Rossby number which is the ratio of rotation period and convective turnover time, is a key ingredient in setting the overall level and characteristics of magnetic activity. Finally, efforts to understand global 3D simulations in terms of mean-field dynamo theory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri J. Käpylä
- Institute for Astrophysics and Geophysics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Solar Physics (KIS), Schöneckstraße 6, Freiburg, 79104 Germany
| | - Matthew K. Browning
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL UK
| | - Allan Sacha Brun
- Département d’Astrophysique/AIM, Univ. Paris-Saclay and Univ. de Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 France
| | - Gustavo Guerrero
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
- Physics Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Jörn Warnecke
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
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15
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Richard L, Khotyaintsev YV, Graham DB, Vaivads A, Gershman DJ, Russell CT. Fast Ion Isotropization by Current Sheet Scattering in Magnetic Reconnection Jets. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:115201. [PMID: 37774258 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.115201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a statistical analysis of ion distributions in magnetic reconnection jets using data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. Compared with the quiet plasma in which the jet propagates, we often find anisotropic and non-Maxwellian ion distributions in the plasma jets. We observe magnetic field fluctuations associated with unstable ion distributions, but the wave amplitudes are not large enough to scatter ions during the observed travel time of the jet. We estimate that the phase-space diffusion due to chaotic and quasiadiabatic ion motion in the current sheet is sufficiently fast to be the primary process leading to isotropization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Richard
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala 751 21, Sweden and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space and Plasma Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | | | | | - Andris Vaivads
- Division of Space and Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden, and Ventspils University of Applied Sciences, Ventspils 3601, Latvia
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16
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Mayrovitz HN. Linkages Between Geomagnetic Activity and Blood Pressure. Cureus 2023; 15:e45637. [PMID: 37868483 PMCID: PMC10589055 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to critically examine and present evidence for and against potential linkages between geomagnetic activity and its effects on blood pressure (BP). Four databases were searched for peer-reviewed papers written in English: PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Biomedical Reference Collection. Retrieved titles were first screened for potential relevance followed by an abstract review for further clarifications if warranted. The preponderance of the reported evidence is consistent with the concept that space weather and related events that cause sufficiently large changes in the geomagnetic field (GMF) can impact BP. The associated BP change in most but not all cases is one in which both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure increase, with SBP appearing to be more consistently involved. The magnitude of the reported BP increase ranges from about 3 to 8 mmHg depending on the intensity of the geomagnetic activity. The initiation of these BP changes has been variably reported to occur shortly before the GMF change or in synchrony with the abrupt change in the GMF. Such GMF-linked BP changes are not present in all persons and there appears to be increased sensitivity in women and in persons with co-existing hypertension. The utility of these findings in assessing or treating persons with known or suspected hypertension remains to be determined via future research. Further, research directed at determining the factors that determine responders from non-responders to GMF changes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey N Mayrovitz
- Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, USA
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17
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Chitta LP, Zhukov AN, Berghmans D, Peter H, Parenti S, Mandal S, Aznar Cuadrado R, Schühle U, Teriaca L, Auchère F, Barczynski K, Buchlin É, Harra L, Kraaikamp E, Long DM, Rodriguez L, Schwanitz C, Smith PJ, Verbeeck C, Seaton DB. Picoflare jets power the solar wind emerging from a coronal hole on the Sun. Science 2023; 381:867-872. [PMID: 37616348 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Coronal holes are areas on the Sun with open magnetic field lines. They are a source region of the solar wind, but how the wind emerges from coronal holes is not known. We observed a coronal hole using the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager on the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. We identified jets on scales of a few hundred kilometers, which last 20 to 100 seconds and reach speeds of ~100 kilometers per second. The jets are powered by magnetic reconnection and have kinetic energy in the picoflare range. They are intermittent but widespread within the observed coronal hole. We suggest that such picoflare jets could produce enough high-temperature plasma to sustain the solar wind and that the wind emerges from coronal holes as a highly intermittent outflow at small scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Chitta
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A N Zhukov
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - D Berghmans
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Peter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Parenti
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - S Mandal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Aznar Cuadrado
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - U Schühle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - L Teriaca
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Auchère
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - K Barczynski
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - É Buchlin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - L Harra
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Kraaikamp
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D M Long
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L Rodriguez
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Schwanitz
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P J Smith
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - C Verbeeck
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D B Seaton
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
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18
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Ugarte-Urra I, Wang YM. Thin jets underlie the solar wind. Science 2023; 381:833-834. [PMID: 37616340 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Solar Orbiter images reveal widespread magnetic plasma jets at the roots of the solar wind.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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19
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Abduallah Y, Wang JTL, Wang H, Xu Y. Operational prediction of solar flares using a transformer-based framework. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13665. [PMID: 37607960 PMCID: PMC10444867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar flares are explosions on the Sun. They happen when energy stored in magnetic fields around solar active regions (ARs) is suddenly released. Solar flares and accompanied coronal mass ejections are sources of space weather, which negatively affects a variety of technologies at or near Earth, ranging from blocking high-frequency radio waves used for radio communication to degrading power grid operations. Monitoring and providing early and accurate prediction of solar flares is therefore crucial for preparedness and disaster risk management. In this article, we present a transformer-based framework, named SolarFlareNet, for predicting whether an AR would produce a [Formula: see text]-class flare within the next 24 to 72 h. We consider three [Formula: see text] classes, namely the [Formula: see text]M5.0 class, the [Formula: see text]M class and the [Formula: see text]C class, and build three transformers separately, each corresponding to a [Formula: see text] class. Each transformer is used to make predictions of its corresponding [Formula: see text]-class flares. The crux of our approach is to model data samples in an AR as time series and to use transformers to capture the temporal dynamics of the data samples. Each data sample consists of magnetic parameters taken from Space-weather HMI Active Region Patches (SHARP) and related data products. We survey flare events that occurred from May 2010 to December 2022 using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite X-ray flare catalogs provided by the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), and build a database of flares with identified ARs in the NCEI flare catalogs. This flare database is used to construct labels of the data samples suitable for machine learning. We further extend the deterministic approach to a calibration-based probabilistic forecasting method. The SolarFlareNet system is fully operational and is capable of making near real-time predictions of solar flares on the Web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Abduallah
- Institute for Space Weather Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Jason T L Wang
- Institute for Space Weather Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
| | - Haimin Wang
- Institute for Space Weather Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
- Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
- Big Bear Solar Observatory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 40386 North Shore Lane, Big Bear City, CA, 92314-9672, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute for Space Weather Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
- Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
- Big Bear Solar Observatory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 40386 North Shore Lane, Big Bear City, CA, 92314-9672, USA
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20
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Zhong S, Nakariakov VM, Miao Y, Fu L, Yuan D. 30-min decayless kink oscillations in a very long bundle of solar coronal plasma loops. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12963. [PMID: 37563258 PMCID: PMC10415331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy balance in the corona of the Sun is the key to the long-standing coronal heating dilemma, which could be potentially revealed by observational studies of decayless kink oscillations of coronal plasma loops. A bundle of very long off-limb coronal loops with the length of [Formula: see text] Mm and a lifetime of about 2 days are found to exhibit decayless kink oscillations. The oscillations are observed for several hours. The oscillation amplitude is measured at 0.3-0.5 Mm, and the period at 28-33 min. The existence of 30-min periodicity of decayless kink oscillations indicates that the mechanism compensating the wave damping is still valid in such a massive plasma structure. It provides important evidence for the non-resonant origin of decayless kink oscillations with 2-6 min periods, i.e., the lack of their link with the leakage of photospheric and chromospheric oscillations into the corona and the likely role of the broadband energy sources. Magnetohydrodynamic seismology based on the reported detection of the kink oscillation, with the assistance of the differential emission measure analysis and a background coronal model provides us with a comprehensive set of plasma and magnetic field diagnostics, which is of interest as input parameters of space weather models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Zhong
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Valery M Nakariakov
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Centro de Investigacion en Astronomía, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yuhu Miao
- School of Information and Communication, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Libo Fu
- Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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21
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West MJ, Seaton DB, Wexler DB, Raymond JC, Del Zanna G, Rivera YJ, Kobelski AR, Chen B, DeForest C, Golub L, Caspi A, Gilly CR, Kooi JE, Meyer KA, Alterman BL, Alzate N, Andretta V, Auchère F, Banerjee D, Berghmans D, Chamberlin P, Chitta LP, Downs C, Giordano S, Harra L, Higginson A, Howard RA, Kumar P, Mason E, Mason JP, Morton RJ, Nykyri K, Patel R, Rachmeler L, Reardon KP, Reeves KK, Savage S, Thompson BJ, Van Kooten SJ, Viall NM, Vourlidas A, Zhukov AN. Defining the Middle Corona. Sol Phys 2023; 298:78. [PMID: 37325237 PMCID: PMC10267282 DOI: 10.1007/s11207-023-02170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The middle corona, the region roughly spanning heliocentric distances from 1.5 to 6 solar radii, encompasses almost all of the influential physical transitions and processes that govern the behavior of coronal outflow into the heliosphere. The solar wind, eruptions, and flows pass through the region, and they are shaped by it. Importantly, the region also modulates inflow from above that can drive dynamic changes at lower heights in the inner corona. Consequently, the middle corona is essential for comprehensively connecting the corona to the heliosphere and for developing corresponding global models. Nonetheless, because it is challenging to observe, the region has been poorly studied by both major solar remote-sensing and in-situ missions and instruments, extending back to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) era. Thanks to recent advances in instrumentation, observational processing techniques, and a realization of the importance of the region, interest in the middle corona has increased. Although the region cannot be intrinsically separated from other regions of the solar atmosphere, there has emerged a need to define the region in terms of its location and extension in the solar atmosphere, its composition, the physical transitions that it covers, and the underlying physics believed to shape the region. This article aims to define the middle corona, its physical characteristics, and give an overview of the processes that occur there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. West
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA
| | - Daniel B. Seaton
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA
| | - David B. Wexler
- Space Science Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts USA
| | - John C. Raymond
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Giulio Del Zanna
- DAMTP, CMS, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA UK
| | - Yeimy J. Rivera
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | | | - Bin Chen
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Craig DeForest
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA
| | - Leon Golub
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Amir Caspi
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA
| | - Chris R. Gilly
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA
| | - Jason E. Kooi
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7213, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Karen A. Meyer
- Mathematics, School of Science & Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | | | - Nathalia Alzate
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 670, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
- ADNET Systems, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - Vincenzo Andretta
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Frédéric Auchère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Dipankar Banerjee
- Indian Institute of Astrophysics, 2nd Block, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034 India
| | - David Berghmans
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence – SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan - 3 - Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Phillip Chamberlin
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Space Science, 3665 Discovery Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Lakshmi Pradeep Chitta
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cooper Downs
- Predictive Science Inc., 9990 Mesa Rim Rd, Suite 170, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Silvio Giordano
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
| | - Louise Harra
- ETH-Zürich, Hönggerberg campus, HIT building, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aleida Higginson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 670, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - Russell A. Howard
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 670, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
- American University, Washington, DC 20016 USA
| | - Emily Mason
- Predictive Science Inc., 9990 Mesa Rim Rd, Suite 170, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - James P. Mason
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - Richard J. Morton
- Department of Maths, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Katariina Nykyri
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 1 Aerospace Blvd., Daytona Beach, FL 32114 USA
| | - Ritesh Patel
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA
| | - Laurel Rachmeler
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Kevin P. Reardon
- National Solar Observatory, 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | | | - Sabrina Savage
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA
| | | | - Samuel J. Van Kooten
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA
| | | | - Angelos Vourlidas
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - Andrei N. Zhukov
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence – SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan - 3 - Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Zhou M, Liu Z, Loureiro NF. Electron heating in kinetic-Alfvén-wave turbulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220927120. [PMID: 37252951 PMCID: PMC10265953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220927120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report analytical and numerical investigations of subion-scale turbulence in low-beta plasmas using a rigorous reduced kinetic model. We show that efficient electron heating occurs and is primarily due to Landau damping of kinetic Alfvén waves, as opposed to Ohmic dissipation. This collisionless damping is facilitated by the local weakening of advective nonlinearities and the ensuing unimpeded phase mixing near intermittent current sheets, where free energy concentrates. The linearly damped energy of electromagnetic fluctuations at each scale explains the steepening of their energy spectrum with respect to a fluid model where such damping is excluded (i.e., a model that imposes an isothermal electron closure). The use of a Hermite polynomial representation to express the velocity-space dependence of the electron distribution function enables us to obtain an analytical, lowest-order solution for the Hermite moments of the distribution, which is borne out by numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muni Zhou
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- School of Natural Science, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Nuno F. Loureiro
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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23
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Elaeva M, Blanter E, Shnirman M, Shapoval A. Asymmetry in the Kuramoto model with nonidentical coupling. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:064201. [PMID: 37464665 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.064201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Synchronization and desynchronization of coupled oscillators appear to be the key property of many physical systems. It is believed that to predict a synchronization (or desynchronization) event, the knowledge on the exact structure of the oscillatory network is required. However, natural sciences often deal with observations where the coupling coefficients are not available. In the present paper we suggest a way to characterize synchronization of two oscillators without the reconstruction of coupling. Our method is based on the Kuramoto chain with three oscillators with constant but nonidentical coupling. We characterize coupling in this chain by two parameters: the coupling strength s and disparity σ. We give an analytical expression of the boundary s_{max} of synchronization occurred when s>s_{max}. We propose asymmetry A of the generalized order parameter induced by the coupling disparity as a new characteristic of the synchronization between two oscillators. For the chain model with three oscillators we present the self-consistent inverse problem. We explore scaling properties of the asymmetry A constructed for the inverse problem. We demonstrate that the asymmetry A in the chain model is maximal when the coupling strength in the model reaches the boundary of synchronization s_{max}. We suggest that the asymmetry A may be derived from the phase difference of any two oscillators if one pretends that they are edges of an abstract chain with three oscillators. Performing such a derivation with the general three-oscillator Kuramoto model, we show that the crossover from the chain to general network of oscillators keeps the interrelation between the asymmetry A and synchronization. Finally, we apply the asymmetry A to describe synchronization of the solar magnetic field proxies and discuss its potential use for the forecast of solar cycle anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elaeva
- Department of Higher Mathematics, HSE University, Moscow 109028, Russia
| | - E Blanter
- Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - M Shnirman
- Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - A Shapoval
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-238, Poland and Cybersecurity Center, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
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24
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Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bongi M, Brogi P, Bruno A, Buckley JH, Cannady N, Castellini G, Checchia C, Cherry ML, Collazuol G, de Nolfo GA, Ebisawa K, Ficklin AW, Fuke H, Gonzi S, Guzik TG, Hams T, Hibino K, Ichimura M, Ioka K, Ishizaki W, Israel MH, Kasahara K, Kataoka J, Kataoka R, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawanaka N, Kawakubo Y, Kobayashi K, Kohri K, Krawczynski HS, Krizmanic JF, Maestro P, Marrocchesi PS, Messineo AM, Mitchell JW, Miyake S, Moiseev AA, Mori M, Mori N, Motz HM, Munakata K, Nakahira S, Nishimura J, Okuno S, Ormes JF, Ozawa S, Pacini L, Papini P, Rauch BF, Ricciarini SB, Sakai K, Sakamoto T, Sasaki M, Shimizu Y, Shiomi A, Spillantini P, Stolzi F, Sugita S, Sulaj A, Takita M, Tamura T, Terasawa T, Torii S, Tsunesada Y, Uchihori Y, Vannuccini E, Wefel JP, Yamaoka K, Yanagita S, Yoshida A, Yoshida K, Zober WV. Charge-Sign Dependent Cosmic-Ray Modulation Observed with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:211001. [PMID: 37295105 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.211001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the observation of a charge-sign dependent solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope onboard the International Space Station over 6 yr, corresponding to the positive polarity of the solar magnetic field. The observed variation of proton count rate is consistent with the neutron monitor count rate, validating our methods for determining the proton count rate. It is observed by the Calorimetric Electron Telescope that both GCR electron and proton count rates at the same average rigidity vary in anticorrelation with the tilt angle of the heliospheric current sheet, while the amplitude of the variation is significantly larger in the electron count rate than in the proton count rate. We show that this observed charge-sign dependence is reproduced by a numerical "drift model" of the GCR transport in the heliosphere. This is a clear signature of the drift effect on the long-term solar modulation observed with a single detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Adriani
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Y Akaike
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 17 Kikuicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0044, Japan
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - K Asano
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - Y Asaoka
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - E Berti
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Bigongiari
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - W R Binns
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
| | - M Bongi
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - P Brogi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Bruno
- Heliospheric Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J H Buckley
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
| | - N Cannady
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - G Castellini
- Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - C Checchia
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M L Cherry
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - G Collazuol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G A de Nolfo
- Heliospheric Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - K Ebisawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - A W Ficklin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - H Fuke
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Gonzi
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - T G Guzik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - T Hams
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - K Hibino
- Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan
| | - M Ichimura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3, Bunkyo, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - K Ioka
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - W Ishizaki
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - M H Israel
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
| | - K Kasahara
- Department of Electronic Information Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - J Kataoka
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - R Kataoka
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Y Katayose
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - C Kato
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - N Kawanaka
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Y Kawakubo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - K Kobayashi
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 17 Kikuicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0044, Japan
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - K Kohri
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - H S Krawczynski
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
| | - J F Krizmanic
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P Maestro
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P S Marrocchesi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A M Messineo
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
- University of Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J W Mitchell
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - S Miyake
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Ibaraki College, 866 Nakane, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-8508, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Mori
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - N Mori
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - H M Motz
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Global Center for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - K Munakata
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - S Nakahira
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - J Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Okuno
- Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Physics Building, Room 211, 2112 East Wesley Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80208-6900, USA
| | - S Ozawa
- Quantum ICT Advanced Development Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - L Pacini
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - P Papini
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - B F Rauch
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
| | - S B Ricciarini
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - K Sakai
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - T Sakamoto
- College of Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - M Sasaki
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Y Shimizu
- Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan
| | - A Shiomi
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi, Narashino, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
| | - P Spillantini
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - F Stolzi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Sugita
- College of Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - A Sulaj
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Polo Fibonacci, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3 - 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Takita
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - T Tamura
- Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan
| | - T Terasawa
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - S Torii
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 17 Kikuicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0044, Japan
| | - Y Tsunesada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Y Uchihori
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiation Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - E Vannuccini
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone, 1 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - J P Wefel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - K Yamaoka
- Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - S Yanagita
- College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - A Yoshida
- College of Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - K Yoshida
- Department of Electronic Information Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - W V Zober
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
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Yuan D, Fu L, Cao W, Kuźma B, Geeraerts M, Trelles Arjona JC, Murawski K, Van Doorsselaere T, Srivastava AK, Miao Y, Feng S, Feng X, Noda CQ, Cobo BR, Su J. Transverse oscillations and an energy source in a strongly magnetized sunspot. Nat Astron 2023; 7:856-866. [PMID: 37483848 PMCID: PMC10356614 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-023-01973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The solar corona is two to three orders of magnitude hotter than the underlying photosphere, and the energy loss of coronal plasma is extremely strong, requiring a heating flux of over 1,000 W m-2 to maintain its high temperature. Using the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope, we report a detection of ubiquitous and persistent transverse waves in umbral fibrils in the chromosphere of a strongly magnetized sunspot. The energy flux carried by these waves was estimated to be 7.52 × 106 W m-2, three to four orders of magnitude stronger than the energy loss rate of plasma in active regions. Two-fluid magnetohydrodynamic simulations reproduced the high-resolution observations and showed that these waves dissipate significant energy, which is vital for coronal heating. Such transverse oscillations and the associated strong energy flux may exist in a variety of magnetized regions on the Sun, and could be the observational target of next-generation solar telescopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yuan
- Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Libo Fu
- Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Wenda Cao
- Big Bear Solar Observatory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Big Bear City, CA USA
- Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Błażej Kuźma
- Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Michaël Geeraerts
- Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Mathematics Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juan C. Trelles Arjona
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Dept. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Kris Murawski
- Institute of Physics, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tom Van Doorsselaere
- Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Mathematics Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yuhu Miao
- School of Information and Communication, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Song Feng
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Xueshang Feng
- Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Numerical Prediction for Space Storm, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Carlos Quintero Noda
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Dept. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Basilio Ruiz Cobo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Dept. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Jiangtao Su
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Koller F, Plaschke F, Temmer M, Preisser L, Roberts OW, Vörös Z. Magnetosheath Jet Formation Influenced by Parameters in Solar Wind Structures. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2023; 128:e2023JA031339. [PMID: 38440351 PMCID: PMC10909547 DOI: 10.1029/2023ja031339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Magnetosheath jets are dynamic pressure enhancements observed in the terrestrial magnetosheath. Their generation mechanisms are currently debated but the majority of jets can be linked to foreshock processes. Recent results showed that jets are less numerous when coronal mass ejections (CMEs) cross the magnetosheath and more numerous when stream interaction regions (SIRs) cross it. Here, we show for the first time how the pronounced substructures of CMEs and SIRs are related to jet production. We distinguish between compression and magnetic ejecta (ME) regions for the CME as well as compression region associated with the stream interface and high-speed streams (HSSs) for the SIR. Based on THEMIS and OMNI data covering 2008-2021, we show the 2D probability distribution of jet occurrence using the cone angle and Alfvén Mach number. We compare this distribution with the values within each solar wind (SW) structure. We find that both high cone angles and low Alfvén Mach numbers within CME-MEs are unfavorable for jet production as they may inhibit a well-defined foreshock region. 1D histograms of all parameters show, which SW parameters govern jet occurrence in each SW structure. In terms of the considered parameters the most favorable conditions for jet generation are found for HSSs due to their associated low cone angles, low densities, and low magnetic field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferdinand Plaschke
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische PhysikTU BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | | | - Luis Preisser
- Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
| | - Owen W. Roberts
- Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
| | - Zoltan Vörös
- Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
- Institute of Earth Physics and Space ScienceELRNSopronHungary
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27
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Faldi F, Bertucci B, Tomassetti N, Vagelli V. Real-time monitoring of solar energetic particles outside the ISS with the AMS-02 instrument. Rend Fis Acc Lincei 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-023-01156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSpace human activities in the International Space Station (ISS) are always ongoing. The atmosphere and geomagnetic field in this environment only offer partial protection from radiation. Considering the whole energetic spectrum of cosmic rays (CR), the highest energy particles are the most dangerous, but the rarest: on the other hand, sporadic solar emissions of plasma, in the low end of the energetic spectrum, inject an intense and dangerous flux of charged particles called Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) in the Sun-Earth environment. The experiment Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) operates on the ISS since 2011, performing precision measurements of cosmic ray composition and flux. In this study we aim to verify if the low latency information provided by AMS-02 could be used to perform SEP and solar activity real-time monitoring in the ISS external environment. An algorithm has been developed to identify sudden increases in the AMS-02 trigger rate with respect to the quiet conditions, demonstrating the potency of AMS-02 low-latency data for this real-time application.
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Zhao Z, Xu L, Zhu X, Zhang X, Liu S, Huang X, Ren Z, Tian Y. A Large-Scale Dataset of Three-Dimensional Solar Magnetic Fields Extrapolated by Nonlinear Force-Free Method. Sci Data 2023; 10:178. [PMID: 36997553 PMCID: PMC10063686 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that solar magnetic field manipulates all solar activities, especially violent solar bursts in solar corona. Thus, it is extremely important to reconstruct three-dimentional (3D) magnetic field of solar corona from really observed photospheric magnetogram. In this paper, a large-scale dataset of 3D solar magnetic fields of active regions is built by using the nonlinear force-free magnetic field (NLFFF) extrapolation from vector magnetograms of Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). In this dataset, all space-weather HMI active region patches (SHARPs) with the corresponding serial numbers of national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA) are included. They are downloaded from the SHARP 720 s series of JSOC every 96 minutes. In addition, each sample is labelled with a finer grained label for solar flare forecast. This paper is with the purpose of open availability of data resource and source code to the peers for refraining from repeated labor of data preparation. Meanwhile, with such a large-scale, high spatio-temporal resolution and high quality scientific data, we anticipate a wide attention and interest from artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision communities, for exploring AI for astronomy over such a large-scale dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sixuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | | | - Yonghong Tian
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Tomassetti N, Bertucci B, Donnini F, Graziani M, Fiandrini E, Khiali B, Reina Conde A. Data driven analysis of cosmic rays in the heliosphere: diffusion of cosmic protons. Rend Fis Acc Lincei 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-023-01149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding the time-dependent relationship between the Sun’s variability and cosmic rays (GCR) is essential for developing predictive models of energetic radiation in space. When traveling inside the heliosphere, GCRs are affected by magnetic turbulence and solar wind disturbances which result in the so-called solar modulation effect. To investigate this phenomenon, we have performed a data-driven analysis of the temporal dependence of the GCR flux over the solar cycle. With a global statistical inference of GCR data collected in space by AMS-02 and PAMELA on monthly basis, we have determined the rigidity and time dependence of the GCR diffusion mean free path. Here we present our results for GCR protons, we discuss their interpretation in terms of basic processes of particle transport and their relations with the dynamics of the heliospheric plasma.
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Hillier DJ. Photoionization and Electron–Ion Recombination in Astrophysical Plasmas. Atoms 2023; 11:54. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms11030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoionization and its inverse, electron–ion recombination, are key processes that influence many astrophysical plasmas (and gasses), and the diagnostics that we use to analyze the plasmas. In this review we provide a brief overview of the importance of photoionization and recombination in astrophysics. We highlight how the data needed for spectral analyses, and the required accuracy, varies considerably in different astrophysical environments. We then discuss photoionization processes, highlighting resonances in their cross-sections. Next we discuss radiative recombination, and low and high temperature dielectronic recombination. The possible suppression of low temperature dielectronic recombination (LTDR) and high temperature dielectronic recombination (HTDR) due to the radiation field and high densities is discussed. Finally we discuss a few astrophysical examples to highlight photoionization and recombination processes.
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Cozzo G, Pagano P, Petralia A, Reale F. Asymmetric Twisting of Coronal Loops. Symmetry (Basel) 2023; 15:627. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bright solar corona entirely consists of closed magnetic loops rooted in the photosphere. Photospheric motions are important drivers of magnetic stressing, which eventually leads to energy release into heat. These motions are chaotic and obviously different from one footpoint to the other, and in fact, there is strong evidence that loops are finely stranded. One may also expect strong transient variations along the field lines, but at a glance, coronal loops ever appear more or less uniformly bright from one footpoint to the other. We aim to understand how much coronal loops can preserve their own symmetry against asymmetric boundary motions that are expected to occur at loop footpoints. We investigate this issue by time-dependent 2.5D MHD modelling of a coronal loop, including its rooting and beta-variation in the photosphere. We assume that the magnetic flux tube is stressed by footpoint rotation but also that the rotation has a different pattern from one footpoint to the other. In this way, we force strong asymmetries because we expect independent evolution along different magnetic strands. We found that until the Alfvén crossing-travel time relative to the entire loop length is much lower than the twisting period, the loop’s evolution depends only on the relative velocity between the boundaries, and the symmetry is efficiently preserved. We conclude that the very high Alfvén velocities that characterise the coronal environment can explain why coronal loops can maintain a very high degree of symmetry even when they are subjected to asymmetric photospheric motions for a long time.
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Wang Y, Xu XH, Wei FS, Feng XS, Bo MH, Tang HW, Wang DS, Bian L, Wang BY, Zhang WY, Huang YS, Li Z, Guo JP, Zuo PB, Jiang CW, Xu XJ, Zhou ZL, Zou P. Additional flight delays and magnetospheric-ionospheric disturbances during solar storms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3246. [PMID: 36828884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the sun is really far away from us, some solar activities could still influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems on Earth. Those time-varying conditions in space caused by the sun are also called solar storm or space weather. It is known that aviation activities can be affected during solar storms, but the exact effects of space weather on aviation are still unclear. Especially how the flight delays, the top topic concerned by most people, will be affected by space weather has never been thoroughly researched. By analyzing huge amount of flight data (~ 4 × 106 records), for the first time, we quantitatively investigate the flight delays during space weather events. It is found that compared to the quiet periods, the average arrival delay time and 30-min delay rate during space weather events are significantly increased by 81.34% and 21.45% respectively. The evident negative correlation between the yearly flight regularity rate and the yearly mean total sunspot number during 22 years also confirms such correlation. Further studies show that the flight delay time and delay rate will monotonically increase with the geomagnetic field fluctuations and ionospheric disturbances. These results indicate that the interferences in communication and navigation during space weather events may be the most probable reason accounting for the increased flight delays. The above analyses expand the traditional field of space weather research and could also provide us with brand new views for improving the flight delay predications.
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Abstract
The evolution of a star is influenced by its internal rotation dynamics through transport and mixing mechanisms, which are poorly understood. Magnetic fields can play a role in transporting angular momentum and chemical elements, but the origin of magnetism in radiative stellar layers is unclear. Using global numerical simulations, we identify a subcritical transition from laminar flow to turbulence caused by the generation of a magnetic dynamo. Our results have many properties of the theoretically proposed Tayler-Spruit dynamo mechanism, which strongly enhances transport of angular momentum in radiative zones. The dynamo generates deep toroidal fields that are screened by the stellar outer layers. This mechanism could produce strong magnetic fields inside radiative stars without an observable field on their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Petitdemange
- Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA), Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Florence Marcotte
- Université Côte d'Azur, National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (Inria), CNRS, Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Gissinger
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Tonelli BA, Youngflesh C, Tingley MW. Geomagnetic disturbance associated with increased vagrancy in migratory landbirds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:414. [PMID: 36624156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare birds known as "accidentals" or "vagrants" have long captivated birdwatchers and puzzled biologists, but the drivers of these rare occurrences remain elusive. Errors in orientation or navigation are considered one potential driver: migratory birds use the Earth's magnetic field-sensed using specialized magnetoreceptor structures-to traverse long distances over often unfamiliar terrain. Disruption to these magnetoreceptors or to the magnetic field itself could potentially cause errors leading to vagrancy. Using data from 2 million captures of 152 landbird species in North America over 60 years, we demonstrate a strong association between disruption to the Earth's magnetic field and avian vagrancy during fall migration. Furthermore, we find that increased solar activity-a disruptor of the avian magnetoreceptor-generally counteracts this effect, potentially mitigating misorientation by disabling the ability for birds to use the magnetic field to orient. Our results link a hypothesized cause of misorientation to the phenomenon of avian vagrancy, further demonstrating the importance of magnetoreception among the orientation mechanisms of migratory birds. Geomagnetic disturbance may have important downstream ecological consequences, as vagrants may experience increased mortality rates or facilitate range expansions of avian populations and the organisms they disperse.
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Tziotziou K, Scullion E, Shelyag S, Steiner O, Khomenko E, Tsiropoula G, Canivete Cuissa JR, Wedemeyer S, Kontogiannis I, Yadav N, Kitiashvili IN, Skirvin SJ, Dakanalis I, Kosovichev AG, Fedun V. Vortex Motions in the Solar Atmosphere: Definitions, Theory, Observations, and Modelling. Space Sci Rev 2023; 219:1. [PMID: 36627929 PMCID: PMC9823109 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-022-00946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vortex flows, related to solar convective turbulent dynamics at granular scales and their interplay with magnetic fields within intergranular lanes, occur abundantly on the solar surface and in the atmosphere above. Their presence is revealed in high-resolution and high-cadence solar observations from the ground and from space and with state-of-the-art magnetoconvection simulations. Vortical flows exhibit complex characteristics and dynamics, excite a wide range of different waves, and couple different layers of the solar atmosphere, which facilitates the channeling and transfer of mass, momentum and energy from the solar surface up to the low corona. Here we provide a comprehensive review of documented research and new developments in theory, observations, and modelling of vortices over the past couple of decades after their observational discovery, including recent observations in H α , innovative detection techniques, diverse hydrostatic modelling of waves and forefront magnetohydrodynamic simulations incorporating effects of a non-ideal plasma. It is the first systematic overview of solar vortex flows at granular scales, a field with a plethora of names for phenomena that exhibit similarities and differences and often interconnect and rely on the same physics. With the advent of the 4-m Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope and the forthcoming European Solar Telescope, the ongoing Solar Orbiter mission, and the development of cutting-edge simulations, this review timely addresses the state-of-the-art on vortex flows and outlines both theoretical and observational future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tziotziou
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, GR-15236 Penteli, Greece
| | - E. Scullion
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - S. Shelyag
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - O. Steiner
- IRSOL–Istituto Ricerche Solari “Aldo e Cele Daccò”, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Patocchi 57, 6605 Locarno-Monti, Switzerland
- Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik (KIS), Schöneckstrasse 6, 79104 Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - E. Khomenko
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - G. Tsiropoula
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, GR-15236 Penteli, Greece
| | - J. R. Canivete Cuissa
- IRSOL–Istituto Ricerche Solari “Aldo e Cele Daccò”, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Patocchi 57, 6605 Locarno-Monti, Switzerland
- Center for Theoretical Astrophysics and Cosmology, Institute for Computational Science (ICS), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S. Wedemeyer
- Rosseland Center for Solar Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - I. Kontogiannis
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - N. Yadav
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Present Address: Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551 India
| | | | - S. J. Skirvin
- Plasma Dynamics Group, Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
- Present Address: Centre for Mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Mathematics Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B bus 2400, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - I. Dakanalis
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, GR-15236 Penteli, Greece
| | - A. G. Kosovichev
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - V. Fedun
- Plasma Dynamics Group, Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
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36
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Busso M. Magnetic and non-magnetic AGB mixing for s-processing. EPJ Web Conf 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202327501005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
I outline a few features of recent models for the formation of the neutron source 13C(α,n)16O in low mass stars (1 ≲ M/M⊙ ≲ 3, LMS ) ascendingfor the second time the Red Giant Branch, generally called Asymptotic Giant Branch, or AGB stars. I also briefly outline the nucleosynthesis results obtained trough them. The mentioned models consider the physical structure below the frequent downward extensions of the convective envelope into the He-intershell (the so-called third dredge-up or TDU episodes). There, the conditions are such that the occurrence of further mixing is strongly facilitated, due to the minimal temperature gradient. A way to induce proton mixing from the envelope (certainly not the only one) arises whenever the ambient magnetic fields expected for LMS promote the buoyancy of strongly magnetized flux tubes. I review some characteristics of the ensuing mixing episodes, mentioning how different hydrodynamical processes might yield similar effects, thus encouraging stellar physicists to verify in more detail this possibility.
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Deng Y, Zhou G, Dai S, Wang Y, Feng X, He J, Jiang J, Tian H, Yang S, Hou J, Yan Y, Gan W, Bai X, Li L, Xia L, Li H, Su Y, Xiong M, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Lin J, Zhang H, Chen B, He L, Feng L, Zhang H, Sun M, Zhang A, Chen L, Tan B, Zhang Z, Yang J, Yang M, Wang J. Solar Polar-orbit Observatory. Chin Sci Bull 2023. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Chatzistergos T. Is there a link between the length of the solar cycle and Earth’s temperature? Rend Fis Acc Lincei 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Sun provides most of external energy to Earth’s system and thus has the potential of influencing it. Various studies reported a correlation between the solar cycle length and the northern hemisphere temperatures on Earth. Here, we reassess the cycle length record by incorporating the newly revised and updated sunspot number series as well as plage area composite, before comparing it to Earth temperature records. We find that cycle length series constructed from sunspot and plage data exhibit the same behaviour, both showing a downward trend after 1940. Our results suggest that the agreement between solar cycle lengths and temperatures found earlier is an artefact of (1) some arbitrary choices made by those studies when constructing the cycle length series as well as (2) a rather short time interval, to which the analyses were restricted. When considering the entire period of reliable sunspot and temperature data, these records diverge before about 1870 and after 1960. We also find a poor agreement between Earth temperatures and cycle length when using plage areas instead of sunspot data to derive cycle lengths. Our result of the divergence between cycle length series and Earth’s temperature after 1960 implies that the cycle length cannot be used to support a solar origin for the warming on Earth over the last 5 decades.
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Chen S, Wei Y, Yue X, Xu K, Li M, Lin W. Correlation analysis between the occurrence of epidemic in ancient China and solar activity. Sci China Earth Sci 2022; 66:161-168. [PMID: 36575769 PMCID: PMC9782271 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-022-9986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the globe has witnessed the pandemic, epidemic diseases exert a strong impact on human beings and ecosystems. Since the Sun is the primary energy source of the Earth, some scientific pioneers attempted to search for the discernible relation between solar activity and the incidence of epidemics. In this study, the periodic changes and trends of ancient Chinese epidemic data were analyzed in comparison with those of sunspot numbers, a solar activity proxy. The results show that the epidemic and solar activity changes are in good agreement to a certain extent, especially during the Gleissberg and the de Vries cycles. The wavelet coherence shows that the frequency of the epidemic data and sunspot numbers are highly associated. In addition, results from the ensemble empirical mode decomposition illustrate consistent variations in low-frequency decompositions. This study has important implications for further understanding of the potential impact of solar activity on Earth's biosphere, the underlying mechanism of which needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xin’an Yue
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kaihua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingkun Li
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101 China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 China
| | - Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
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Hasegawa H, Katsuta N, Muraki Y, Heimhofer U, Ichinnorov N, Asahi H, Ando H, Yamamoto K, Murayama M, Ohta T, Yamamoto M, Ikeda M, Ishikawa K, Kuma R, Hasegawa T, Hasebe N, Nishimoto S, Yamaguchi K, Abe F, Tada R, Nakagawa T. Decadal-centennial-scale solar-linked climate variations and millennial-scale internal oscillations during the Early Cretaceous. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21894. [PMID: 36536054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25815-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding climate variability and stability under extremely warm 'greenhouse' conditions in the past is essential for future climate predictions. However, information on millennial-scale (and shorter) climate variability during such periods is scarce, owing to a lack of suitable high-resolution, deep-time archives. Here we present a continuous record of decadal- to orbital-scale continental climate variability from annually laminated lacustrine deposits formed during the late Early Cretaceous (123-120 Ma: late Barremian-early Aptian) in southeastern Mongolia. Inter-annual changes in lake algal productivity for a 1091-year interval reveal a pronounced solar influence on decadal- to centennial-scale climatic variations (including the ~ 11-year Schwabe cycle). Decadally-resolved Ca/Ti ratios (proxy for evaporation/precipitation changes) for a ~ 355-kyr long interval further indicate millennial-scale (~ 1000-2000-yr) extreme drought events in inner-continental areas of mid-latitude palaeo-Asia during the Cretaceous. Millennial-scale oscillations in Ca/Ti ratio show distinct amplitude modulation (AM) induced by the precession, obliquity and short eccentricity cycles. Similar millennial-scale AM by Milankovitch cycle band was also previously observed in the abrupt climatic oscillations (known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events) in the 'intermediate glacial' state of the late Pleistocene, and in their potential analogues in the Jurassic 'greenhouse'. Our findings indicate that external solar activity forcing was effective on decadal-centennial timescales, whilst the millennial-scale variations were likely amplified by internal process such as changes in deep-water formation strength, even during the Cretaceous 'greenhouse' period.
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Biswas A, Karak BB, Cameron R. Toroidal Flux Loss due to Flux Emergence Explains why Solar Cycles Rise Differently but Decay in a Similar Way. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:241102. [PMID: 36563250 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.241102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A striking feature of the solar cycle is that at the beginning, sunspots appear around midlatitudes, and over time the latitudes of emergences migrate toward the equator. The maximum level of activity (e.g., sunspot number) varies from cycle to cycle. For strong cycles, the activity begins early and at higher latitudes with wider sunspot distributions than for weak cycles. The activity and the width of sunspot belts increase rapidly and begin to decline when the belts are still at high latitudes. Surprisingly, it has been reported that in the late stages of the cycle the level of activity (sunspot number) as well as the widths and centers of the butterfly wings all have the same statistical properties independent of how strong the cycle was during its rise and maximum phases. We have modeled these features using a Babcock-Leighton type dynamo model and show that the flux loss through magnetic buoyancy is an essential nonlinearity in the solar dynamo. Our Letter shows that the nonlinearity is effective if the flux emergence becomes efficient at the mean-field strength of the order of 10^{4} G in the lower part of the convection zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Biswas
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bidya Binay Karak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Robert Cameron
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-Von-Liebig-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Vacalebre M, Frison R, Corsaro C, Neri F, Conoci S, Anastasi E, Curatolo MC, Fazio E. Advanced Optical Wavefront Technologies to Improve Patient Quality of Vision and Meet Clinical Requests. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36501713 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) is employed for the continuous measurement and correction of ocular aberrations. Human eye refractive errors (lower-order aberrations such as myopia and astigmatism) are corrected with contact lenses and excimer laser surgery. Under twilight vision conditions, when the pupil of the human eye dilates to 5-7 mm in diameter, higher-order aberrations affect the visual acuity. The combined use of wavefront (WF) technology and AO systems allows the pre-operative evaluation of refractive surgical procedures to compensate for the higher-order optical aberrations of the human eye, guiding the surgeon in choosing the procedure parameters. Here, we report a brief history of AO, starting from the description of the Shack-Hartmann method, which allowed the first in vivo measurement of the eye's wave aberration, the wavefront sensing technologies (WSTs), and their principles. Then, the limitations of the ocular wavefront ascribed to the IOL polymeric materials and design, as well as future perspectives on improving patient vision quality and meeting clinical requests, are described.
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Wellbrock A, Jones GH, Dresing N, Coates AJ, Simon Wedlund C, Nilsson H, Sanchez‐Cano B, Palmerio E, Turc L, Myllys M, Henri P, Goetz C, Witasse O, Nordheim TA, Mandt K. Observations of a Solar Energetic Particle Event From Inside and Outside the Coma of Comet 67P. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2022JA030398. [PMID: 37032655 PMCID: PMC10077910 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We analyze observations of a solar energetic particle (SEP) event at Rosetta's target comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during 6-10 March 2015. The comet was 2.15 AU from the Sun, with the Rosetta spacecraft approximately 70 km from the nucleus placing it deep inside the comet's coma and allowing us to study its response. The Eastern flank of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) also encountered Rosetta on 6 and 7 March. Rosetta Plasma Consortium data indicate increases in ionization rates, and cometary water group pickup ions exceeding 1 keV. Increased charge exchange reactions between solar wind ions and cometary neutrals also indicate increased upstream neutral populations consistent with enhanced SEP induced surface activity. In addition, the most intense parts of the event coincide with observations interpreted as an infant cometary bow shock, indicating that the SEPs may have enhanced the formation and/or intensified the observations. These solar transient events may also have pushed the cometopause closer to the nucleus. We track and discuss characteristics of the SEP event using remote observations by SOHO, WIND, and GOES at the Sun, in situ measurements at Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory Ahead, Mars and Rosetta, and ENLIL modeling. Based on its relatively prolonged duration, gradual and anisotropic nature, and broad angular spread in the heliosphere, we determine the main particle acceleration source to be a distant ICME which emerged from the Sun on 6 March 2015 and was detected locally in the Martian ionosphere but was never encountered by 67P directly. The ICME's shock produced SEPs for several days which traveled to the in situ observation sites via magnetic field line connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wellbrock
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - G. H. Jones
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - N. Dresing
- Department of Physics and AstronomyTurku Collegium for Science, Medicine and TechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - C. Simon Wedlund
- Space Science InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - H. Nilsson
- Swedish Institute of Space PhysicsKirunaSweden
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyKirunaSweden
| | - B. Sanchez‐Cano
- School of Physics and AstronomyPlanetary Science GroupUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | | | - L. Turc
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - M. Myllys
- LPC2ECNRSUniversité d'OrléansOSUCCNESOrléansFrance
| | - P. Henri
- LPC2ECNRSUniversité d'OrléansOSUCCNESOrléansFrance
- Laboratoire LagrangeObservatoire de la Côte d'AzurUniversité Côte d'AzurCNRSNiceFrance
| | - C. Goetz
- ESTECEuropean Space AgencyNoordwijkThe Netherlands
| | - O. Witasse
- ESTECEuropean Space AgencyNoordwijkThe Netherlands
| | - T. A. Nordheim
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - K. Mandt
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
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Inceoglu F, Pacini AA, Loto’aniu PTM. Utilizing AI to unveil the nonlinear interplay of convection, drift, and diffusion on galactic cosmic ray modulation in the inner heliosphere. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20712. [PMID: 36456812 PMCID: PMC9715559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) are charged particles, originating from galactic and/or extra-galactic Supernova Remnants (SNR), that continuously permeate the Heliosphere. The GCRs are modulated in the heliosphere by convection by solar wind (SW), drift via gradients and curvatures in the Heliospheric Magnetic Field (HMF), diffusion from fluctuations in the HMF, and adiabatic cooling in the expanding SW. An improved understanding of their modulation is imperative as studies on the variations in solar activity levels and solar eruptions in the past rely heavily on the relationship between their modulation and formation of the secondary particles in the Earth's atmosphere. Here, for the first time, we utilize an AI method, Light Gradient Boosting Machines (LightGBM), to investigate the nonlinear interplay among the modulation processes in different timescales. Our study indicates that the nonlinear interplay among the mechanisms responsible for the GCR modulation in the inner heliosphere are not limited to the scenario of "drift-dominated solar minimum" versus "diffusion-dominated solar maximum", instead they have dynamic behavior displaying variations in time and in timescales. This study also demonstrates the value of using AI methods to investigate non-linear physical processes in Space Physics in the era of big data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil Inceoglu
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305 USA ,grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Alessandra Abe Pacini
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305 USA ,grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Paul T. M. Loto’aniu
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305 USA ,grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
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45
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Putt KS, Du Y, Fu H, Zhang ZY. High-throughput screening strategies for space-based radiation countermeasure discovery. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2022; 35:88-104. [PMID: 36336374 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As humanity begins to venture further into space, approaches to better protect astronauts from the hazards found in space need to be developed. One particular hazard of concern is the complex radiation that is ever present in deep space. Currently, it is unlikely enough spacecraft shielding could be launched that would provide adequate protection to astronauts during long-duration missions such as a journey to Mars and back. In an effort to identify other means of protection, prophylactic radioprotective drugs have been proposed as a potential means to reduce the biological damage caused by this radiation. Unfortunately, few radioprotectors have been approved by the FDA for usage and for those that have been developed, they protect normal cells/tissues from acute, high levels of radiation exposure such as that from oncology radiation treatments. To date, essentially no radioprotectors have been developed that specifically counteract the effects of chronic low-dose rate space radiation. This review highlights how high-throughput screening (HTS) methodologies could be implemented to identify such a radioprotective agent. Several potential target, pathway, and phenotypic assays are discussed along with potential challenges towards screening for radioprotectors. Utilizing HTS strategies such as the ones proposed here have the potential to identify new chemical scaffolds that can be developed into efficacious radioprotectors that are specifically designed to protect astronauts during deep space journeys. The overarching goal of this review is to elicit broader interest in applying drug discovery techniques, specifically HTS towards the identification of radiation countermeasures designed to be efficacious towards the biological insults likely to be encountered by astronauts on long duration voyages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA.
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46
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Zhang Q, Sharma U, Dennis JA, Scifo A, Kuitems M, Büntgen U, Owens MJ, Dee MW, Pope BJS. Modelling cosmic radiation events in the tree-ring radiocarbon record. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2022.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually resolved measurements of the radiocarbon content in tree-rings have revealed rare sharp rises in carbon-14 production. These ‘Miyake events’ are likely produced by rare increases in cosmic radiation from the Sun or other energetic astrophysical sources. The radiocarbon produced is not only circulated through the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans, but also absorbed by the biosphere and locked in the annual growth rings of trees. To interpret high-resolution tree-ring radiocarbon measurements therefore necessitates modelling the entire global carbon cycle. Here, we introduce ‘
ticktack
’ (
https://github.com/SharmaLlama/ticktack/
), the first open-source Python package that connects box models of the carbon cycle with modern Bayesian inference tools. We use this to analyse all public annual
14
C
tree data, and infer posterior parameters for all six known Miyake events. They do not show a consistent relationship to the solar cycle, and several display extended durations that challenge either astrophysical or geophysical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Utkarsh Sharma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jordan A. Dennis
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Scifo
- Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Kuitems
- Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
- Global Change Research Institute (CzechGlobe), Czech Academy of Sciences, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathew J. Owens
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate,PO Box 243, Reading RG6 6BB, UK
| | - Michael W. Dee
- Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. S. Pope
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland,West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
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Cholis I, McKinnon I. Constraining the charge-, time-, and rigidity-dependence of cosmic-ray solar modulation with AMS-02 observations during Solar Cycle 24. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.063021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Li KJ, Xu JC, Feng W. The role and contribution of magnetic fields, characterized via their magnetic flux, to the statistical structuring of the solar atmosphere. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15877. [PMID: 36151138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anomalous heating of the solar upper atmosphere is one of the eight key problems in modern astronomy. Moreover, the stratification of the solar atmosphere is an outstanding key-problem in solar physics. In this study, a hot butterfly-like pattern is found to run through the chromosphere to the corona lying right on top of the magnetic butterfly pattern of sunspots in the photosphere. We thus propose to introduce the term butterfly body to describe the butterfly diagram in the 3-dimensional atmosphere. Besides, we discuss the so-called polar brightening in different layers. It is found to be statistically in anti-phase with the solar cycle in the photosphere and the chromosphere, while in phase with the solar cycle in the corona. Accordingly, we describe the role and relationship of solar magnetic elements of different magnetic flux strengths to explain the statistical structuring of the solar atmosphere with the butterfly body over the solar cycle.
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49
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Anand K, Vieira CLZ, Garshick E, Wang V, Blomberg A, Gold DR, Schwartz J, Vokonas P, Koutrakis P. Solar and geomagnetic activity reduces pulmonary function and enhances particulate pollution effects. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156434. [PMID: 35660608 PMCID: PMC9552041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased solar and geomagnetic activity (SGA) may alter sympathetic nervous system activity, reduce antioxidant activity, and modulate physiochemical processes that contribute to atmospheric aerosols, all which may reduce pulmonary function. OBJECTIVES Investigate associations between forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) with SGA, and assess whether SGA enhances adverse effects of particulate pollution, black carbon (BC) and particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). METHODS We conducted a repeated measures analysis in 726 Normative Aging Study participants (Boston, Massachusetts, USA) between 2000 and 2017, using interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), planetary K index (Kp), and sunspot number (SSN) as SGA measures. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess exposure moving averages up to 28 days for both SGA and pollution. RESULTS Increases in IMF, Kp Index and SSN from the day of the pulmonary function test averaged through day 28 of were associated with a significant decrement in FEV1 and FVC, after adjusting for potential confounders. There were greater effects for longer moving averages and enhanced effects of PM2.5 and BC on FEV1 and FVC with increased SGA. For example, for each inter-quartile increase (4.55 μg/m3) in average PM2.5 28 days before testing, low IMF (10th percentile: 3.2 nT) was associated with a -21.4 ml (95 % CI: -60.8, 18.1) and -7.1 ml (95 % CI: -37.7, 23·4) decrease in FVC and FEV1, respectively; high IMF (90th percentile: 9.0 nT) was associated with a -120.7 ml (95 % CI:-166.5, -74.9) and -78.6 ml (95 % CI: -114.3, -42·8) decrease in FVC and FEV1, respectively. DISCUSSION Increased periods of solar and geomagnetic activity may directly contribute to impaired pulmonary function and also enhance effects of PM2.5 and BC. Since exposure to solar activity is ubiquitous, stricter measures in reducing air pollution exposures are warranted, particularly in elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Anand
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Carolina L Z Vieira
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Garshick
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Veronica Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annelise Blomberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- VA Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Bae SW, Lee KE, Ko TW, Kim RA, Park YG. Holocene centennial variability in sea surface temperature and linkage with solar irradiance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15046. [PMID: 36057663 PMCID: PMC9440922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The climate periodically fluctuates on various time scales, however, there remains a lack of consensus on the centennial-scale variabilities and associated driving force. A continuous high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) record allows for the detection of centennial-scale fluctuations. This study presents a high-resolution SST record covering the last 10,000 years based on the analysis of the alkenone unsaturation index in marine sediment cores off the southwest coast of the Korean Peninsula. Alkenone SST's spectral and wavelet analysis revealed significant periodicities of 414, 190, 135, 102, and 89 years at a > 90% confidence level. These cycles exhibit extreme proximity to the solar activity cycles of 353, 206 (Suess/de Vries cycles), 130, and 104–87 years (Gleissberg cycles), suggesting that the multidecadal to centennial variations in SST are linked to solar forcing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first high-resolution Holocene SST record that all solar activity cycles on centennial scale match, suggesting centennial-scale variability in the climate system and illustrating the role of solar activity on SST change in the mid-latitude region of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Woong Bae
- Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea. .,Department of Ocean Science, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea.
| | - Tae Wook Ko
- Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Ah Kim
- Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Park
- Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea.,Ocean Circulation Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, 49111, South Korea
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