51
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Yong H, Zotev N, Stankus B, Ruddock JM, Bellshaw D, Boutet S, Lane TJ, Liang M, Carbajo S, Robinson JS, Du W, Goff N, Chang Y, Koglin JE, Waters MDJ, Sølling TI, Minitti MP, Kirrander A, Weber PM. Determining Orientations of Optical Transition Dipole Moments Using Ultrafast X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6556-6562. [PMID: 30380873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the initially prepared, optically active state remains a challenging problem in many studies of ultrafast photoinduced processes. We show that the initially excited electronic state can be determined using the anisotropic component of ultrafast time-resolved X-ray scattering signals. The concept is demonstrated using the time-dependent X-ray scattering of N-methyl morpholine in the gas phase upon excitation by a 200 nm linearly polarized optical pulse. Analysis of the angular dependence of the scattering signal near time zero renders the orientation of the transition dipole moment in the molecular frame and identifies the initially excited state as the 3p z Rydberg state, thus bypassing the need for further experimental studies to determine the starting point of the photoinduced dynamics and clarifying inconsistent computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Nikola Zotev
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Brian Stankus
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Jennifer M Ruddock
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Darren Bellshaw
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Thomas J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Mengning Liang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Joseph S Robinson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Wenpeng Du
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Nathan Goff
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Jason E Koglin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Max D J Waters
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Theis I Sølling
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Michael P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Adam Kirrander
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
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52
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von Conta A, Tehlar A, Schletter A, Arasaki Y, Takatsuka K, Wörner HJ. Conical-intersection dynamics and ground-state chemistry probed by extreme-ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3162. [PMID: 30089780 PMCID: PMC6082858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) is a useful approach to elucidate the coupled electronic-nuclear quantum dynamics underlying chemical processes, but has remained limited by the use of low photon energies. Here, we demonstrate the general advantages of XUV-TRPES through an application to NO2, one of the simplest species displaying the complexity of a non-adiabatic photochemical process. The high photon energy enables ionization from the entire geometrical configuration space, giving access to the true dynamics of the system. Specifically, the technique reveals dynamics through a conical intersection, large-amplitude motion and photodissociation in the electronic ground state. XUV-TRPES simultaneously projects the excited-state wave packet onto many final states, offering a multi-dimensional view of the coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics. Our interpretations are supported by ab initio wavepacket calculations on new global potential-energy surfaces. The presented results contribute to establish XUV-TRPES as a powerful technique providing a complete picture of ultrafast chemical dynamics from photoexcitation to the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A von Conta
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Tehlar
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Schletter
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Y Arasaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - K Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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53
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Yang J, Zhu X, Wolf TJA, Li Z, Nunes JPF, Coffee R, Cryan JP, Gühr M, Hegazy K, Heinz TF, Jobe K, Li R, Shen X, Veccione T, Weathersby S, Wilkin KJ, Yoneda C, Zheng Q, Martinez TJ, Centurion M, Wang X. Imaging CF 3I conical intersection and photodissociation dynamics with ultrafast electron diffraction. Science 2018; 361:64-67. [PMID: 29976821 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Conical intersections play a critical role in excited-state dynamics of polyatomic molecules because they govern the reaction pathways of many nonadiabatic processes. However, ultrafast probes have lacked sufficient spatial resolution to image wave-packet trajectories through these intersections directly. Here, we present the simultaneous experimental characterization of one-photon and two-photon excitation channels in isolated CF3I molecules using ultrafast gas-phase electron diffraction. In the two-photon channel, we have mapped out the real-space trajectories of a coherent nuclear wave packet, which bifurcates onto two potential energy surfaces when passing through a conical intersection. In the one-photon channel, we have resolved excitation of both the umbrella and the breathing vibrational modes in the CF3 fragment in multiple nuclear dimensions. These findings benchmark and validate ab initio nonadiabatic dynamics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA. .,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Pedro F Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Ryan Coffee
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Markus Gühr
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kareem Hegazy
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Keith Jobe
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Renkai Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle J Wilkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Charles Yoneda
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Zheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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54
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Bennett K, Kowalewski M, Rouxel JR, Mukamel S. Monitoring molecular nonadiabatic dynamics with femtosecond X-ray diffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6538-6547. [PMID: 29891703 PMCID: PMC6042073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805335115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast time-resolved X-ray scattering, made possible by free-electron laser sources, provides a wealth of information about electronic and nuclear dynamical processes in molecules. The technique provides stroboscopic snapshots of the time-dependent electronic charge density traditionally used in structure determination and reflects the interplay of elastic and inelastic processes, nonadiabatic dynamics, and electronic populations and coherences. The various contributions to ultrafast off-resonant diffraction from populations and coherences of molecules in crystals, in the gas phase, or from single molecules are surveyed for core-resonant and off-resonant diffraction. Single-molecule [Formula: see text] scaling and two-molecule [Formula: see text] scaling contributions, where N is the number of active molecules, are compared. Simulations are presented for the excited-state nonadiabatic dynamics of the electron harpooning at the avoided crossing in NaF. We show how a class of multiple diffraction signals from a single molecule can reveal charge-density fluctuations through multidimensional correlation functions of the charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kochise Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
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55
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Rouxel JR, Kowalewski M, Bennett K, Mukamel S. X-Ray Sum Frequency Diffraction for Direct Imaging of Ultrafast Electron Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:243902. [PMID: 29956957 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.243902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction from molecules in the ground state produces an image of their charge density, and time-resolved x-ray diffraction can thus monitor the motion of the nuclei. However, the density change of excited valence electrons upon optical excitation can barely be monitored with regular diffraction techniques due to the overwhelming background contribution of the core electrons. We present a nonlinear x-ray technique made possible by novel free electron laser sources, which provides a spatial electron density image of valence electron excitations. The technique, sum frequency generation carried out with a visible pump and a broadband x-ray diffraction pulse, yields snapshots of the transition charge densities, which represent the electron density variations upon optical excitation. The technique is illustrated by ab initio simulations of transition charge density imaging for the optically induced electronic dynamics in a donor or acceptor substituted stilbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy R Rouxel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Kochise Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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56
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Kraus PM, Zürch M, Cushing SK, Neumark DM, Leone SR. The ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic revolution in chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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57
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Tsuru S, Fujikawa T, Stener M, Decleva P, Yagishita A. Theoretical study of ultrafast x-ray photoelectron diffraction from molecules undergoing photodissociation. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5019878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tsuru
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mauro Stener
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Akira Yagishita
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK, Oho1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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58
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Biasin E, van Driel TB, Levi G, Laursen MG, Dohn AO, Moltke A, Vester P, Hansen FBK, Kjaer KS, Harlang T, Hartsock R, Christensen M, Gaffney KJ, Henriksen NE, Møller KB, Haldrup K, Nielsen MM. Anisotropy enhanced X-ray scattering from solvated transition metal complexes. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:306-315. [PMID: 29488907 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517016964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray scattering patterns from photoexcited molecules in solution are in many cases anisotropic at the ultrafast time scales accessible at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). This anisotropy arises from the interaction of a linearly polarized UV-Vis pump laser pulse with the sample, which induces anisotropic structural changes that can be captured by femtosecond X-ray pulses. In this work, a method for quantitative analysis of the anisotropic scattering signal arising from an ensemble of molecules is described, and it is demonstrated how its use can enhance the structural sensitivity of the time-resolved X-ray scattering experiment. This method is applied on time-resolved X-ray scattering patterns measured upon photoexcitation of a solvated di-platinum complex at an XFEL, and the key parameters involved are explored. It is shown that a combined analysis of the anisotropic and isotropic difference scattering signals in this experiment allows a more precise determination of the main photoinduced structural change in the solute, i.e. the change in Pt-Pt bond length, and yields more information on the excitation channels than the analysis of the isotropic scattering only. Finally, it is discussed how the anisotropic transient response of the solvent can enable the determination of key experimental parameters such as the instrument response function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Biasin
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads G Laursen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asmus O Dohn
- Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Asbjørn Moltke
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Vester
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frederik B K Hansen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Kjaer
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Harlang
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert Hartsock
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Morten Christensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Niels E Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin M Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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59
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Time-Resolved Photoelectron Imaging of Molecular Coherent Excitation and Charge Migration by Ultrashort Laser Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2241-2249. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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60
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Zhai C, Zhang X, Zhu X, He L, Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhang Q, Lan P, Lu P. Single-shot molecular orbital tomography with orthogonal two-color fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:2775-2784. [PMID: 29401813 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular orbital tomography (MOT) based on high-order-harmonic generation opens a way to track the molecular electron dynamics or even follow a chemical reaction. However, the real-time imaging of the evolution of electron orbitals is hampered by the multi-shot measurement of high-order harmonics. Here, we report a single-shot MOT scheme with orthogonal two-color (OTC) fields. This scheme enables the tomographic imaging of molecular orbital with single-shot measurement in experiment, owing to the two-dimensional manipulation of the electron motion in OTC fields. Our work paves the way towards tracking the molecular electron dynamics with combined attosecond temporal and sub-Ångström spatial resolutions.
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61
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Seddon EA, Clarke JA, Dunning DJ, Masciovecchio C, Milne CJ, Parmigiani F, Rugg D, Spence JCH, Thompson NR, Ueda K, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Wurth W. Short-wavelength free-electron laser sources and science: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:115901. [PMID: 29059048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications. Initial consideration is given to FEL theory in order to provide the foundation for discussion of FEL output properties and the technical challenges of short-wavelength FELs. This is followed by an overview of existing x-ray FEL facilities, future facilities and FEL frontiers. To provide a context for information in the above sections, a detailed comparison of the photon pulse characteristics of FEL sources with those of other sources of high brightness x-rays is made. A brief summary of FEL beamline design and photon diagnostics then precedes an overview of FEL scientific applications. Recent highlights are covered in sections on structural biology, atomic and molecular physics, photochemistry, non-linear spectroscopy, shock physics, solid density plasmas. A short industrial perspective is also included to emphasise potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Seddon
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom. The School of Physics and Astronomy and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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62
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63
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Li Z, Inhester L, Liekhus-Schmaltz C, Curchod BFE, Snyder JW, Medvedev N, Cryan J, Osipov T, Pabst S, Vendrell O, Bucksbaum P, Martinez TJ. Ultrafast isomerization in acetylene dication after carbon K-shell ionization. Nat Commun 2017; 8:453. [PMID: 28878226 PMCID: PMC5587545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast proton migration and isomerization are key processes for acetylene and its ions. However, the mechanism for ultrafast isomerization of acetylene [HCCH]2+ to vinylidene [H2CC]2+ dication remains nebulous. Theoretical studies show a large potential barrier ( > 2 eV) for isomerization on low-lying dicationic states, implying picosecond or longer isomerization timescales. However, a recent experiment at a femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser suggests sub-100 fs isomerization. Here we address this contradiction with a complete theoretical study of the dynamics of acetylene dication produced by Auger decay after X-ray photoionization of the carbon atom K shell. We find no sub-100 fs isomerization, while reproducing the salient features of the time-resolved Coulomb imaging experiment. This work resolves the seeming contradiction between experiment and theory and also calls for careful interpretation of structural information from the widely applied Coulomb momentum imaging method. The timescale of isomerization in molecules involving ultrafast migration of constituent atoms is difficult to measure. Here the authors report that sub-100 fs isomerization time on acetylene dication in lower electronic states is not possible and point to misinterpretation of recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chelsea Liekhus-Schmaltz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Basile F E Curchod
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - James W Snyder
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Nikita Medvedev
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Laser Plasma Department, Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - James Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Timur Osipov
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Pabst
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Phil Bucksbaum
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.
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64
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65
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Kowalewski M, Bennett K, Mukamel S. Monitoring nonadiabatic avoided crossing dynamics in molecules by ultrafast X-ray diffraction. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:054101. [PMID: 28580368 PMCID: PMC5446286 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We examine time-resolved X-ray diffraction from molecules in the gas phase which undergo nonadiabatic avoided-crossing dynamics involving strongly coupled electrons and nuclei. Several contributions to the signal are identified, representing (in decreasing strength) elastic scattering, contributions of the electronic coherences created by nonadiabatic couplings in the avoided crossing regime, and inelastic scattering. The former probes the charge density and delivers direct information on the evolving molecular geometry. The latter two contributions are weaker and carry spatial information through the transition charge densities (off-diagonal elements of the charge-density operator). Simulations are presented for the nonadiabatic harpooning process in the excited state of sodium fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kowalewski
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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66
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Zhang Y, Deb S, Jónsson H, Weber PM. Observation of Structural Wavepacket Motion: The Umbrella Mode in Rydberg-Excited N-Methyl Morpholine. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3740-3744. [PMID: 28742348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have observed time-resolved, structural dynamics of a coherent vibrational wavepacket in Rydberg-excited N-methyl morpholine, a molecule with 48 internal degrees of freedom. The molecular structure was established by associating the time-dependent Rydberg electron binding energy, obtained from time-resolved photoionization-photoelectron spectroscopy, to the molecular structure using self-interaction corrected density functional calculations. Optical excitation at 226 nm launches an oscillatory wavepacket in the amine umbrella coordinate with a 650 fs period. Even though the Franck-Condon excitation is at an angle of 17°, the wavepacket settles into an oscillation between 4° and -10° within a fraction of a vibrational period and then dephases with a time constant of 750 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Sanghamitra Deb
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hannes Jónsson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland , 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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67
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Glownia JM, Natan A, Cryan JP, Hartsock R, Kozina M, Minitti MP, Nelson S, Robinson J, Sato T, van Driel T, Welch G, Weninger C, Zhu D, Bucksbaum PH. Glownia et al. Reply. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:069302. [PMID: 28949596 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.069302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Natan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Hartsock
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Kozina
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M P Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Nelson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Robinson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Sato
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Welch
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Weninger
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P H Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Departments of Physics, Applied Physics, and Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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68
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Bennett K, Kowalewski M, Mukamel S. Comment on "Self-Referenced Coherent Diffraction X-Ray Movie of Ångstrom- and Femtosecond-Scale Atomic Motion". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:069301. [PMID: 28949636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.069301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kochise Bennett
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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69
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Observing Femtosecond Fragmentation Using Ultrafast X-ray-Induced Auger Spectra. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7070681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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70
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Krupa K, Nithyanandan K, Andral U, Tchofo-Dinda P, Grelu P. Real-Time Observation of Internal Motion within Ultrafast Dissipative Optical Soliton Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:243901. [PMID: 28665655 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Real-time access to the internal ultrafast dynamics of complex dissipative optical systems opens new explorations of pulse-pulse interactions and dynamic patterns. We present the first direct experimental evidence of the internal motion of a dissipative optical soliton molecule generated in a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser. We map the internal motion of a soliton pair molecule by using a dispersive Fourier-transform imaging technique, revealing different categories of internal pulsations, including vibrationlike and phase drifting dynamics. Our experiments agree well with numerical predictions and bring insights to the analogy between self-organized states of lights and states of the matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krupa
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, U.M.R. 6303 C.N.R.S., Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - K Nithyanandan
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, U.M.R. 6303 C.N.R.S., Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - Ugo Andral
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, U.M.R. 6303 C.N.R.S., Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - Patrice Tchofo-Dinda
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, U.M.R. 6303 C.N.R.S., Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Grelu
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, U.M.R. 6303 C.N.R.S., Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
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71
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Lemke HT, Kjær KS, Hartsock R, van Driel TB, Chollet M, Glownia JM, Song S, Zhu D, Pace E, Matar SF, Nielsen MM, Benfatto M, Gaffney KJ, Collet E, Cammarata M. Coherent structural trapping through wave packet dispersion during photoinduced spin state switching. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15342. [PMID: 28537270 PMCID: PMC5458100 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of ultrafast nonadiabatic chemical dynamics during molecular photo-transformations remains challenging because electronic and nuclear configurations impact each other and cannot be treated independently. Here we gain experimental insights, beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, into the light-induced spin-state trapping dynamics of the prototypical [Fe(bpy)3]2+ compound by time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy at sub-30-femtosecond resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio. The electronic decay from the initial optically excited electronic state towards the high spin state is distinguished from the structural trapping dynamics, which launches a coherent oscillating wave packet (265 fs period), clearly identified as molecular breathing. Throughout the structural trapping, the dispersion of the wave packet along the reaction coordinate reveals details of intramolecular vibronic coupling before a slower vibrational energy dissipation to the solution environment. These findings illustrate how modern time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy can provide key information to unravel dynamic details of photo-functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik T. Lemke
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Kasper S. Kjær
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Molecular Movies, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Robert Hartsock
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tim B. van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Molecular Movies, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - James M. Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sanghoon Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati-INFN, P.O. Box 13, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - Samir F. Matar
- ICMCB, CNRS UPR 9048, Univ. Bordeaux, Pessac F-33608, France
| | - Martin M. Nielsen
- Molecular Movies, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Maurizio Benfatto
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati-INFN, P.O. Box 13, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - Kelly J. Gaffney
- SSRL and PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Eric Collet
- Univ. Rennes 1, CNRS, UBL, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR) - UMR 6251, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Marco Cammarata
- Univ. Rennes 1, CNRS, UBL, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR) - UMR 6251, F-35042 Rennes, France
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72
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Fundamental Limits on Spatial Resolution in Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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73
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Probing Dynamics in Colloidal Crystals with Pump-Probe Experiments at LCLS: Methodology and Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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74
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Molecular photoelectron interference effects by intense circularly polarized attosecond x-ray pulses. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-0964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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75
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Moreno Carrascosa A, Kirrander A. Ab initio calculation of inelastic scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19545-19553. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02054f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We calculate nonresonant inelastic electron and X-ray scattering cross sections for bound-to-bound transitions in atoms and molecules from ab initio electronic wavefunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- EH9 3FJ Edinburgh
- UK
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76
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Yuan KJ, Bandrauk AD. Exploring coherent electron excitation and migration dynamics by electron diffraction with ultrashort X-ray pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:25846-25852. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05067d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exploring ultrafast charge migration is of great importance in biological and chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jun Yuan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada
| | - André D. Bandrauk
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada
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77
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Yuan KJ, Bandrauk AD. Monitoring coherent electron wave packet excitation dynamics by two-color attosecond laser pulses. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:194304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4968230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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78
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Kirrander A, Minns RS. Highlights from Faraday Discussion 193: Ultrafast Imaging of Photochemical Dynamics, Edinburgh, 2016. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13631-13636. [PMID: 27824365 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc90504h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On August 31st 2016, 116 delegates from 16 countries gathered at the handsome and historic premises of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Russell S Minns
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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79
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Yang J, Guehr M, Shen X, Li R, Vecchione T, Coffee R, Corbett J, Fry A, Hartmann N, Hast C, Hegazy K, Jobe K, Makasyuk I, Robinson J, Robinson MS, Vetter S, Weathersby S, Yoneda C, Wang X, Centurion M. Diffractive Imaging of Coherent Nuclear Motion in Isolated Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:153002. [PMID: 27768362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.153002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Observing the motion of the nuclear wave packets during a molecular reaction, in both space and time, is crucial for understanding and controlling the outcome of photoinduced chemical reactions. We have imaged the motion of a vibrational wave packet in isolated iodine molecules using ultrafast electron diffraction with relativistic electrons. The time-varying interatomic distance was measured with a precision 0.07 Å and temporal resolution of 230 fs full width at half maximum. The method is not only sensitive to the position but also the shape of the nuclear wave packet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Markus Guehr
- PULSE, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Physics and Astronomy, Potsdam University, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Renkai Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Ryan Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jeff Corbett
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alan Fry
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nick Hartmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Carsten Hast
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kareem Hegazy
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Keith Jobe
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Igor Makasyuk
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Joseph Robinson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthew S Robinson
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Sharon Vetter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Charles Yoneda
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Martin Centurion
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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80
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