Flavonoids and Flavonoid-Based Nanopharmaceuticals as Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer-An Updated Literature Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most serious health issues and the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. However, the treatment options for CRC are associated with adverse reactions, and in some cases, resistance can develop. Flavonoids have emerged as promising alternatives for CRC prevention and therapy due to their multitude of biological properties and ability to target distinct processes involved in CRC pathogenesis. Their innate disadvantageous properties (e.g., low solubility and stability, reduced bioavailability, and lack of tumor specificity) have delayed the potential inclusion of flavonoids in CRC treatment regimens but have hastened the design of nanopharmaceuticals comprising a flavonoid agent entrapped in a nanosized delivery platform that not only counteract these inconveniences but also provide an augmented therapeutic effect and an elevated safety profile by conferring a targeted action. Starting with a brief presentation of the pathological features of CRC and an overview of flavonoid classes, the present study comprehensively reviews the anti-CRC activity of different flavonoids from a mechanistic perspective while also portraying the latest discoveries made in the area of flavonoid-containing nanocarriers that have proved efficient in CRC management. This review concludes by showcasing future perspectives for the advancement of flavonoids and flavonoid-based nanopharmaceuticals in CRC research.

Hydrogel-based therapies for diabetic foot ulcers: recent developments and clinical implications

The diabetic foot ulcer is among the most serious diabetes-associated complications, with a long disease course considerably increasing the pain and economic burden of patients, leading to amputation and even death. High blood sugar is characteristic of diabetic foot ulcers, with insufficient blood supply, oxidative stress disorder, and high-risk bacterial infection posing great challenges for disease treatment. Advances in hydrogel dressings have shown potential for the management of diabetic foot ulcers involving multisystem lesions. This study comprehensively reviews the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers and advances in hydrogel dressings in treating diabetic foot ulcers, providing innovative perspectives for assessing the nursing care requirements and associated clinical applications.

Structures, bonding aspects and spectroscopic parameters of morin, myricetin, and quercetin with copper/zinc complexes: DFT and TDDFT exploration

CONTEXT

In the present work, DFT/TDDFT techniques is used to analyze structure, bonding, reactivity and electronic transitions of quercetin, morin, myricetin with their metal (Cu and Zn) complexes. In order to comprehend metal complexes and ligands reactivity patterns, we calculated energy gaps between frontier molecular orbitals. Global reactivity characteristics, such as ionization potential, electronegativity (χ), hardness (η), softness (S), electrophilicity index (ω) electron affinity, and chemical potential (μ), were computed based on the FMO energies. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps were used to identify nucleophilic and electrophilic sites in complexes. Within the examined complexes, TDDFT and NBO analysis shed light on bonding, electronic transitions and stabilizing interactions. Ligands morin, myricetin, and quercetin exhibited higher HOMO-LUMO gap than their corresponding metal complexes, suggesting electron transfer may be faster in the metal complexes. The metal complexes displayed more negative electrostatic potentials. The absorption spectra of the ligands ranged from 258 to 360 nm, whereas their complexes exhibited a broader range from 252 to 1035 nm. These spectra provided important insights into charge transfer and electronic transitions, enhancing our knowledge of electronic and bonding characteristics of such compounds.

METHODS

G16 software is used to optimize all species. B3LYP functional was employed in combination with LanL2DZ basis set for Cu and Zn, and 6-311G(d,p) basis set for other atoms (C, H and O). Natural bond orbital examination was conducted in order to investigate interactions between the filled orbitals of one unit and empty orbitals of other unit. ORCA software was utilized to compute spectral features, incorporating ZORA method to account for relativistic effects. TDDFT studies is carried out using B3LYP functional to calculate excitation energies.

Flavonoids and their metal complexes as potential agents for diabetes mellitus with future perspectives

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health burden, with hyperglycemia as the main hallmark. This review commences with a concise overview of the intricate mechanisms underlying glucose uptake and utilization in organisms. Notably, we emphasize that T2DM management strategies pivot on delaying carbohydrate digestion, augmenting insulin secretion, and enhancing insulin sensitivity in target tissues. Unfortunately, the drugs currently available in the market for the treatment of T2DM have unpleasant side effects, spurring an urgent quest for safer and more efficacious alternatives. Flavonoids, emerging as a promising class of bioactive compounds derived from plants, offer a multi-faceted approach to diabetes treatment. Specifically, they potently inhibit enzymes such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B). Through an in-depth analysis, this review not only summarizes these inhibitory actions but also establishes the structure-activity relationship (SAR), providing a blueprint for rational drug design. However, the clinical translation of flavonoids has been hampered by their suboptimal water solubility and bioavailability, attributable to the characteristic carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Ingeniously, this chemical quirk has been harnessed to engineer metal chelates, which exhibit enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles. Herein, we offer an exhaustive overview of the latest advancements in flavonoid metal complexes research, spotlighting their potential as next-generation diabetes therapeutics. Available data are poised to galvanize the development of novel flavonoid derivatives, be it as potent drugs or functional foods, for combating T2DM.

Self-calibrating multiplexed microneedle electrode array for continuous mapping of subcutaneous multi-analytes in diabetes

Monitoring multiplexed biochemical markers is beneficial for the comprehensive evaluation of diabetes-associated complications. Techniques for multiplexed analyses in interstitial fluids have often been restricted by the difficulties of electrode materials in accurately detecting chemicals in complex subcutaneous spaces. In particular, the signal stability of enzyme-based sensing electrodes often inevitably decreases due to enzyme degradation or interference in vivo. In this study, we developed a self-calibrating multiplexed microneedle (MN) electrode array (SC-MMNEA) capable of continuous, real-time monitoring of multiple types of bioanalytes (glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, lactate, reactive oxygen species [ROSs], Na+, K+, Ca2+, and pH) in the subcutaneous space. Each type of analyte was detected by a discrete MN electrode assembled in an integrated array with single-MN resolution. Moreover, this device utilized an MN-delivery-mediated self-calibration technique to address the inherent problem of decreased accuracy of implantable electrodes caused by long-term tissue variation and enzyme degradation, and this technique might increase the reliability of the MN sensors. Our results indicated that SC-MMNEA could provide real-time monitoring of multiplexed analyte concentrations in a rat model with good accuracy, especially after self-calibration. SC-MMNEA has the advantages of in situ and minimally invasive monitoring of physiological states and the potential to promote wearable devices for long-term monitoring of chemical species in vivo.

How Universal Adhesive Systems With Nanoencapsulated Flavonoids Improve Long-Term Bonding to Caries-Affected Dentin

OBJECTIVES

To determine the presence of nano-encapsulated flavonoids and their effect in universal adhesives on resin-dentin bond-strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) on artificial caries-affected dentin (CAD) after 24-h and 6 months of water storage (WS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Artificial CAD was created on the occlusal dentin surfaces of 60 human third molars by a microbiological assay. Nanoencapsulated quercetin (Q) and naringin (N) were incorporated into Prime&Bond Universal (PBU; Dentsply-Sirona) and Single Bond Universal (SBU, 3M ESPE). The adhesive systems with and without (control) flavonoids were applied to the CAD surface, and a 4-mm resin composite block (TPH Spectrum, Dentsply Sirona) was built up and light-cured. Specimens were sectioned into resin-dentin beams (0.8 mm2). The hybrid layer (HL) was subjected to micro-Raman analysis to detect N and Q. The specimens were tested in tension in a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. μTBS and NL tests were performed after 24-h and WS. μTBS and NL data were analyzed using a nonparametric three-way ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni's test (α = 5%).

RESULTS

Q and N were detected within the HL. N and Q nanocapsules increased μTBS and reduced NL values after WS. At 24 h, the PBU group showed higher NL values than the SBU group, and the values decreased after WS.

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporating nanoencapsulated flavonoids may improve the longevity of universal bonding systems applied to CAD.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Adhesive restorations incorporating nanoencapsulated quercetin or naringin might be a promising alternative for achieving long-term bonding stability.

Design of a microneedle-based enzyme biosensor using a simple and cost-effective electrochemical strategy to monitor superoxide anion released from cancer cells

Early detection of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration is very important in cancer diagnosis, pathological examinations, and health screening. Studies show that changes in ROS concentration occurs in a short time, causing irreparable damage to living cells and organs. Miniaturized sensors and microelectrodes are capable of online monitoring of electrochemical reactions both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, an enzymatic biosensor based on an electrochemically roughened gold microneedle electrode (RAuME) has been developed to measure superoxide anion released from prostate cancer cells. A uniform layer of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was deposited onto the gold microelectrode through electrochemical reduction, followed by electrodeposition of yttrium hexacyanoferrate (YHCF) nanoparticles. The deposited layers improved the current response of the microneedle electrode in CV, Impedance, and Amperometric analysis. Furthermore, chitosan was utilized to superoxide dismutase (SOD) immobilization. The presence of chitosan maintained the catalytic properties of the SOD enzyme. The developed microsensor monitored the superoxide anion in a wide linear range from 0.304 to 314 μM with detection limit of 17 nm. According to the physiological concentration of the superoxide anion (10-100 nm), we hypothesized that the developed micro-biosensor can mediate a fast monitoring of ROS that facilitates early-stage cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Recent advances in detection techniques for vitamin analysis: A comprehensive review

Vitamins are vital micronutrients that play critical roles in human growth and development. However, vitamins are highly susceptible to degradation by light, heat, oxygen, and interactions with other food components during processing and storage. Additionally, insufficient intake or malabsorption can lead to vitamin deficiencies, resulting in various diseases. Since the human body cannot synthesize most vitamins, they must be sourced through diet or supplementation. Therefore, vitamin analysis is critical for meeting human nutritional needs and ensuring quality control. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in vitamin analysis. Here, we propose a comprehensive and critical evaluation of detection methods for water- and fat-soluble vitamins that have been studied over the past five years, including microbiology-, spectroscopy-, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-, electrochemistry-, sensor-, and immunoassay-based analysis techniques. Notably, immunoassays are highlighted for their simplicity, affordability, and high sensitivity. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of vitamin analysis are discussed.

Identification and targeting of metastatic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapeutics using small molecules library of curcumin analogues

The understanding of the molecular basis of complex diseases like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) needs large datasets of multiple genes and proteins involved in different phenomenon of its development. This study focuses on the molecular basis of HCC and the development of therapeutic strategies. We analyzed a dataset of 5475 genes (Homo sapiens) involved in HCC hallmarks, involving comprehensive data on multiple genes and frequently mutated genes. As HCC is characterized by metastasis, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress, exploration of genes associated with them has been targeted. Through gene ontology, functional characterization, and pathway enrichment analysis, we identified target proteins such as Lysyl oxidase, Survivin, Cofilin, and Cathepsin B. A library of curcumin analogs was used to target these proteins. Tetrahrydrocurcumin showed promising binding affinities for all four proteins, suggesting its potential as an inhibitor against these proteins for HCC therapy.

Antiproliferative Effects of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Solanum xenthocarpum (L.) on Human Breast Cancer Cells

Solanum xanthocarpum, a perennial herb native to India, contains steroidal glycoalkaloids with notable anticancer properties. This study investigated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum on human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Phytochemical screening and LC-HRMS analysis confirmed presence of various primary and secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybdate assays. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant potential with EC50 values of 60.10±0.88 μg/mL (DPPH) and 392.29±3.93 μg/mL (ABTS). Cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated via morphological analysis, MTT assays, and IC50 determination (24.19±0.56 μg/L). Apoptosis was confirmed using dual staining techniques (AO/EB, Hoechst 33342/PI, DAPI), revealing condensed nuclei, apoptotic bodies, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, as indicated by Rhodamine staining. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were observed using H2-DCF-DA staining. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 127.78±3.547 mg GAE/g and 98.06±4.289 mg QE/g, respectively. These findings suggest that the methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum possesses strong antioxidant and anticancer activities, indicating its potential role in cancer treatment. Further studies are warranted to explore its bioactive compounds for developing novel anticancer therapies.

Beeswax-based nanoconstructs enriched dual responsive hydrogel for diabetic foot ulcers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a complicated pathophysiological process, and there is now no recognized treatment. Hyperglycemia, neuropathy, impaired angiogenesis, reactive oxygen species, and advanced glycation end products construct the distinctive wound environment of diabetic wounds. This study aimed to develop naringenin-ferulic acid beeswax-based nanoconstructs enriched dual-responsive hydrogel (NAR-FA NLC HG) for topical application for DFU. The pH- and temperature-responsive hydrogel was formulated via a chemical cross-linking reaction of carboxymethyl chitosan and poloxamer 407 and loaded with NAR-FA NLC using the swelling-loading method. SEM, FTIR, and XRD observed the morphology and characterization of the prepared hydrogel. The in vitro release study showed controlled release during 48 h. Antibacterial activity significantly inhibits B. subtilis and E. coli compared to NLC and control groups (p < 0.05). Cell line studies show that hydrogel is compatible with HaCaT cells and 92.4 ± 4.9 % of wound contraction after 48 h of scratch wound assay. The wound closure rate with NAR FA NLC HG in STZ-induced diabetic rats reached 93.2 ± 3.4 % by day 15 with significant (p < 0.001) increases in the VEGF level and decreasing ICAM-1 level. Hence, the smart hydrogel established in this study has the potential to serve as a promising topical therapy for DFU with inherent antimicrobial activity components, including beeswax, NAR, and FA.

Inhibition potential of natural flavonoids against selected omicron (B.1.19) mutations in the spike receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2: a molecular modeling approach

The omicron (B.1.19) variant of contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is considered a variant of concern (VOC) due to its increased transmissibility and highly infectious nature. The spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a hotspot of mutations and is regarded as a prominent target for screening drug candidates owing to its crucial role in viral entry and immune evasion. To date, no effective therapy or antivirals have been reported; therefore, there is an urgent need for rapid screening of antivirals. An extensive molecular modelling study has been performed with the primary goal to assess the inhibition potential of natural flavonoids as inhibitors against RBD from a manually curated library. Out of 40 natural flavonoids, five natural flavonoids, namely tomentin A (-8.7 kcal/mol), tomentin C (-8.6 kcal/mol), hyperoside (-8.4 kcal/mol), catechin gallate (-8.3 kcal/mol), and corylifol A (-8.2 kcal/mol), have been considered as the top-ranked compounds based on their binding affinity and molecular interaction profiling. The state-of-the-art molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of these top-ranked compounds in complex with RBD exhibited stable dynamics and structural compactness patterns on 200 nanoseconds. Additionally, complexes of these molecules demonstrated favorable free binding energies and affirmed the docking and simulation results. Moreover, the post-simulation validation of these interacted flavonoids using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed stable interaction patterns with RBD. The integrated results suggest that tomentin A, tomentin C, hyperoside, catechin gallate, and corylifol A might be effective against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and should be further evaluated using in-vitro and in-vivo experiments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Exploring quinoline-type inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis: Binding mechanism investigation via molecular docking, pharmacophore mapping, and dynamics simulation approaches

Drug-resistant fungal infections pose a formidable challenge in healthcare, attributed to ergosterol production as a key mechanism of resistance. It is therefore imperative to target this pathway for effective therapeutic interventions. In this study, we have analyzed the binding mode of twelve quinoline derivatives known to be effective against various Candida species, Microsporum gypseum, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Employing molecular docking techniques, pharmacological modeling, and molecular dynamics, we have delved into interactions with Erg1, Erg11, and Erg24 proteins, crucial in ergosterol biosynthesis. Our analysis unveiled critical interactions that facilitate the docking and stabilization of C-2-substituted quinoline derivatives on these proteins, highlighting their potential as regulators of ergosterol synthesis. Furthermore, complexes formed with Erg1 … 8 (MIC = 125 μg/mL) and Erg24 … 4 (MIC = 62 μg/mL) showed higher affinity and stability during the docking process, pointing to their promising role as regulatory agents of these proteins. This in silico approach provides insights into potential pathways to combat drug-resistant fungal infections.

Exploring synergistic inhibitory mechanisms of flavonoid mixtures on α-glucosidase by experimental analysis and molecular dynamics simulation

The study was the first to evaluate the synergistic interaction of luteolin + quercetin, luteolin + 3-O-methylquercetin, and quercetin + 3-O-methylquercetin mixtures on α-glucosidase and the binding mechanisms were explored using both experimental and theoretical approaches. The results showed that three flavonoid mixtures exhibited a mixed type of inhibition and demonstrated the most potent synergistic effects on α-glucosidase inhibition at 6:4 ratio, with interaction index (γ) of 0.85, 0.78 and 0.73, respectively. The three mixtures had a great influence on α-glucosidase secondary structures. Molecular simulation further demonstrated that three flavonoid mixtures formed hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues at different sites of α-glucosidase. Collectively, luteolin + quercetin, luteolin + 3-O-methylquercetin and quercetin + 3-O-methylquercetin were found to inhibit α-glucosidase in a synergistic manner and can be potentially used for the development of hypoglycemic food products.

Physiological Responses and Metabolic Characteristics of Proso Millet Under Drought Stress During Germination Period

To clarify the impact of drought stress during germination on proso millet's physiological responses and metabolic features, this study used physiological and targeted-like metabolomics methods. With Longmi No. 7 (drought-tolerant, L1) and Longmi No. 15 (drought-sensitive, L2) as materials, we studied the enzyme activities, osmotic adjustment substances, and differential metabolites of proso millet. Results showed that under drought stress, L1's enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment substance contents were significantly higher than L2's, especially at 48-h treatment. 1085 known metabolites were identified from 24 samples, under normal germination, L1's main differential metabolites (amino acids, flavonoids, phytohormone, lipids, sugars, etc.) were enriched in amino acid, lipid, sugar, and energy metabolism pathways. L2's (amino acids, sugars, flavonoids, etc.) were in sugar, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism pathways. At 24-h treatment, the metabolic pathways of L1 were mainly concentrated in carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism, while those of L2 were mainly in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. At 48 h, the metabolic pathways of L1 were mainly in carbohydrate, energy and lipid metabolism, and those of L2 were mainly in carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites and amino acid metabolism. Under stress, L1's main differential metabolites were organic acids, sugars, flavonoids, amino acids, etc.; L2's were phytohormones, organic acids, sugars, flavonoids, amino acids. This study provides a new direction for the development of proso millet sprouts. Meanwhile, it offers new ideas and theoretical bases for the development of functional foods and the regulation of nutritional components of proso millet.

The relationship between microRNAs and COVID-19 complications

Over the past three years, since the onset of COVID-19, several scientific studies have concentrated on understanding susceptibility to the virus, the progression of the illness, and possible long-term complexity. COVID-19 is broadly recognized with effects on multiple systems in the body, and various factors related to society, medicine, and genetics/epigenetics may contribute to the intensity and results of the disease. Additionally, a SARS-CoV-2 infection can activate pathological activities and expedite the emergence of existing health issues into clinical problems. Forming easily accessible, distinctive, and permeable biomarkers is essential for categorizing patients, preventing the disease, predicting its course, and tailoring treatments for COVID-19 individually. One promising candidate for such biomarkers is microRNAs, which could serve various purposes in understanding diverse forms of COVID-19, including susceptibility, intensity, disease progression, outcomes, and potential therapeutic options. This review provides an overview of the most significant findings related to the involvement of microRNAs in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Furthermore, it explores the function of microRNAs in a broad span of effects that may arise from accompanying or underlying health status. It underscores the value of comprehending how diverse conditions, such as neurological disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity, interact with COVID-19.

Combination strategies with PARP inhibitors in BRCA-mutated triple-negative breast cancer: overcoming resistance mechanisms

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive breast cancer subtype, characterised by a higher incidence in younger women, rapid metastasis, and a generally poor prognosis. Patients with TNBC and BRCA mutations face additional therapeutic challenges due to the cancer's intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) have emerged as a promising targeted treatment for BRCA-mutated TNBC, exploiting vulnerabilities in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway. However, despite initial success, the efficacy of PARPis is often compromised by the development of resistance mechanisms, including HRR restoration, stabilisation of replication forks, reduced PARP1 trapping, and drug efflux. This review explores latest breakthroughs in overcoming PARPi resistance through combination therapies. These strategies include the integration of PARPis with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors. These combinations aim to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PARPis by targeting multiple cancer progression pathways. The review also discusses the evolving role of PARPis within the broader treatment paradigm for BRCA-mutated TNBC, emphasising the need for ongoing research and clinical trials to optimise combination strategies. By tackling the challenges associated with PARPi resistance and exploring novel combination therapies, this review sheds light on the future possibilities for improving outcomes for patients with BRCA-mutated TNBC.

p21 Promoter Methylation Is Vital for the Anticancer Activity of Withaferin A

Breast cancer (BC) is a widespread malignancy that affects the lives of millions of women each year, and its resulting financial and healthcare hardships cannot be overstated. These issues, in combination with side effects and obstacles associated with the current standard of care, generate considerable interest in new potential targets for treatment as well as means for BC prevention. One potential preventive compound is Withaferin A (WFA), a traditional medicinal compound found in winter cherries. WFA has shown promise as an anticancer agent and is thought to act primarily through its effects on the epigenome, including, in particular, the methylome. However, the relative importance of specific genes' methylation states to WFA function remains unclear. To address this, we utilized human BC cell lines in combination with CRISPR-dCas9 fused to DNA methylation modifiers (i.e., epigenetic editors) to elucidate the importance of specific genes' promoter methylation states to WFA function and cancer cell viability. We found that targeted demethylation of promoters of the tumor suppressors p21 and p53 within MDA-MB-231/MCF7 cells resulted in around 1.7×/1.5× and 1.2×/1.3× increases in expression, respectively. Targeted methylation of the promoter of the oncogene CCND1 within MDA-MB-231/MCF7 cells resulted in 0.5×/0.8× decreases in gene expression. These changes to p21, p53, and CCND1 were also associated with decreases in cell viability of around 25%/50%, 5%/35%, and 12%/16%, respectively, for MDA-MB-231/MCF7 cells. When given in combination with WFA in both p53 mutant and wild type cells, we discovered that targeted methylation of the p21 promoter was able to modulate the anticancer effects of WFA, while targeted methylation or demethylation of the promoters of p53 and CCND1 had no significant effect on viability decreases from WFA treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that p21, p53, and CCND1 may be important targets for future in vivo studies that may lead to epigenetic editing therapies and that WFA may have utility in the prevention of BC through its effect on p21 promoter methylation independent of p53 function.

Reinforcing Nrf2 Signaling: Help in the Alzheimer's Disease Context

Oxidative stress plays a role in various pathophysiological diseases, including neurogenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most prevalent neuro-pathology in the aging population. Oxidative stress has been reported to be one of the earliest pathological alterations in AD. Additionally, it was demonstrated that in older adults, there is a loss of free radical scavenging ability. The Nrf2 transcription factor is a key regulator in antioxidant defense systems, but, with aging, both the amount and the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 decrease. With the available treatments for AD being poorly effective, reinforcing the antioxidant defense systems via the Nrf2 pathway may be a way to prevent and treat AD. To highlight the predominant role of Nrf2 signaling in defending against oxidative stress and, therefore, against neurotoxicity, we present an overview of the natural compounds that exert their own neuroprotective roles through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway. This review is an opportunity to promote a holistic approach in the treatment of AD and to highlight the need to further refine the development of new potential Nrf2-targeting drugs.

Kurarinone Mitigates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Osteolysis by Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis Through the Reduction of ROS Levels and Suppression of the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

Inflammatory bone resorption represents a pathological condition marked by an increase in bone loss, commonly associated with chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Current therapies primarily focus on anti-inflammatory drugs and bisphosphonates; however, these treatments are limited due to side effects, inadequate efficacy, and unpredictable long-term complications. Kurarinone (KR), a bioactive compound isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Sophora flavescens, exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardiovascular protective effects. To address the limitations of existing therapies and enhance drug utilization, this study explores the potential of KR as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory bone resorption and delineates its underlying mechanisms. In vitro experiments reveal that KR notably inhibits osteoclastogenesis and reduces the expression of osteoclastic markers. Additionally, KR decreases the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, while downregulating NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) to diminish ROS production. Furthermore, KR activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which enhances the activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and catalase (CAT), facilitating the clearance of excess ROS. The compound also hinders osteoclast formation and functionality by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Lentiviral knockdown of CAT can partially reverse these effects of KR. Meanwhile, in vivo experiments indicate that KR effectively mitigates bone loss in an LPS-induced inflammatory bone resorption model. In summary, KR is a promising new star in breaking through the limitations of previous drugs and treating inflammatory bone resorption.

Investigation of Aframomum melegueta compounds as ERK5 inhibitor related to breast cancer via molecular docking and dynamic simulation

Breast cancer remains a global health challenge, with rising cases predicted in the coming decades. The complexity of breast cancer treatment arises from its complex nature, often involving multiple therapeutic strategies. One promising approach is targeting the ERK5 pathway, a key regulator in cancer cell proliferation and survival. In this study, we explored the anticancer potential of bioactive compounds from Aframomum melegueta, a plant traditionally used in West African medicine. The 3D structure of ERK5 (PDB ID: 4B99) was prepared and optimized using the Schrödinger Protein Preparation Wizard. Six phytochemicals from Aframomum melegueta were screened for their binding affinities to ERK5 using GlideXP docking. Dihydrogingerenone A,1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) heptane-3,5-diyldiacetate and Dihydrogingerenone C emerged as the lead compound, demonstrating a high docking score of -  9.659 kcal/mol, -  9.383 kcal/mol, and - 8.264 kcal/mol compared to standard anticancer drugs like Docetaxel (- 4.175 kcal/mol) and Temozolomide (- 5.443 kcal/mol). Post-docking analyses using MM-GBSA free energy calculations confirmed the compound's high binding stability, with van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding at critical residues such as Met140 playing a significant role. Pharmacokinetic profiling using ADME analysis showed that our compounds exhibited favorable drug-likeness properties, adhering to Lipinski's Rule of Five without violations. QSAR modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further validated its pharmacological potential. These findings suggest that Aframomum melegueta contains bioactive compounds with strong potential as ERK5 inhibitors, offering a novel approach to breast cancer treatment.

Graphical abstract

The molecular docking study of Dihydrogingerenone A, 1-(3, 4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) heptane-3, 5-diyldiacetate, and Dihydrogingerenone C from Aframomum melegueta as effective breast cancer treatment.

Chemical Profile and Bioactivities of Three Species of Mentha Growing in the Campania Region, Southern Italy

The genus Mentha (Lamiaceae), comprising aromatic perennial plants widely distributed in temperate regions, holds significant medicinal and commercial value. This study aimed to investigate the chemical profile and bioactivities of hydroalcoholic extracts from Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Mentha pulegium L., and Mentha spicata L. harvested from the Campania region, Southern Italy. Chemical analysis using LC-HRESIMS/MS identified a total of 21 compounds. The extracts, particularly M. pulegium, exhibited notable antioxidant activity, evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays, probably related to their chemical composition. Both M. pulegium and M. longifolia demonstrated a higher phenolic content, with M. pulegium also containing the highest levels of flavonoids. In addition, the extract's ability to inhibit biofilm formation was evaluated against several pathogenic strains, including Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) using crystal violet and MTT assays. All extracts effectively inhibited biofilm formation in A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, with M. pulegium also showing moderate activity against the metabolism of L. monocytogenes. The pronounced antibacterial and biofilm-inhibitory properties of M. pulegium highlight its potential for pharmaceutical applications.

Empagliflozin in diabetic cardiomyopathy: elucidating mechanisms, therapeutic potentials, and future directions

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents a significant health burden, exacerbated by the global increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This condition contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes, primarily through myocardial dysfunction independent of coronary artery disease. Current treatment strategies focus on managing symptoms rather than targeting the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, highlighting a critical need for specific therapeutic interventions. This review explores the multifaceted role of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, in addressing the complex etiology of DCM. We discuss the key mechanisms by which hyperglycemia contributes to cardiac dysfunction, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and inflammation, and how empagliflozin mitigates these effects. Empagliflozin's effects on reducing hospitalization for heart failure and potentially lowering cardiovascular mortality mark it as a promising candidate for DCM management. By elucidating the underlying mechanisms through which empagliflozin operates, this review underscores its therapeutic potential and paves the way for future research into its broader applications in diabetic cardiac care. This synthesis aims to foster a deeper understanding of DCM and encourage the integration of empagliflozin into treatment paradigms, offering hope for improved outcomes in patients suffering from this debilitating condition.

Sodium-Glucose-Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Therapy and Intermitted Fasting in Cardiorenal Syndrome: The Role of Glucose-Mediated Oxidative Stress

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex clinical disorder characterized by the interplay between heart and kidney dysfunction. This condition is exacerbated by comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, which contribute to glucose-mediated oxidative stress, further complicating the management of CRS. The management of CRS has evolved with the discovery of sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which have been established as effective agents in reducing hyperglycemia and demonstrated cardiorenal protective effects. Concurrently, intermittent fasting has gained attention as an intervention without pharmacological treatment for its metabolic benefits, including improved glucose metabolism and insulin regulation and sensitivity, both with a potential reduction in oxidative stress. This review provides a summary of current findings on the roles of SGLT2 inhibitors and intermittent fasting in managing CRS, with a particular focus on glucose-mediated oxidative stress. We evaluate the mechanisms by which these interventions exert their effects, identify gaps in current research, and offer recommendations for future studies. While both SGLT2 inhibitors and intermittent fasting demonstrate potential in managing CRS, more research is needed to elucidate their long-term efficacy, safety, and potential synergistic effects.

Progress in Chinese medicine monomers and their nanoformulations on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is the entire process of myocardial injury resulting from ischemia and hypoxia following acute myocardial infarction, which involves complicated pathogenesis including energy metabolism disorders, calcium overload, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has attracted intensive attention in the treatment of MIRI owing to its multitarget therapeutic effects and low systemic toxicity. Increasing evidence indicates the promising application of TCM on the protection of cardiomyocytes, improvement of endothelial cell functions and regulation of energy metabolism and inflammatory response. Although the efficacy of TCM has been well-proven, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Additionally, the clinical application of much TCM had been hampered due to its low aqueous solubility, poor gastrointestinal absorption, and decreased bioavailability. In this review, we examined the pathological mechanism of MIRI and highlighted recent research studies on the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of monomer compounds derived from TCM. We also summarized the latest studies in nanoformulation-based strategies for improving the targeting and stability of TCM monomers and exerting synergistic effects. The aim of this study was to provide a scientific basis for the treatment of MIRI with TCM monomers combined with nanomaterials, revealing their clinical significance and development prospects.

A beneficial levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for a decrease in thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAB) in patients with Graves' disease: a real-world study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine whether a relationship exist between pre-therapy 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the remission/negative conversion rates of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAB) during treatment in patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease (GD).

METHODS

171 patients were included from the Endocrinology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University in March 2013 to April 2016. Ninety-five patients of them were diagnosed at our hospital but transferred to local hospitals for treatment. Seventy-six patients were followed and treated at our hospital with a median follow-up time of 11.03 (range 6-27) months. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels; <20 ng/mL (31,43.05%), 20-29 ng /mL (20,27.78%), and ≥ 30 ng/mL (20,29.17%). The TRAB remission rate and negative conversion rate was assessed among each group.

RESULTS

There was a higher TSH and lower TRAB titer in the 20-29 ng/mL group at initial diagnosis. Cox regression analysis suggested that 20-29 ng/mL group had significantly higher remission rates [RR; 95% CI: 7.505 (1.401-40.201), 8.975 (2.759-29.196),6.853(2.206-21.285), respectively] and negative conversion rates [RR; 95% CI: 7.835 (1.468-41.804),7.189(1.393-37.092), 8.122(1.621-40.688)] at the 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up, respectively . The level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D at the time of initial diagnosis was not associated with the re-normal of free Triiodothyronine(FT3), free thyroxineIndex(FT4) or TSH levels during the follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Newly diagnosed GD patients with appropriate baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (20-29 ng/mL) are beneficial for the reduction of TRAB during antithyroid therapy.

NOL-7 serves as a potential prognostic-related biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Nucleolar protein 7 (NOL7), a specific protein found in the nucleolus, is crucial for maintaining cell division and proliferation. While the involvement of NOL7 in influencing the unfavorable prognosis of metastatic melanoma has been reported, its significance in predicting the prognosis of patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear.

METHODS

Aberrant expression of NOL7 in HCC and its prognostic value were evaluated using multiple databases, including TCGA, GTEx, Xiantao Academic, HCCDB, UALCAN, TISCH, and STRING. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR were used to validate NOL7 expression levels in patients with HCC.

RESULTS

NOL7 expression was higher in the HCC samples than in the normal samples (P < 0.05). NOL7 was strongly associated with elevated AFP levels, vascular invasion, TNM stage, poorer tumor differentiation, and poorer survival (all P < 0.05). Elevated NOL7 expression correlated with decreased overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free interval (PFI) (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that NOL7 was an independent prognostic factor that was significantly related to OS and DSS. The nomogram showed a good predictive performance based on the calibration plot. In addition, NOL7 expression was significantly correlated with cell cycle modulators, immune checkpoints, and various immune cell populations. In addition, we identified eight potential pathways associated with NOL7 as the most promising pathways for NOL7 in HCC. Low-risk specimens were more sensitive to oxaliplatin, cisplatin, irinotecan, sorafenib, and cytarabine than high-risk specimens.

CONCLUSION

NOL7 may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes and may provide guidance for clinical therapy in patients with HCC.

The mediating role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the dietary intake of flavonoids and the risk of albuminuria

Background: Prior experimental investigations have highlighted the beneficial effects of flavonoid consumption on renal function. However, a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on modulating albuminuria risk within population-based epidemiological studies is still limited. This study aimed to fill this gap by examining the correlation between flavonoid intake and albuminuria risk, while also shedding light on the potential mediating influence of inflammation in this association. Methods: We utilized data from 29 940 participants spanning three cycles (2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2017-2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We employed rigorous analytical methods, encompassing logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and mediation analysis, to assess the link between dietary flavonoid intake and albuminuria risk. Results: Our findings reveal consistent negative associations between total flavonoids and specific subclasses, including flavonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and catechins, and the risk of albuminuria. Specifically, after adjusting for confounding factors, each logarithmic unit increase in these flavonoid categories was associated with a decrease in albuminuria risk ranging from 3% to 12%. The mediating proportion of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the relationships between the intake of total flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, catechins, and flavan-3-ols and albuminuria risk was 7.3%, 5.6%, 2.3%, 7.7%, and 4.6%, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that increased consumption of flavonoid-rich foods contributes to a reduced risk of albuminuria.

Cellular Senescence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Immune Microenvironment Insights via Machine Learning and In Vitro Experiments

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading liver tumor globally, is influenced by diverse risk factors. Cellular senescence, marked by permanent cell cycle arrest, plays a crucial role in cancer biology, but its markers and roles in the HCC immune microenvironment remain unclear. Three machine learning methods, namely k nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), are utilized to identify eight key HCC cell senescence markers (HCC-CSMs). Consensus clustering revealed molecular subtypes. The single-cell analysis explored the tumor microenvironment, immune checkpoints, and immunotherapy responses. In vitro, RNA interference mediated BIRC5 knockdown, and co-culture experiments assessed its impact. Cellular senescence-related genes predicted HCC survival information better than differential expression genes (DEGs). Eight key HCC-CSMs were identified, which revealed two distinct clusters with different clinical characteristics and mutation patterns. By single-cell RNA-seq data, we investigated the immunological microenvironment and observed that increasing immune cells allow hepatocytes to regain population dominance. This phenomenon may be associated with the HCC-CSMs identified in our study. By combining bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing data, we identified the key gene BIRC5 and the natural killer (NK) cells that express BIRC5 at the highest levels. BIRC5 knockdown increased NK cell proliferation but reduced function, potentially aiding tumor survival. These findings provide insights into senescence-driven HCC progression and potential therapeutic targets.

Protective effects of Euphorbia heterophylla against testicular degeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in relation to phytochemical profile

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a major risk to human health due to an array of implications, one of which is a detrimental effect on the testicular and reproductive functions. Euphorbia heterophylla is widely recognized for its medicinal properties worldwide.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

The objective of this study was to profile E. heterophylla ethanol extract (EH-EtOH) and elucidate its protective role in oxidative stress, relieving inflammatory action of hyperglycemia-induced testicular degeneration and restoring the normal histological structure with physiological properties of testicular tissue in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM. High-resolution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS) analysis was employed to analyze the compounds present in EH-EtOH. The protective effect of EH-EtOH against testicular degeneration in the rat model of DM was evaluated by measuring improvements in blood glucose levels, body weight, testicular inflammation, oxidative damage, testicular microcirculation impairment, and apoptosis of testicular cells induced by STZ. The chemical profiling of EH-EtOH revealed the presence of 52 compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, phloroglucinols, and triterpenes. Notably, this study identified isovitexin-C-hexoside, isorhamnetin-O-hexoside, diosmetin, and halfordin for the first time in Euphorbia species. Treatment with EH-EtOH effectively mitigated the damage caused by STZ, as evidenced by restored testosterone (T4) levels and antioxidant capacity, reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, improved testicular microcirculation, and inhibition of apoptosis in the testes.

CONCLUSIONS

These results emphasize the potential therapeutic effect of E. heterophylla on DM related to male infertility and reproductive dysfunctions via its antioxidant/angiogenetic /anti-apoptotic effect.

The Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Children With IBD During the Omicron Wave: A Single-Center Experience in China

Background and Aims: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had a major impact on the health of people worldwide, including the pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) patients. As no study has investigated the susceptibility and disease course of COVID-19 in PIBD patients after the end of zero-COVID policy in China, we conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in our center. Methods: A cross-sectional survey enrolling PIBD patients has been completed by online survey, phone, and face-to-face assessment. The demographic data, epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis of the patients were analyzed. Results: PIBD patients represented 55.45% (56/101) of SARS-CoV-2-positive cases between December 1st 2022 and January 31st 2023; 67.86% were male; the mean age was 11.15 ± 3.92 years old. Among the SARS-CoV-2-positive cases, three patients (5.36%) were asymptomatic, and 53 patients (94.64%) had mild symptoms. The main symptoms were fever (92.86%), cough (69.64%), nasal congestion or running nose (35.71%), and sore throat (33.93%). No severe case or deaths were reported. All patients recovered from COVID-19 symptoms within 1 week. We found no significant association between the type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and unclassified) and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, nor did we observe any correlation between different treatments and the risk of infection. Fifty-one patients were reported to be in close contact with persons confirmed with COVID-19 infection, and out of them, 36 patients test positive for SARS-CoV-2, which is significantly higher than that in patients without exposure to COVID-19 (70.59% vs. 33.33%, p = 0.002). A total of 10 patients were underweight, of which nine patients tested positive for COVID-19 (90% vs. 51.65%, p = 0.048). Meanwhile, unvaccinated patients were also found to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 than vaccinated patients (70.97% vs. 48.48%, p = 0.049). The multivariable analysis showed that patients with moderate/severe activity of IBD were associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio (OR), 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-8.33, p = 0.028). Conclusions: The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in our center of PIBD patients during the Omicron pandemic was 55.45%. No severity or death case was observed. The incidence was higher in underweight and unvaccinated IBD children. Patients with moderate/severe activity of IBD were at a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Research Progress on the Structure and Function, Immune Escape Mechanism, Antiviral Drug Development Methods, and Clinical Use of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro

The three-year COVID-19 pandemic 'has' caused a wide range of medical, social, political, and financial implications. Since the end of 2020, various mutations and variations in SARS-CoV-2 strains, along with the immune escape phenomenon, have emerged. There is an urgent need to identify a relatively stable target for the development of universal vaccines and drugs that can effectively combat both SARS-CoV-2 strains and their mutants. Currently, the main focus in treating SARS-CoV-2 lies in disrupting the virus's life cycle. The main protease (Mpro) is closely associated with virus replication and maturation and plays a crucial role in the early stages of infection. Consequently, it has become an important target for the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific drugs. This review summarizes the recent research progress on the novel coronavirus's main proteases, including the pivotal role of Mpro in the virus's life cycle, the structure and catalytic mechanism of Mpro, the self-maturation mechanism of Mpro, the role of Mpro in virus immune escape, the current methods of developing antiviral drugs targeting Mpro, and the key drugs that have successfully entered clinical trials. The aim is to provide researchers involved in the development of antiviral drugs targeting Mpro with systematic and comprehensive information.

Metastatic melanoma: An integrated analysis to identify critical regulators associated with prognosis, pathogenesis and targeted therapies

Metastatic melanoma causes a high rate of mortality. We conducted an integrated analysis to identify critical regulators associated with the prognosis, pathogenesis, and targeted therapies of metastatic-melanoma. A microarray dataset, GSE15605, including 12 metastatic-melanoma and sixteen normal skin (NS) samples, were obtained from the GEO database. After exploration of DEGs of NS and metastatic-melanoma, identification of relevant transcription factors (TFs) and kinases, the Gene Ontology (GO), and pathways analyses of DEGs were performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were evaluated by the STRING and Cytoscape. Subsequently, the hub genes were selected using GEPIA. Survival analysis was performed using the TCGA. To identify microRNA and lncRNA DEGs of the melanoma-associated genes miRwalk and FANTOM6 were employed. In metastatic-melanoma samples 285 and 1173 genes were up and down-regulated, respectively. The upregulated genes were mostly involved in granulocyte chemotaxis, positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport, and melanin biosynthetic process. Five hub genes including CXCL11, ICAM1, LEF1, MITF, and STAT1 were identified, SUZ12, SOX2, TCF3, NANOG, and SMAD4 were determined as the most significant TFs in metastatic-melanoma. Furthermore, CDK2, GSK3B, CSNK2A1, and CDK1 target the highest amounts of genes associated with disease. The DGIdb analysis results show the match drugs for five hub genes. MiRNAs analysis revealed hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-30b-3p, hsa-miR-3680-3P, hsa-miR-4659a-3p, hsa-miR-4687-3P, and hsa-miR-6808-3P could regulate the hub genes, whereas RP11-553K8.5 and SRP14-AS1 were identified as the top significant lncRNA. The items recognized in the current study can be used as potential biomarkers for diagnostic, predictive, and might helpful to develop targeted combined therapies.

Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Activity of Plant Flavonoids

Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods, and they are known for their health benefits, such as UV protection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. This study investigates whether flavonoids, such as quercetin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin, can act as photoactivatable carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecules under physiological conditions. CO has been recently recognized as an important signaling molecule. Here, we show that upon direct irradiation, CO was released from both flavonoids in PBS with chemical yields of up to 0.23 equiv, which increased to almost unity by sensitized photooxygenation involving singlet oxygen. Photoreleased CO reduced cellular toxicity caused by high flavonol concentrations, partially restored mitochondrial respiration, reduced superoxide production induced by rotenone and high flavonol levels, and influenced the G0/G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, showing antiproliferative effects. The findings highlight the potential of quercetin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin as CO-photoreleasing molecules with chemopreventive and therapeutic implications in human pathology and suggest their possible roles in plant biology.

Comparative study on metabolites, nutrients, and antioxidant capacity of endosperm in Gymnocladus chinensis, Gleditsia sinensis, and Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi

'Zaojiaomi' is a traditional food derived from Gleditsia sinensis or Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi endosperm. However, metabolite profile of Gymnocladus chinensis endosperm and its comparison to the aforementioned species remains understudied. This research employed a UPLC-MS based metabolomics approach to investigate and compare metabolite composition of G. chinensis endosperm with that of G. sinensis and G. japonica endosperm. A total of 1177 metabolites were identified, with 579 and 577 differentially abundant metabolites found between G. chinensis vs. G. japonica and G. chinensis vs. G. sinensis, respectively. They were mainly enriched in pathways related to flavonoid biosynthesis, suggesting potential for enhanced antioxidant activity, compared to G. japonica and G. sinensis. Additionally, G. chinensis endosperm was found to be rich in L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, and zinc elements, which have various health benefits. These findings provide valuable insights into metabolic composition of G. chinensis endosperm and its potential as a functional food source.

Immunomodulatory properties of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) leaves and its applications in value-added products

In Ayurvedic texts, Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) have been known as the most potent and important medicinal product. Giloy leaves have been used for centuries to cure various ailments and diseases in the human body. This review highlights that giloy leaves have immunomodulatory properties and can be used to develop functional food products. The current review focuses on the phytochemical composition of giloy leaves, and the mechanism for their immunomodulatory action highlighting specific pathways including NF-kB pathway and interleukin modulation. Giloy leaves possess antioxidant activity and induce apoptosis of cells in the immune response. Studies have shown the potential of incorporating giloy leaves into a wide range of value-added products, such as beverages, biscuits, and herbal formulations, to bridge traditional knowledge with modern functional food production. A comparison of traditional and modern giloy-based products demonstrates their benefits and drawbacks, showing that traditional techniques can be combined with modern scientific developments to improve medicinal efficacy. Although giloy leaves-based products show promising potential, further research is necessary to ascertain their effectiveness.

Nrf2 Activation as a Therapeutic Target for Flavonoids in Aging-Related Osteoporosis

Biological aging is a substantial change that leads to different diseases, including osteoporosis (OP), a condition involved in loss of bone density, deterioration of bone structure, and increased fracture risk. In old people, there is a natural decline in bone mineral density (BMD), exacerbated by hormonal changes, particularly during menopause, and it continues in the early postmenopausal years. During this transition time, hormonal alterations are linked to elevated oxidative stress (OS) and decreased antioxidant defenses, leading to a significant increase in OP. Aging is significantly associated with an abnormal ratio of oxidant/antioxidant and modified nuclear factor erythroid-derived two related factor2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway. OS adversely affects bone health by promoting osteoclastic (bone resorbing) activity and impairing osteoblastic (bone-forming cells). Nrf2 is critical in controlling OS and various cellular processes. The expression of Nrf2 is linked to multiple age-related diseases, including OP, and Nrf2 deficiency leads to unbalanced bone formation/resorption and a consequent decline in bone mass. Various drugs are available for treating OP; however, long-term uses of these medicines are implicated in diverse illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular, and stroke. At the same time, multiple categories of natural products, in particular flavonoids, were proposed as safe alternatives with antioxidant activity and substantial anti-osteoporotic effects.

Trends and future predictions of chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 attributable to dietary risks: insights based on GBD 2021 data

Background

The 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study shows a continuous increase in the burden of chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 (CKD-T2DM) from 1990 to 2021. This study examines the influence of dietary risk factors across various populations and socioeconomic groups.

Methods

Utilizing the 2021 GBD data, we analyzed age-standardized CKD-T2DM metrics-including mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), and age-standardized rates (ASR)-stratified by age, gender, and region. The study employs estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) to monitor temporal trends and project future trends from 2022 to 2035 using bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis.

Results

The results indicate that, in 2021, 20.55% of CKD-T2DM mortality and 23.21% of CKD-T2DM DALY were attributed to poor diets, especially those low in fruits and high in red and high processed meat. Throughout this period, both mortality and DALY rates associated with dietary risks increased significantly, with the most rapid increase in diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages, highlighting the considerable impact of dietary factors on the global CKD-T2DM landscape. Geographic disparities in T2DM trends are evident, with the most significant increases in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) observed in regions such as high-income North America and Central Latin America. Socio-demographic index (SDI) is negatively correlated with the CKD-T2DM burden attributable to dietary risk factors.

Conclusion

Public health interventions that target dietary changes can significantly reduce the global burden of CKD-T2DM.

Advanced Bioresponsive Drug Delivery Systems for Promoting Diabetic Vascularized Bone Regeneration

The treatment of bone defects in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients remains a major challenge since the diabetic microenvironments significantly impede bone regeneration. Many abnormal factors including hyperglycemia, elevated oxidative stress, increased inflammation, imbalanced osteoimmune, and impaired vascular system in the diabetic microenvironment will result in a high rate of impaired, delayed, or even nonhealing events of bone tissue. Stimuli-responsive biomaterials that can respond to endogenous biochemical signals have emerged as effective therapeutic systems to treat diabetic bone defects via the combination of microenvironmental regulation and enhanced osteogenic capacity. Following the natural bone healing processes, coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by advanced bioresponsive drug delivery systems has proved to be of significant approach for promoting bone repair in DM. In this Review, we have systematically summarized the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of DM-induced impaired bone healing, outlined the bioresponsive design for drug delivery systems, and highlighted the vascularization strategies for promoting bone regeneration. Accordingly, we then overview the recent advances in developing bioresponsive drug delivery systems to facilitate diabetic vascularized bone regeneration by remodeling the microenvironment and modulating multiple regenerative cues. Furthermore, we discuss the development of adaptable drug delivery systems with unique features for guiding DM-associated bone regeneration in the future.

Bioinspired Design of an Underwater Adhesive Based on Tea Polyphenol-Modified Silk Fibroin

Adhesives have garnered significant interest recently due to their application in the field of biomedical applications. Nonetheless, developing adhesives that exhibit robust underwater adhesion and possess antimicrobial properties continues to pose a significant challenge. In this study, motivated by the adhesive mechanism observed in mussels in aquatic environments, dopamine (DA) was added to modify the silk fibroin (SF) solution. Subsequently, tea polyphenol (TP) was incorporated to form a sticky mixture, resulting in a biomimetic adhesive (TP-DA/SF). TP-DA/SF demonstrated rapid, robust, and indiscriminate adhesion to a wide array of substrates and even biological tissues (39 kPa). TP-DA/SF exhibits the ability to replicate the mussel adhesion mechanism of mussels underwater thanks to its biomimetic design. This characteristic provides the material with robust adhesion (40 kPa), notable reusability (at least 10 times), and long-lasting stability, especially in aquatic settings. It is worth noting that TP-DA/SF also demonstrated high adhesion in various water environments, even in solutions with a pH of 7.4 and buffered saline (PBS), which is one of the most widely used buffers in biochemistry research, offering salt-balancing and adjustable pH buffering capabilities. Meanwhile, TP-DA/SF exhibits excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties due to its tea polyphenol content. After 15 days of wound closure in SD rats, the healing rate in the experimental group reached 93.4%, compared to 83.9% in the control group. Thus, the TP-DA/SF adhesive holds promising potential for biomedical applications, including sutureless wound closure and tissue adhesion.

Protective Role of Dietary Polyphenols in the Management and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a serious metabolic disorder, is a worldwide health problem due to the alarming rise in prevalence and elevated morbidity and mortality. Chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and ineffective insulin effect and secretion are hallmarks of T2DM, leading to many serious secondary complications. These include, in particular, cardiovascular disorders, diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy, diabetic foot, osteoporosis, liver damage, susceptibility to infections and some cancers. Polyphenols such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, tannins, and lignans constitute an extensive and heterogeneous group of phytochemicals in fresh fruits, vegetables and their products. Various in vitro studies, animal model studies and available clinical trials revealed that flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, epicatechin, genistein, daidzein, anthocyanins), phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic, gallic acids, curcumin), stilbenes (e.g., resveratrol), tannins (e.g., procyanidin B2, seaweed phlorotannins), lignans (e.g., pinoresinol) have the ability to lower hyperglycemia, enhance insulin sensitivity and improve insulin secretion, scavenge reactive oxygen species, reduce chronic inflammation, modulate gut microbiota, and alleviate secondary complications of T2DM. The interaction between polyphenols and conventional antidiabetic drugs offers a promising strategy in the management and treatment of T2DM, especially in advanced disease stages. Synergistic effects of polyphenols with antidiabetic drugs have been documented, but also antagonistic interactions that may impair drug efficacy. Therefore, additional research is required to clarify mutual interactions in order to use the knowledge in clinical applications. Nevertheless, dietary polyphenols can be successfully applied as part of supportive treatment for T2DM, as they reduce both obvious clinical symptoms and secondary complications.

Molecular Mechanisms of Dietary Compounds in Cancer Stem Cells from Solid Tumors: Insights into Colorectal, Breast, and Prostate Cancer

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are known to be the main source of tumor relapse, metastasis, or multidrug resistance and the mechanisms to counteract or eradicate them and their activity remain elusive. There are different hypotheses that claim that the origin of CSC might be in regular stem cells (SC) and, due to accumulation of mutations, these normal cells become malignant, or the source of CSC might be in any malignant cell that, under certain environmental circumstances, acquires all the qualities to become CSC. Multiple studies indicate that lifestyle and diet might represent a source of wellbeing that can prevent and ameliorate the malignant phenotype of CSC. In this review, after a brief introduction to SC and CSC, we analyze the effects of phenolic and non-phenolic dietary compounds and we highlight the molecular mechanisms that are shown to link diets to CSC activation in colon, breast, and prostate cancer. We focus the analysis on specific markers such as sphere formation, CD surface markers, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and on the major signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt/β-catenin in CSC. In conclusion, a better understanding of how bioactive compounds in our diets influence the dynamics of CSC can raise valuable awareness towards reducing cancer risk.

Association between dietary flavonoids and childhood asthma

OBJECTIVE

Dietary flavonoids in various green plants have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. While numerous studies have confirmed that flavonoid substances benefit asthma, evidence remains limited in epidemiological research and human experiments. This study aimed to explore the relationship between childhood asthma and dietary flavonoids.

METHODS

Dietary flavonoids comprise isoflavones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, and flavonols. This study used data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, collected during interviews from 2007 to 2010 and 2017 to 2018. Asthma data were obtained from the survey questionnaire. The analysis included 7,913 participants under 20 years old. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to investigate the correlation between flavonoids (as constant or category variables) and asthma frequency among children in the United States, with stratified analyses performed for each group.

RESULTS

After adjusting for potential confounding variables, a significant negative correlation was observed between asthma incidence and the highest intake group of anthocyanins compared to the lowest intake group (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72-0.97, and p = 0.0182). Similarly, asthma incidence indicated a significant negative association with the median flavonol intake group compared to the lowest intake group (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72-0.97, and p = 0.0165). In the stratified analysis, anthocyanin content demonstrated a significant negative correlation with asthma prevalence among males, non-Hispanic whites, nonsmoking families, and middle-income families (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The intake of dietary flavonoids, including anthocyanins and flavonols, is correlated with asthma prevalence in children.

Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. A central pathophysiological mechanism linking T2DM to cardiovascular complications is oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body's antioxidant defenses. Hyperglycemia in T2DM promotes oxidative stress through various pathways, including the formation of advanced glycation end products, the activation of protein kinase C, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the polyol pathway. These processes enhance ROS generation, leading to endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the exacerbation of cardiovascular damage. Additionally, oxidative stress disrupts nitric oxide signaling, impairing vasodilation and promoting vasoconstriction, which contributes to vascular complications. This review explores the molecular mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in T2DM. It also examines the potential of lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and physical activity, in reducing oxidative stress and mitigating cardiovascular risks in this high-risk population. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients.

Machine learning and molecular dynamics simulations predict potential TGR5 agonists for type 2 diabetes treatment

Introduction

Treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains a significant challenge because of its multifactorial nature and complex metabolic pathways. There is growing interest in finding new therapeutic targets that could lead to safer and more effective treatment options. Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is a promising antidiabetic target that plays a key role in metabolic regulation, especially in glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. TGR5 agonists are attractive candidates for T2D therapy because of their ability to improve glycemic control. This study used machine learning-based models (ML), molecular docking (MD), and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) to explore novel small molecules as potential TGR5 agonists.

Methods

Bioactivity data for known TGR5 agonists were obtained from the ChEMBL database. The dataset was cleaned and molecular descriptors based on Lipinski's rule of five were selected as input features for the ML model, which was built using the Random Forest algorithm. The optimized ML model was used to screen the COCONUT database and predict potential TGR5 agonists based on their molecular features. 6,656 compounds predicted from the COCONUT database were docked within the active site of TGR5 to calculate their binding energies. The four top-scoring compounds with the lowest binding energies were selected and their activities were compared to those of the co-crystallized ligand. A 100 ns MDS was used to assess the binding stability of the compounds to TGR5.

Results

Molecular docking results showed that the lead compounds had a stronger affinity for TGR5 than the cocrystallized ligand. MDS revealed that the lead compounds were stable within the TGR5 binding pocket.

Discussion

The combination of ML, MD, and MDS provides a powerful approach for predicting new TGR5 agonists that can be optimised for T2D treatment.

The efficacy and safety of qiwei baizhu san in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, mostly resulting from impaired insulin production and diminished glucose metabolism regulation. Qiwei Baizhu San (QWBZS) is a classic formula used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of T2DM. A comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and safety of QWBZS in the treatment of T2DM is essential.

Methods

This study's protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024576129). As of August 2024, we searched eight databases to screen and include randomized controlled trials of QWBZS for T2DM. Heterogeneity sources were examined via subgroup analyses, the robustness of the results was determined by sensitivity analyses, publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test, evidence quality was appraised with GRADEpro, and possible mechanisms of QWBZS for T2DM were categorized and summarized.

Results

This analysis encompassed 14 qualifying trials with a total of 1,169 subjects. The analytical results suggested that QWBZS, when combined with conventional treatment, was more effective than conventional treatment alone in improving FBG, 2hPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. When QWBZS was used alone, it was more effective than conventional therapy in FBG, 2hPG, and HbA1c. And QWBZS could improve the overall effectiveness of clinical treatment in T2DM patients. The impact of QWBZS therapy alone on HOMA-IR and lipid metabolism remained unclear due to the limited number of trials included. Analysis of adverse events suggested that QWBZS was relatively safe.

Conclusion

This study suggested that QWBZS, when combined with conventional treatment, was more effective in improving glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism compared to conventional treatment alone in individuals with T2DM. QWBZS alone also contributed to the regulation of blood glucose levels. Meanwhile, QWBZS could improve the overall effective rate of clinical treatment with a relatively high safety profile. Nevertheless, owing to the inferior quality and significant heterogeneity of the existing evidence, additional high-quality studies are requisite to furnish more dependable evidence for the future clinical application of QWBZS.

Systematic Review Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=576129, identifier [CRD42024576129].

Bioactive Compounds from Vegetal Organs of Taraxacum Species (Dandelion) with Biomedical Applications: A Review

Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) is a perennial flowering plant of the Asteraceae family that has spread globally and is well-known for its traditional uses. The aim of this work is to provide a detailed review of scientific literature on the genus Taraxacum from the last two decades, with particular emphasis on the biological and pharmacological characteristics of dandelions. The traditional use of Taraxacum species and their potential use in medicine are assessed. In addition, individual papers describing principal pathways and molecules modulated by Taraxacum in antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities are presented. This review of phytochemical studies reveals that dandelions contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, phytosterols, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpene, and coumarins, whose biological activities are actively explored in various areas of human health, some constituents having synergistic activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The study provides a screening of Taraxacum sp. chemical composition, an assessment of the main pharmacological properties, and a description of relevant studies supporting the use of dandelion for its particularly valuable and diversified therapeutic potential in different diseases.

Phytochemical investigation and assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity of four Heracleum taxa growing in Turkey

Introduction

Heracleum L. has been known as "hogweed" and used for inflammatory diseases, including fever, enteritis, and bronchitis, for many years worldwide. The Heracleum genus is also prominently recognized for its high content of coumarins, which are considered a significant group of natural compounds known for their noteworthy anti-inflammatory properties.

Methods

The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of dichloromethane and methanolic extracts from H. paphlagonicum, H. sphondylium subsp. ternatum, H. sphondylium subsp. elegans, and H. sphondylium subsp. cyclocarpum (100 mg/kg), which have not been previously investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation models induced by carrageenan, prostaglandin E2, and serotonin were employed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, using indomethacin (10 mg/kg) as the reference standard. Statistical differences between treatment and control groups were evaluated using ANOVA with Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc tests. Additionally, the coumarin contents of the extracts were quantified as mg/g by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results and discussion

H. sphondylium subsp. cyclocarpum roots displayed the highest inhibition for carrageenan, prostaglandin E2, and serotonin-induced hind paw edema, with inhibition ranges of 22.8%-36.9%, 5.4%-35.7%, and 3.9%-17.9%, respectively, while the inhibition ranges for indomethacin were 12.8%-44.3%, 2.7%-41.3%, and 7.1%-30.6%, respectively. The highest bergapten and imperatorin quantities were found in H. sphondylium subsp. cyclocarpum roots (0.49% and 0.14%) and in H. sphondylium subsp. elegans roots, which had the highest xanthotoxin level (0.06%). Angelicin was detected in H. paphlagonicum, H. sphondylium subsp. elegans, and H. sphondylium subsp. cyclocarpum roots at concentrations of 0.04%, 0.04%, and 0.02%, respectively. The correlation between the highest inhibitory activity observed in H. sphondylium subsp. cyclocarpum roots and the elevated levels of coumarins, particularly bergapten and imperatorin, suggests a potential link between coumarin concentration and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, our findings support the traditional use of this genus for treating inflammatory disorders. Further investigations are necessary to identify the active compounds and elucidate the mechanisms of action of these plants, potentially leading to the discovery of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammation.

The haplotype-resolved T2T genome for Bauhinia × blakeana sheds light on the genetic basis of flower heterosis

BACKGROUND

The Hong Kong orchid tree Bauhinia × blakeana Dunn has long been proposed to be a sterile interspecific hybrid exhibiting flower heterosis when compared to its likely parental species, Bauhinia purpurea L. and Bauhinia variegata L. Here, we report comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of the 3 Bauhinia species.

FINDINGS

We generated chromosome-level assemblies for the parental species and applied a trio-binning approach to construct a haplotype-resolved telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome for B. blakeana. Comparative chloroplast genome analysis confirmed B. purpurea as the maternal parent. Transcriptome profiling of flower tissues highlighted a closer resemblance of B. blakeana to its maternal parent. Differential gene expression analyses revealed distinct expression patterns among the 3 species, particularly in biosynthetic and metabolic processes. To investigate the genetic basis of flower heterosis observed in B. blakeana, we focused on gene expression patterns within pigment biosynthesis-related pathways. High-parent dominance and overdominance expression patterns were observed, particularly in genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis. Additionally, allele-specific expression analysis revealed a balanced contribution of maternal and paternal alleles in shaping the gene expression patterns in B. blakeana.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study offers valuable insights into the genome architecture of hybrid B. blakeana, establishing a comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic resource for future functional genetics research within the Bauhinia genus. It also serves as a model for exploring the characteristics of hybrid species using T2T haplotype-resolved genomes, providing a novel approach to understanding genetic interactions and evolutionary mechanisms in complex genomes with high heterozygosity.