Phytochemicals in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Extensive investigation has been conducted on plant-based resources for their pharmacological usefulness, including various cancer types. The scope of this review is wider than several studies with a particular focus on breast cancer, which is an international health concern while studying sources of flavonoids, carotenoids, polyphenols, saponins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and glycosides apart from focusing on nursing. Important findings from prior studies are synthesized to explore these compounds' sources, mechanisms of action, complementary and synergistic effects, and associated side effects. It was reviewed that the exposure to certain doses of catechins, piperlongumine, lycopene, isoflavones and cucurbitacinfor a sufficient period can provide profound anticancer benefits through biological events such as cell cycle arrest, cells undergoing apoptosis and disruption of signaling pathways including, but not limited to JAK-STAT3, HER2-integrin, and MAPK. Besides, the study also covers the potential adverse effects of these phytochemicals. Regarding mechanisms, the widest attention is paid to Complementary and synergistic strategies are discussed which indicate that it would be realistic to alter the dosage and delivery systems of liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and films to enhance efficacy. Future research directions include refining these delivery approaches, further elucidating molecular mechanisms, and conducting clinical trials to validate findings. These efforts could significantly advance the role of phytocompounds in breast cancer management.

Understanding the synergistic sensitization of natural products and antibiotics: An effective strategy to combat MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common multi-resistant organisms found in hospital-acquired infections and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The development of new drugs and promising therapeutic strategies against MRSA is thus an urgent request. In recent years, some natural products have been demonstrated to show great potential in improving the efficacy of antibiotics to treat various drug-resistant bacteria, particularly MRSA. In this context, we aimed to analyze systematically from the prior arts that investigated the synergy between natural products and antibiotics against MRSA. These findings not only give us a better understanding on the mechanism of actions but also shed light on the bioactive molecular scaffolds identified from diverse natural products. In the present study, we concentratedly reviewed the studies that utilized natural products to enhance the potency of conventional antibiotics against MRSA in the last decade. The timely information reported herein may give meaningful insights into the molecular design of novel and potent antibacterial agents and/or effective therapeutics to combat MRSA for practical applications.

Phytochemicals Controlling Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Virulence-Current Knowledge of Their Mechanisms of Action

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a common pathotype of E. coli that causes numerous outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. EHEC is a zoonotic pathogen that is transmitted from animals to humans. Ruminants, particularly cattle, are considered important reservoirs for virulent EHEC strains. Humans can become infected with EHEC through the consumption of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with infected animals or humans. E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most commonly reported causes of foodborne illnesses in developed countries. The formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on the intestinal epithelium, combined with Shiga toxin production, is a hallmark of EHEC infection and can lead to lethal hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). For the phage-dependent regulation of Shiga toxin production, antibiotic treatment is contraindicated, as it may exacerbate toxin production, limiting therapeutic options to supportive care. In response to this challenge and the growing threat of antibiotic resistance, phytochemicals have emerged as promising antivirulence agents. These plant-derived compounds target bacterial virulence mechanisms without promoting resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to summarize the recent knowledge on the use of phytochemicals targeting EHEC. We focused on the molecular basis of their action, targeting the principal virulence determinants of EHEC.

Novel α-glucosidase Inhibitors Designed as Type 2 Diabetes Drugs by QSAR, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Methods

Diabetes mellitus is a globally prevalent disease of significant concern. Alpha-glucosidase has emerged as a prominent target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study, 39 α-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) of tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-ylurea derivatives to establish a stable and valid Topomer CoMFA model, with a cross-validation coefficient (q2) of 0.766 and a non-cross-validation coefficient (r2) of 0.960. Subsequently, the ZINC15 database was used to screen the fragments, based on which 13 novel inhibitor molecules with theoretically potentially high activity were designed. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to understand the binding status of the inhibitor molecules to the target proteins showed that amino acids ASP215, GLN279 and ARG442 may form hydrogen bonds with the ligands and therefore enhance the inhibitory effect of the small molecules. Additionally, MM/PBSA calculations indicate that the newly designed molecules exhibit more stable binding modes. These molecules also demonstrate favorable ADMET properties with potential as AGIs. The findings would provide valuable guidance and a theoretical foundation for the design and development of novel AGIs.

Androgen Signaling in Prostate Cancer: When a Friend Turns Foe

Androgen (AR) signaling is the main signaling for the development of the prostate and its normal functioning. AR is highly specific for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, significantly contributing to prostate development, physiology, and cancer. All these receptors have emerged as crucial therapeutic targets for PCa. In the year 1966, the Noble prize was awarded to Huggins and Hodge for their groundbreaking discovery of AR. As it is a pioneer transcription factor, it belongs to the steroid hormone receptor family and consists of domains, including DNA binding domain (DBD), hormone response elements (HRE), C-terminal ligand binding domain (LBD), and N-terminal regulatory domains. Structural variations in AR, such as AR gene amplification, LBD mutations, alternative splicing of exons, hypermethylation of AR, and co- regulators, are major contributors to PCa. It's signaling is crucial for the development and functioning of the prostate gland, with the AR being the key player. The specificity of AR for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone is important in prostate physiology. However, when it is dysregulated, AR contributes significantly to PCa. However, the structural variations in AR, such as gene amplification, mutations, alternative splicing, and epigenetic modifications, drive the PCa progression. Therefore, understanding AR function and dysregulation is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Thus, the aim of this review was to examine how AR was initially pivotal for prostate development and how it turned out to show both positive and detrimental implications for the prostate.

SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors from Natural Product Repository as Therapeutic Candidates for the Treatment of Coronaviridae Infections

BACKGROUND

The main protease (Mpro) is a crucial enzyme for the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and a validated target for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Natural products have been a proper alternative for treating viral diseases by modulating different steps of the life cycle of many viruses.

OBJECTIVE

This review article is designed to summarize the cumulative information of natural-derived Mpro inhibitors that are validated by experimental biological testing.

METHODS

The natural-derived Mpro inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 that have been discovered since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic are reviewed in this article. Only natural products with experimental validation are reported in this article. Collected compounds are classified according to their chemical identity into flavonoids, phenolic acids, quinones, alkaloids, chromones, stilbenes, tannins, lignans, terpenes, and other polyphenolic and miscellaneous natural-derived Mpro inhibitors.

CONCLUSION

These compounds could serve as scaffolds for further lead-structure optimization for desirable potency, a larger margin of safety, and better oral activity.

Recent advancements in drug delivery system of flavonoids with a special emphasis on the flavanone naringenin: exploring their application in wound healing and associated processes

Numerous flavonoids have been identified in citrus fruits which show potential to cure several complex diseases. These natural polyphenolic bioactive compounds are the secondary metabolites of various plants, among which naringenin has been explored in several pre-clinical research for its beneficial role in promoting health by modulating various biochemical processes. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects have been projected toward healing of wounds. Further, its application has also been shown to regrow vascular networks, which are known to facilitate the healing of chronic wounds. Thus, the potential of naringenin to modulate various molecular pathways aids in the healing process of wounds. Considering the recent literature, an update has been attempted to present the correlation between the healing mechanisms of wounds by the application of naringenin. Furthermore, the application of naringenin is challenging because of its properties of poor solubility and limited permeability, which can be overcome by the nanotechnology platform. Thus, several nanocarriers that have been employed for the improvement of naringenin delivery are highlighted. Thereby, it can be concluded that a suitable nanocarrier of naringenin could be an effective tool in treating wounds to improve the quality of life of such patients.

Exploring the potential of Andrographis paniculata for developing novel HDAC inhibitors: an in silico approach

Cancer is one of the dreaded diseases of the twentieth century, emerging the major global causes of human morbidity. Cancer research in the last 15 years has provided unprecedented information on the role of epigenetics in cancer initiation and progression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are recognized as important epigenetic markers in cancer, whose overexpression leads to increased metastasis and angiogenesis. In the current study, thirty-four (34) compounds from Andrographis paniculata were screened for the identification of potential candidate drugs, targeting three Class I HDACs (Histone deacetylases), namely HDAC1 (PDB id 5ICN), HDAC3 (PDB id 4A69) and HDAC8 (PDB id 5FCW) through computer-assisted drug discovery study. Results showed that some of the phytochemicals chosen for this study exhibited significant drug-like properties. In silico molecular docking study further revealed that out of 34 compounds, the flavonoid Andrographidine E had the highest binding affinities towards HDAC1 (-9.261 Kcal mol-1) and 3 (-9.554 Kcal mol-1) when compared with the control drug Givinostat (-8.789 and -9.448 Kcal mol-1). The diterpenoid Andrographiside displayed the highest binding affinity (-9.588 Kcal mol-1) to HDAC8 compared to Givinostat (-8.947 Kcal mol-1). Statistical analysis using Principal Component Analysis tool revealed that all 34 phytocompounds could be clustered in four statistical groups. Most of them showed high or comparable inhibitory potentials towards HDAC target protein. Finally, the stability of top-ranked complexes (Andrographidine E-HDAC1 and HDAC3; Andrographiside-HDAC8) at the physiological condition was validated by Molecular Dynamic Simulation and MM-PBSA study.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Antioxidant, Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory and Hypoglycemic Activity of Smallanthus sonchifolius Leaves from Nepal: An Integrated In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach

In 2019, diabetes mellitus affected 9.3% of the global population and accounted for one in nine adult deaths. Plant-based antioxidants neutralize harmful free radicals, mitigate oxidative stress, and significantly prevent diabetes and its complications. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, alpha-amylase inhibitory, in vivo oral hypoglycemic, and in silico antidiabetic potential of Smallanthus sonchifolius (S. sonchifolius) leaf extract. Mice (n = 25) were divided into five groups after a 16-h fast with access to water. The groups received distilled water (normal control), metformin (100 mg/kg, standard), or S. sonchifolius ethanolic extract at 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg to compare the antidiabetic potential of the extract with that of the control. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured in tail vein blood before the experiment and at 30, 60, and 120 min post-administration to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of the extract and standard drug. The ethanolic extract exhibited dose-dependent alpha-amylase inhibition (IC50 value 0.136 mg/mL) and significant hypoglycemic effects, reducing blood glucose levels similar to those of the standard drugs voglibose and metformin. The maximum blood glucose reduction was 17.99% and 15.74% in the normal and glucose-loaded mice, respectively, at 500 mg/kg within 120 min. In silico analysis shows, polymatin B and chlorogenic acid demonstrating the highest binding affinity of -8.2 and -7.2 kcal/mol, respectively, in PPAR-γ (3G9E). Polymatin B and chlorogenic acid showed strong binding affinities of -7.3 and -7.5 kcal/mol, respectively, in alpha-amylase (4W93). These findings indicate that S. sonchifolius possesses significant hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties, suggesting its potential as an antidiabetic agent, warranting further clinical research.

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles and their protective effect towards diabetic nephropathy by inhibition of oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is an emerging health issue on a global scale, with increasing prevalence rates reported in many countries. Many mechanisms are proposed for diabetic nephropathy, with oxidative stress being the most significant. The effectiveness of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the attenuation of nephropathy and oxidative stress in diabetic mice was assessed in this study.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to synthesize AuNPs and assess their protective effect towards diabetic nephropathy by inhibition of oxidative stress.

METHODS

The aqueous extract of Allium sativum was employed to synthesize AuNPs. The prepared AuNPs were characterized using a variety of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. In-vitro studies were conducted using mice. Streptozotocin (STZ) was employed to induce diabetes in rodents. After 7 days of administration of STZ, anesthesia was given to all animals and blood was collected for the assessment of creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels. Later, kidney tissue was removed at 4 °C and changes in pathology and oxidative stress were assessed.

RESULTS

Nephropathy was confirmed in diabetic mice by the changes in the pathology of kidney tissue along with significant rise in the plasma levels of BUN and creatinine. Additionally, the peroxidation of lipids, formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), oxidation of glutathione (GSH), concentration of carbonyl protein was also increased in the tissue of kidney of diabetic mice. Oxidative stress in kidney tissue and changes in the pathology of diabetic mice were inhibited significantly (p < 0.05) with the treatment of AuNPs.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the protective effects of AuNPs over diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the pathway of oxidative stress. Since, the prepared AuNPs showed improvement over complications of diabetes, they may be believed as a potential gratuitous treatment next to other drugs for reducing blood glucose.

Doublecortin-like kinase 1 promotes stem cell-like properties through the Hippo-YAP pathway in prostate cancer

Background: Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) has been revealed to be involved in modulating cancer stemness and tumor progression, but its role in prostate cancer (PCa) remains obscure. Castration-resistant and metastatic PCa exhibit aggressive behaviors, and current therapeutic approaches have shown limited beneficial effects on the overall survival rate of patients with advanced PCa. This study aimed to investigate the biological role and potential molecular mechanism of DCLK1 in the progression of PCa. Methods: The role of DCLK1 in maintaining PCa stem cell-like properties was explored via gain- and loss-of-function studies, including colony formation assays, sphere formation assays and measurement of stemness-related marker expression. A set of transcriptomic data for patients with PCa was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas to analyze the correlations between DCLK1 and Hippo pathway gene expression. The mechanism by which DCLK1 regulates Hippo signaling and cancer stemness was further investigated in vitro by methods such as Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time PCR analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and luciferase reporter assays and in vivo by animal studies. Results: The gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that upregulating DCLK1 promoted but downregulating DCLK1 suppressed aspects of the PCa stem cell-like phenotype, including colony formation, sphere formation and the expression of stemness-related markers (c-Myc, OCT4, CD44, NANOG, SOX2, and KLF4). Importantly, bioinformatics analysis indicated that DCLK1 is closely correlated with the Hippo signaling pathway in PCa. Further in vitro assays revealed that DCLK1 inhibits the Hippo signaling pathway, leading to yes-associated protein (YAP) activation via large tumor suppressor homolog 1 (LATS1). Moreover, the effect of DCLK1 on abolishing stemness traits in PCa was observed after treatment with verteporfin, a small molecule inhibitor of YAP. Consistent with the in vitro findings, the in vivo findings confirmed that DCLK1 promoted the tumorigenicity and stem cell-like traits of PCa cells via Hippo-YAP signaling. Conclusion: DCLK1 promotes stem cell-like characteristics by inducing LATS1-mediated YAP signaling activation, ultimately leading to PCa tumor growth and progression. Thus, our findings identify an attractive candidate for the development of cancer stem cell-targeted therapies to improve treatment outcomes in advanced PCa.

Recent Advances in Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

The truancy of representation of the estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptors occurs during TNBC. TNBC is recognized for the upper reappearance and has a poorer diagnosis compared with rest breast cancer (BC) types. Presently, as such, no targeted therapy is approved for TNBC and treatment options are subjected to chemotherapy and surgery, which have high mortality rates. Hence, the current article focuses on the scenario of TNBC vital pathways and discusses the latest advances in TNBC treatment, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), PARP suppressors, and cancer vaccines. Immunotherapy and ICIs, like PD 1 and PD L1 suppressors, displayed potential in clinical trials (CTs). These suppressors obstruct the mechanisms which allow tumor cells to evade the system thereby boosting the body's defense against TNBC. Immunotherapy, either alone or combined with chemotherapy has demonstrated patient outcomes such as increased survival rates and reduced treatment-related side effects. Additionally, targeted therapy approaches include BRCA/2 mutation poly ribose polymerase inhibitors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors, Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, Fibroblast growth factor inhibitors, Androgen Receptor inhibitors, PIK3/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors, Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, Notch signaling pathway inhibitors, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway inhibitors, Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, Transforming growth factor (TGF) -β inhibitors, Epigenetic modifications (EPM), Aurora Kinase inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates. We also highlight ongoing clinical trials and potential future directions for TNBC therapy. Despite the challenges in treating TNBC, recent developments in understanding the molecular and immune characteristics of TNBC have opened up new opportunities for targeted therapies, which hold promise for improving outcomes in this aggressive disease.

Polyphenols and Functionalized Hydrogels for Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration

Osteoporosis induces severe oxidative stress and disrupts bone metabolism, complicating the treatment of bone defects. Current therapies often have side effects and require lengthy bone regeneration periods. Hydrogels, known for their flexible mechanical properties and degradability, are promising carriers for drugs and bioactive factors in bone tissue engineering. However, they lack the ability to regulate the local pathological environment of osteoporosis and expedite bone repair. Polyphenols, with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and bone metabolism-regulating properties, have emerged as a solution. Combining hydrogels and polyphenols, polyphenol-based hydrogels can regulate local bone metabolism and oxidative stress while providing mechanical support and tissue adhesion, promoting osteoporotic bone regeneration. This review first provides a brief overview of the types of polyphenols and the mechanisms of polyphenols in facilitating adhesion, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bone metabolism modulation in modulating the pathological environment of osteoporosis. Next, this review examines recent advances in hydrogels for the treatment of osteoporotic bone defects, including their use in angiogenesis, oxidative stress modulation, drug delivery, and stem cell therapy. Finally, it highlights the latest research on polyphenol hydrogels in osteoporotic bone defect regeneration. Overall, this review aims to facilitate the clinical application of polyphenol hydrogels for the treatment of osteoporotic bone defects.

Nutritional Health Connection of Algae and its Pharmaceutical Value as Anticancer and Antioxidant Constituents of Drugs

The marine environment is one of the major biomass producers of algae and seaweed; it is rich in functional ingredients or active metabolites with valuable nutritional health effects. Algal metabolites derived from the cultivation of both microalgae and macroalgae may positively impact human health, offering physiological, pharmaceutical and nutritional benefits. Microalgae have been widely used as novel sources of bioactive substances. Bioactive polymers extracted from algae, such as algal fucans, Galatians, alginates phenolics, carotenoids, vitamin B12, and peptides possess antioxidant, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anticancer, and hypocholesterolemic properties. It emphasizes that using marine-derived compounds with bioactive properties as functional food ingredients may help promote human health and prevent chronic diseases. Utilizing bioactive compounds has demonstrated notable advantages in terms of effectiveness more than conventional treatments and therapies currently in use which is also proven from different patents about algal applications in different fields. Despite the availability of numerous microalgae-derived products catering to human health and nutrition in the market, there remains a lack of social acceptance and awareness regarding the health benefits of microalgae. Hence, this review aims to offer a comprehensive account of the current knowledge on anticancers, antioxidants, commercially available edible algal products and therapeutics isolated from algae.

Uncovering the Potential of O-Prenylated 3-Aryl-benzopyran Derivatives as Osteogenic and Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitory Agents

Naturally, O-prenylation of 3-aryl-benzopyrans enhances the biological activities of these compounds. In this study, substituted O-prenylated 3-aryl-benzopyrans (21a-c, 22a-c, 23a-c, 24a-c 25a-c, 27 and 28) were synthesized and evaluated for osteogenic and cancer cell growth inhibitory potentials using cell-based in-vitro models. Amongst the target compounds, 21a, 22b, 23c, and 24c showed good osteogenic activity at 1 pM concentration, whereas 26 and 27 showed osteogenic activity at 100 pM and 10 nM, respectively. Compounds 21a, 22b, and 23c showed good cancer cell growth inhibitory activity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MBA-231). Amongst active compounds, 27 presented the best anticancer activity against MDAMB-231 cells with selectivity towards non-cancerous cells [IC50 3.76 μM with SI 13.3]. The in-silico study of compounds showed their structural complementarities with the LBD of estrogen receptors and compliance with dragability parameters.

Pharmacodynamics and safety in relation to dose and response of plant flavonoids in treatment of cancers

Despite the recent advancements in developing bioactive nutraceuticals as anticancer modalities, their pharmacodynamics, safety profiles, and tolerability remain elusive, limiting their success in clinical trials. The failure of anticancer drugs in clinical trials can be attributed to the changes in drug clearance, absorption, and cellular responses, which alter the dose-response efficacy, causing adverse health effects. Flavonoids demonstrate a biphasic dose-response phenomenon exerting a stimulatory or inhibitory effect and often follow a U-shaped curve in different preclinical cancer models. A double-edged sword, bioflavonoids' antioxidant or prooxidant properties contribute to their hormetic behavior and facilitate redox homeostasis by regulating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Emerging reports suggest a need to discuss the pharmacodynamic broad-spectrum of plant flavonoids to improve their therapeutic efficacy, primarily to determine the ideal dose for treating cancer. This review discusses the dose-response effects of a few common plant flavonoids against some types of cancers and assesses their safety and tolerability when administered to patients. Moreover, we have emphasized the role of dietary-rich plant flavonoids as nutraceuticals in cancer treatment and prevention.

Photobiomodulation studies on diabetic wound healing: An insight into the inflammatory pathway in diabetic wound healing

Diabetes mellitus remains a global challenge to public health as it results in non-healing chronic ulcers of the lower limb. These wounds are challenging to heal, and despite the different treatments available to improve healing, there is still a high rate of failure and relapse, often necessitating amputation. Chronic diabetic ulcers do not follow an orderly progression through the wound healing process and are associated with a persistent inflammatory state characterised by the accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages, cytokines and proteases. Photobiomodulation has been successfully utilised in diabetic wound healing and involves illuminating wounds at specific wavelengths using predominantly light-emitting diodes or lasers. Photobiomodulation induces wound healing through diminishing inflammation and oxidative stress, among others. Research into the application of photobiomodulation for wound healing is current and ongoing and has drawn the attention of many researchers in the healthcare sector. This review focuses on the inflammatory pathway in diabetic wound healing and the influence photobiomodulation has on this pathway using different wavelengths.

Advancements in Pyrazine Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: A Comprehensive Review (2010-2024)

Cancer, an intricate and formidable disease, continues to challenge Medical Science with its diverse manifestations and relentless progression. In the pursuit of novel therapeutic strategies, organic heterocyclic compounds have emerged as promising candidates due to their versatile chemical structures and intricate interactions with biological systems. Among these, pyrazine derivatives are characterized by a six-membered aromatic ring containing four carbon and two nitrogen atoms situated in a 1,4-orientation. These compounds garnered significant attention for their potential as anticancer agents. This comprehensive review provides a detailed analysis of the advancements made during this timeframe, encompassing the chemical diversity of pyrazine derivatives, their mechanisms of action at the cellular level, and structure-activity relationships, spanning the years 2010 to 2024. By examining their therapeutic potential, challenges, and future prospects, this review offers valuable insights into the evolving landscape of pyrazine derivatives as potent tools in the fight against cancer.

Identification of Flavonoids Using UV-Vis and MS Spectra

Flavonoids are a group of specialized metabolites that are ubiquitously found within the plant kingdom. While they fulfill various important functions within the plant, they are also utilized by humans in a variety of different fields such as medicine, food science, and agriculture. Thus, to elucidate the chemical composition of any given plant extract, extraction and identification of flavonoids are of high interest. In this chapter, we outline a general approach for analyzing flavonoids in complex plant extracts. Using blueberry as an example, we start by describing the extraction of plant material, followed by simple spectrophotometric measurements and thin layer chromatography (TLC), to get first insights into flavonoid content and composition. Furthermore, we describe a standard protocol for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the identification of specific flavonoids. By utilizing and combining the described techniques, general analysis of flavonoid content, composition, as well as identification of specific compounds can be realized within a complex metabolic mixture.

Nrf2 and Ferroptosis: Exploring Translational Avenues for Therapeutic Approaches to Neurological Diseases

Nrf2, a crucial protein involved in defense mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, plays a significant role in neurological diseases (NDs) by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. NDs, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, and autism, exhibit ferroptosis, iron-dependent regulated cell death resulting from lipid and iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Nrf2 has been shown to play a critical role in regulating ferroptosis in NDs. Age-related decline in Nrf2 expression and its target genes (HO-1, Nqo-1, and Trx) coincides with increased iron-mediated cell death, leading to ND onset. The modulation of iron-dependent cell death and ferroptosis by Nrf2 through various cellular and molecular mechanisms offers a potential therapeutic pathway for understanding the pathological processes underlying these NDs. This review emphasizes the mechanistic role of Nrf2 and ferroptosis in multiple NDs, providing valuable insights for future research and therapeutic approaches.

The combination effect of treadmill exercise and valerian hydroalcoholic extract on the heart of type 2 diabetic rats

Objectives

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder recognized for inducing endothelial dysfunction in coronary arteries. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of valerian hydroalcoholic extract and exercise in diabetic rats.

Methods

Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, diabetes, diabetic rats undergoing treadmill exercise, diabetic rats administered valerian extract (200 mg/kg, oral), and diabetic rats receiving a combination of valerian extract and treadmill exercise for 8 weeks. Antioxidants and lipoproteins were assessed via blood sampling at the study's conclusion. Hemodynamic parameters and the response of the coronary artery bed to constrictors and dilators were evaluated by connecting the heart to a Langendorff device.

Results

Diabetes was associated with a diminished vascular vasodilator response, which was enhanced by the combined treatment of valerian extract and 8 weeks of exercise. Moreover, elevated levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were observed in groups receiving both valerian extract and exercise.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that the combination of treadmill exercise and hydroalcoholic extract may hold promise in managing cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients by leveraging their antioxidant properties.

Comprehensive identification of polyphenolic metabolites in aspen knotwood by combination of 2D NMR and HPLC-HRMS

INTRODUCTION

European aspen (Populus tremula L.) knotwood contains large amounts of polyphenolic metabolites, mainly flavonoids, and can be considered as a promising industrial-scale source of valuable bioactive compounds. Valorization of knotwood extractives requires detailed information on their chemical composition and a relevant analytical methodology.

OBJECTIVE

This study proposes combined analytical strategy for non-targeted screening and identification of polyphenolic plant metabolites and is aimed at comprehensive characterization of knotwood extractives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Aspen knotwood acetone extract with determined antioxidant activity was an object of the study. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy with Structure Elucidator expert system was used for preliminary search of major components and specific structures. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) with data-dependent MS/MS spectra acquisition was used as a complementary technique providing molecular-level characterization and identification of the detected metabolites.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight phenolic metabolites were found and identified. Among them, flavonoids, aromadendrin and naringenin, as well as their glycosylated derivatives (mainly O-glucosides) and methyl ethers, dominated. Taxifolin and its 7-O-glucoside were detected as minor components. Other detected compounds are represented by p-coumaric acid and its rutinoside and small amounts of glycosylated ferulic acid. Nineteen of the detected compounds were discovered in aspen knotwood for the first time. The results were confirmed by preparative isolation of individual compounds and NMR studies.

CONCLUSION

The proposed analytical strategy based on 2D NMR and HPLC-HRMS can be considered a powerful tool in the analysis of plant extractives and allowed for the identification and semi-quantification of a large number of polyphenols in aspen knotwood.

Flavonoid chrysin activates both TrkB and FGFR1 receptors while upregulates their endogenous ligands such as brain derived neurotrophic factor to promote human neurogenesis

Neurogenesis is the process of generating new neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs) and plays a crucial role in neurological diseases. The process involves a series of steps, including NSC proliferation, migration and differentiation, which are regulated by multiple pathways such as neurotrophic Trk and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) signalling. Despite the discovery of numerous compounds capable of modulating individual stages of neurogenesis, it remains challenging to identify an agent that can regulate multiple cellular processes of neurogenesis. Here, through screening of bioactive compounds in dietary functional foods, we identified a flavonoid chrysin that not only enhanced the human NSCs proliferation but also facilitated neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Further mechanistic study revealed the effect of chrysin was attenuated by inhibition of neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase-B (TrkB) receptor. Consistently, chrysin activated TrkB and downstream ERK1/2 and AKT. Intriguingly, we found that the effect of chrysin was also reduced by FGFR1 blockade. Moreover, extended treatment of chrysin enhanced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, as well as FGF1 and FGF8. Finally, chrysin was found to promote neurogenesis in human cerebral organoids by increasing the organoid expansion and folding, which was also mediated by TrkB and FGFR1 signalling. To conclude, our study indicates that activating both TrkB and FGFR1 signalling could be a promising avenue for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases, and chrysin appears to be a potential candidate for the development of such treatments.

Facile Synthesis and Applications of Flavonoid-Heterocyclic Derivatives

Flavonoids belong to the polyphenol group that naturally exists in fruits, vegetables, tea, and grains. Flavonoids, as secondary metabolites, show indispensable contributions to biological processes and the responses of plants to numerous environmental factors. The bioactivity of flavonoids depends on C6-C3-C6 ring substitution patterns that exhibit bioactive antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. The synthesis of flavonoids has been reported by various methodologies. Therefore, the present review systematically summarizes the synthesis of recent heterocyclic flavonoid derivatives via facile synthetic approaches since the research in flavonoids is useful for therapeutic and biotechnology fields.

Medicinal Chemistry of Antisense Oligonucleotides for Therapeutic Use in SARS-CoV-2: Design Strategies and Challenges for Targeted Delivery

BACKGROUND

The evolution of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains with greater degrees of infectivity, resistance to vaccine-induced acquired immunity, and more severe morbidity have contributed to the recent spread of COVID-19. In light of this, novel therapeutic alternatives with improved effectiveness and fewer side effects have become a necessity. Despite many new or repurposed antiviral agents recommended for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) therapy, this objective remains unfulfilled. Under these circumstances, the scientific community holds the significant responsibility to develop classes of novel therapeutic modalities to combat SARS-CoV-2 with the least harmful side effects.

OBJECTIVE

Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) are short single-stranded oligonucleotides that allow the specific targeting of RNA, leading to its degradation. They may also prevent cellular factors or machinery from binding to the target RNA. It is possible to improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ASOs by chemical modification or bioconjugation, which may provide conditions for customization of a particular clinical target. This study aimed to outline the potential use of ASOs in the treatment of COVID-19 disease, along with the use of antisense stabilization and transfer methods, as well as future challenges and limitations.

METHODS

We have reviewed the structure and properties of ASOs containing nucleobase, sugar, or backbone modifications, and provided an overview of the therapeutic potential, delivery challenges, and strategies of ASOs in the treatment of COVID-19.

RESULTS

The first-line therapy for COVID-19-infected individuals, as well as the development of oligonucleotide- based drugs, warrants further investigation. Chemical changes in the oligonucleotide structure can affect the biological processes. These chemical alterations may lead to enhanced potency, while changing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

CONCLUSION

ASOs can be designed to target both coding and non-coding regions of the viral genome to disrupt or completely degrade the genomic RNA and thereby eliminate SARS-CoV-2. They may be very effective in areas, where vaccine distribution is challenging, and they may be helpful for future coronavirus pandemics.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Based α-Amylase Inhibitors for Hyperglycemic Control in Diabetes

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM), arising from pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and disrupted alpha-amylase secretion, manifests as hyperglycemia. Synthetic inhibitors of alphaamylase like acarbose manage glucose but pose adverse effects, prompting interest in plantderived alternatives rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties.

OBJECTIVE

The current review investigates plant-based alpha-amylase inhibitors, exploring their potential therapeutic roles in managing DM. Focusing on their ability to modulate postprandial hyperglycemia by regulating alpha-amylase secretion, it assesses their efficacy, health benefits, and implications for diabetes treatment.

METHODS

This review examines plant-derived alpha-amylase inhibitors as prospective diabetic mellitus treatments using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus data.

RESULTS

Plant-derived inhibitors, including A. deliciosa, B. egyptiaca, and N. nucifera, exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, effectively reducing alpha-amylase levels in diabetic conditions. Such alpha-amylase inhibitors showed promising alternative treatment in managing diabetes with reduced adverse effects.

CONCLUSION

The current literature concludes that plant-derived alpha-amylase inhibitors present viable therapeutic avenues for diabetes management by modulating alpha-amylase secretion by regulating inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptotic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Further investigation into their formulations and clinical efficacy may reveal their more comprehensive diabetes therapeutic significance, emphasizing their potential impact on glucose regulation and overall health.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease increases predisposition to severe COVID-19: Insights from integrated Mendelian randomization and genetic analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the potential causal relationship, shared genomic loci, as well as potential molecular pathways and tissue-specific expression patterns between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the risk of hospitalized/severe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

METHODS

We employed linkage disequilibrium score regression and bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore potential genetic associations between GERD (N = 602,604) and hospitalized COVID-19 (N = 2095,324) as well as severe COVID-19 (N = 1086,211). Additionally, shared genomic loci were extracted from common pivotal regions, further confirmed through corresponding colocalization analyses. GERD-driven molecular pathway network was constructed using extensive literature data mining to understand the molecular-level impacts of GERD on COVID-19.

RESULTS

Our results revealed a significant positive genetic correlation between GERD and both hospitalized (rg  =  0.418) and severe COVID-19 (rg  =  0.314). Furthermore, the MR analysis demonstrated a unidirectional causal effect of genetic predisposition to GERD on COVID-19 outcomes, including hospitalized COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27-1.44, p = 9.17e - 12) and severe COVID-19 (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.18-1.37, p = 1.20e - 05). Additionally, GERD and both COVID-19 conditions shared one genomic locus with lead-SNPs rs1011407 and rs1123573, corresponding to the transcription factor BCL11A. Colocalization analysis further demonstrated a significant positive correlation between genome-wide association study and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) abnormalities, including rs1011407 (eQTL_p = 2.35e - 07) and rs1123573 (eQTL_p = 2.74e - 05). Molecular pathway analysis indicated that GERD might promote the progression of COVID-19 by inducting immune-activated and inflammation-related pathways.

CONCLUSION

These findings confirm that genetically determined GERD may increase the susceptibility to hospitalized/severe COVID-19. The shared genetic loci and the potential molecular pathways offer valuable insights into causal connections between GERD and COVID-19.

The influence of apigenin on cellular responses to radiation: From protection to sensitization

Apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, has gained increasing attention for its potential therapeutic applications in radiation protection and radiosensitization. Ionizing radiation (IR) can harm healthy cells, but as radiotherapy remains crucial in cancer treatment. Owing to the remarkable application of radiotherapy in the treatment of cancers, it is vital to protect healthy cells from radiation hazards while increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation. This article reviews the current understanding of apigenin's radioprotective and radiosensitive properties with a focuses on the involved signaling pathways and key molecular targets. When exposed to irradiation, apigenin reduces inflammation via cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and modulates proapoptotic and antiapoptotic biomarkers. Apigenin's radical scavenging abilities and antioxidant enhancement mitigate oxidative DNA damage. It inhibits radiation-induced mammalian target of rapamycin activation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP), and STAT3 expression, while promoting AMPK, autophagy, and apoptosis, suggesting potential in cancer prevention. As a radiosensitizer, apigenin inhibits tumor growth by inducing apoptosis, suppressing VEGF-C, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and STAT3, reducing MMP-2/9 activity, and inhibiting cancer cell glucose uptake. Cellular and animal studies support apigenin's radioprotective and anticancer potential, making it a potential candidate for further research. Investigation into apigenin's therapeutic efficacy in diverse cancer types and radiation damage is essential.

Phenolic Profiling, In Vitro Antiglycation, Antioxidant Activities, and Antidiabetic Effect of Algerian Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L. in Rats Administered a β-Cell Toxicant

This study sought to quantitatively assess individual and total polyphenols, mineral composition, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of Algerian fenugreek seeds (AFS) as well as the antidiabetic effect of its supplementation on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups (i) non diabetic rats, (ii) non diabetic rats +10 % AFS, (iii) diabetic rats, (iv) diabetic rats +10 % AFS. Flame-SAA analysis revealed a rich content in micro-elements, HPLC DAD-FLD analysis revealed twenty components with rutin and ferulic acid being the major compounds in AFS hydro-methanolic extract while spectrophotometric assays scrutinized moderate contents in total phenolics and flavonoids. The extract was potent in scavenging ABTS⋅+ and DPPH+ (42.06±2.14 and 55.84±4.14 mg TE/g), reducing Fe3+ and Mo6+ (35.12±2.45 and 29.89±3.12 mg TE/g) and inhibiting AGEs (IC50=1.03±0.02 mg/ml). In vivo, 10 %AFS- supplemented diet (w/w) was found to elicit a significant reduction in glycemia (66.74 %), TNF α (9.4 %), IL-6 (23.74 %), CRP (31.10 %), liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation (MDA) (47.24 %;30 %), protein carbonyl (PCO) (28.35 %; 27.15 %), improvement in insulin level (79.74 %), reduced glutathione amount (GSH) (41.01 %; 16.55 %), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (45.80 %; 56.37 %), catalase (CAT) (24.44 %; 35.42 %) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (22.78 %; 22.90 %) activities, in liver and pancreas respectively, along with a rejuvenation of hepatic and pancreatic histological features. These outcomes disclosed that AFS is endowed with biologically effective components which could be decent applicant to attain the objective of mitigating glycation, oxidative stress and diabetes-related complications.

Deciphering the Correlation between the Emergence of Lung Carcinoma Associated with Tuberculosis-related Inflammation

Lung cancer and tuberculosis (TB) are classified as the second-most life-threatening diseases globally. They both are exclusively represented as major public health risks and might exhibit similar symptoms, occasionally diagnosed simultaneously. Several epidemiological studies suggest that TB is a significant risk factor for the progression of lung cancer. The staggering mortality rates of pulmonary disorders are intrinsically connected to lung cancer and TB. Numerous factors play a pivotal role in the development of TB and may promote lung carcinogenesis, particularly among the geriatric population. Understanding the intricacies involved in the association between lung carcinogenesis and TB has become a crucial demand of current research. Consequently, this study aims to comprehensively review current knowledge on the relationship between tuberculosis-related inflammation and the emergence of lung carcinoma, highlighting the impact of persistent inflammation on lung tissue, immune modulation, fibrosis, aspects of reactive oxygen species, and an altered microenvironment that are linked to the progression of tuberculosis and subsequently trigger lung carcinoma.

Keeping quality of raw ground beef patties fortified with polyphenols extracted from Acacia mearnsii bark and leaves

Acacia mearnsii byproducts are naturally endowed with a plethora of diverse polyphenols that exhibit antioxidant properties indicating potential application in enhancing oxidative shelf-life of perishable foods. The current study evaluated the oxidative shelf-life of raw ground beef patties fortified with 450 μg/g of polyphenolic extracts from A. mearnsii bark (AMBE) or leaves (AMLE) compared to positive (sodium metabisulphite; SMB) and negative (no extract; CTL) controls for 9 d at 4 °C in a simulated retail display. The AMBE had higher (P ≤ 0.05) contents of proanthocyanidins, and total phenols, flavonoids and tannins, and consequently demonstrated greater (P ≤ 0.05) in vitro antioxidant activity than AMLE. The polyphenolic extracts increased (P ≤ 0.05) antioxidant activity in beef patties compared to the CTL though they were outperformed (P ≤ 0.05) by the SMB. Fortification of beef patties with the polyphenolic extracts, particularly AMBE, delayed colour deterioration and oxidation of myoglobin during retail display relative to the CTL but were less efficient than SMB (P ≤ 0.05). Beef patties fortified with the polyphenolic extracts and SMB had comparable (P > 0.05) peroxide values, TBARS and p-Anisidine values which were all lower (P ≤ 0.05) than those for the CTL patties. The order of protein thiol content in beef patties was as follows: CTL ≥ AMLE ≥ AMBE ≥ SMB (P ≤ 0.05). Findings suggest that A. mearnsii-derived polyphenolic antioxidants, particularly AMBE has great potential to extend oxidative shelf-life of raw beef patties.

Dietary phytochemicals alleviate the premature skin aging: A comprehensive review

Skin aging, often called as premature skin aging, is the hastened deterioration of the skin resulting from multiple factors, including UV radiation, environmental contaminants, inadequate nutrition, stress, etc. Dietary phytochemicals, present in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-derived meals, have gained interest due to their efficiency to eradicate free radicals and lowering the release of inflammatory mediators which accounts for premature skin aging. Several dietary phytochemicals, i.e., carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, phytosterols, etc., exhibited potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, suppression of UV damage, and promote collagen synthesis. In addition, dietary phytochemicals include sulfur, present in various foods safeguard the skin against oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, this article delves into the comprehension of various dietary phytochemicals investigated to alleviate the premature skin aging. The article further highlights specific phytochemicals and their sources, bioavailability, mechanisms, etc., in the context of safeguarding the skin against oxidative stress and inflammation. The present manuscript is a systematic comprehension of the available literature on dietary phytochemicals and skin aging in various database, i.e., PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar using the keywords, i.e., "dietary phytochemicals", "nutraceuticals", "skin aging" etc., via Boolean operator, i.e., "AND". The dietary guidelines presented in the manuscript is a unique summarization for a broad reader to understand the inclusion of various functional foods, nutrients, supplements, etc., to prevent premature skin aging. Thus, the utilization of dietary phytochemicals has shown a promising avenue in preventing skin aging, however, the future perspectives and challenges of such phytochemicals should be comprehended via clinical investigations.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids in the Management of Cancer

Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds that can be classified into six distinct categories, namely isoflavonoids, flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanidins. These compounds are naturally occurring and can be found in a diverse range of plant species. Flavonoids, a class of bioactive compounds, are mostly obtained through the consumption of vegetables, fruits and plant-derived beverages such as wine, cocoa-based products and green tea. Flavonoids have been demonstrated to exhibit a diverse range of anticancer properties. These include the modulation of activities of enzymes involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species, involvement in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and autophagy, as well as suppression of cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Flavonoids exhibit a dual role in maintaining reactive oxygen species balance. They function as antioxidants in regular physiological conditions, while also demonstrating significant pro-oxidant properties in cancer cells. This prooxidant activity induces apoptotic pathways and downregulates pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. The paper explores the biochemical characteristics, bioavailability, anticancer efficacy, and modes of action of flavonoids.

HIV-1 protease inhibitors and mechanisms of HIV-1's resistance

Current anti-HIV drugs have significantly improved the prognosis of HIV infected patients so much so that it is now considered a chronic disease, and adherence to medications keeps non-detectable amounts of the virus in the body. However, HIV is still able to generate drug resistance substitutions. Protease inhibitors (PIs) in combination with other classes of anti-HIV drugs constitute an important part of the anti-HIV drug regimen. This article discusses some of the common resistance substitutions against PIs, mechanistic insight on resistance, and potential new inhibitors that can show efficacy against current resistant variants.

Mitochondrial cholesterol metabolism related gene model predicts prognosis and treatment response in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

The persistently high mortality and morbidity rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain a global concern. Notably, the disruptions in mitochondrial cholesterol metabolism (MCM) play a pivotal role in the progression and development of HCC, underscoring the significance of this metabolic pathway in the disease's etiology. The purpose of this research was to investigate genes associated with MCM and develop a model for predicting the prognostic features of patients with HCC.

Methods

MCM-related genes (MCMGs) were identified through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), The Molecular Signatures Database (MsigDB), and the Mitocarta3.0 databases. Differential gene expression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis were performed using R software to construct a MCM-related model. This model underwent further analysis for somatic mutations, single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), stromal and immune cell estimation, immune checkpoint evaluation, and drug susceptibility prediction to assess the tumor microenvironment (TME) and therapeutic responses. The mRNA expression levels of the genes associated with the model were quantified using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results

The model, which included six MCMGs (ACADL, ACLY, TXNRD1, DTYMK, ACAT1, and FLAD1), divided all patients (age ≤65 vs. >65 years, P<0.001; male vs. female, ns) into a high-risk group and a low-risk group. The high-risk group showed a higher mortality rate and lower survival rate with AUC of 0.785, 0.752, 0.756, 0.774 and 0.759 for the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year respectively. A nomogram based on risk score, stage, T, and M had a better prognostic accuracy, with AUC of 0.808, 0.796, 0.811, 0.824 and 0.795 for the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year respectively. The high-risk group showed enrichment in cell cycle, cell division, and chromosome processes, and a significantly higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) value compared to the low-risk group. Further immune infiltration analysis indicated a significantly reduction in the abundances of some immune cells (activated CD4 T cells, type 2 helper T cells, and neutrophils) and significantly higher expression levels of some immune checkpoint (CD80, CTLA4, HAVCR2, and TNFRSF4) in the high-risk group. Moreover, the risk score was associated with the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy and efficiencies of multiple chemotherapy drugs.

Conclusions

This study developed a prognostic model based on MCMGs, which can predict the prognosis of liver cancer patients and their response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. The model may provide new strategies to enhance the prognosis and treatment of HCC.

Myrica rubra Preharvest Treatment with Melatonin Improves Antioxidant and Phenylpropanoid Pathways During Postharvest Storage

Myrica rubra is known for its popularity and robust nutritional value. While fresh Myrica rubra fruit is a perishable commodity, it has a short post-harvest life and is susceptible to fungal decay after harvest. Melatonin has been reported to delay the aging and quality decline of various fruits and vegetables after harvest. However, the effects of pre-harvest melatonin treatment on the maintenance of post-harvest quality and storage extension of fresh Myrica rubra fruit are still unclear. The impact of pre-harvest spraying of melatonin at different concentrations (100 μM, 300 μM, and 500 μM) on the fruit quality of Myrica rubra during storage at room temperature or 4 °C was investigated. The results indicated that in the final stage of storage, compared with the control group, different concentrations of melatonin reduced the decay index by 13.0-47.1% and also decreased the weight loss, the content of O2-•, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), respectively. Meanwhile, melatonin increased the content of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as the total polyphenols and flavonoids content. Finally, RNA transcriptome sequencing revealed that melatonin enhanced the antioxidant capacity by increasing the expression of both antioxidant enzymes and changing phenylpropanoid pathway-related genes, therefore maintaining the fresh Myrica rubra quality. Our findings uncovered a potent role and mechanism of melatonin in maintaining Myrica rubra fruit quality during storage and suggest that pre-harvest melatonin spraying may be a convenient and effective method for prolonging storage and maintaining quality of fruits after picking.

Genotypes of Sechium spp. as a Source of Natural Products with Biological Activity

The genus Sechium P. Br. (Cucurbitaceae) includes ten species, two of which are edible. The inedible genotypes are in a fragile ecological niche, since they are not used by rural inhabitants. A rescue and genetic crossing program was designed to identify uses that favor their conservation due to their content of bioactive secondary metabolites (Sm) for health. Fruits of S. compositum (wild type), hybrid H-D Victor (inedible), and S. edule var. nigrum spinosum (edible) were evaluated by extraction methods such as juice and oven drying to determine the yields of Sm, with in vivo evaluations of liver damage. The dried biomass (40 °C) extracted with ethanolic and methanolic procedures showed lower Sm content than the juice (fresh biomass). More than 90% of phenolic acids and cucurbitacins in the extracts were degraded, possibly due to the drying time (oven). Biological activity showed that nigrum spinosum and HD-Victor have fewer toxic metabolites than S. compositum. The hybrid H-D Victor is of reduced cytotoxicity, showing the advantages of hybridization with wild types. Phytochemical and biological activity characterization may contribute to the conservation of genotypes and become a source of bioactive natural products.

Epigenetic Properties of Compounds Contained in Functional Foods Against Cancer

Epigenetics encompasses reversible and heritable genomic changes in histones, DNA expression, and non-coding RNAs that occur without modifying the nucleotide DNA sequence. These changes play a critical role in modulating cell function in both healthy and pathological conditions. Dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms are implicated in various diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, and mainly cancer. Therefore, to develop innovative therapeutic strategies, research for compounds able to modulate the complex epigenetic landscape of cancer is rapidly surging. Dietary phytochemicals, mostly flavonoids but also tetraterpenoids, organosulfur compounds, and isothiocyanates, represent biologically active molecules found in vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants, and beverages. These natural organic compounds exhibit epigenetic modulatory properties by influencing the activity of epigenetics key enzymes, such as DNA methyltransferases, histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases, and histone methyltransferases and demethylases. Due to the reversibility of the modifications that they induce, their minimal adverse effects, and their potent epigenetic regulatory activity, dietary phytochemicals hold significant promise as antitumor agents and warrant further investigation. This review aims to consolidate current data on the diverse epigenetic effects of the six major flavonoid subclasses, as well as other natural compounds, in the context of cancer. The goal is to identify new therapeutic epigenetic targets for drug development, whether as stand-alone treatments or in combination with conventional antitumor approaches.

Biochemical and In Silico Aspects of Active Compounds From Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Flower As Antidiabetic Agent

Targeting alpha-glucosidase (maltase-glucoamylase [MGAM] and sucrase-isomaltase [SI]) under diabetes conditions is important to overcome hyperglycemia. Moreover, it is necessary to mitigate hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress to evade the progression of diabetes-associated secondary complications. Hence, in the present study, under-explored Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers (NAFs) were studied for inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activities. The NAF methanolic extract (NAFME) was prepared. Through liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS) analysis, various phytocompounds belonging to different classes-flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin, polyphenol, phenolic acid, fatty acid ester, and carotenoid-were identified. NAFME showed in vitro antioxidant activity. NAFME inhibited maltase, sucrase, glucoamylase, and isomaltase in mixed mode with Ki values of 179.93, 176.38, 126.03, and 201.56 µg/mL, respectively. In silico screening of phytocompounds identified in NAFME indicated that hinokiflavone (HKF), pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (PG), isorhamnetin-3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside (IGR), and petunidin-3-rutinoside (PR) showed better interactions with different subunits of human alpha-glucosidase, namely, N-terminal (Nt-MGAM and Nt-SI) and C-terminal (Ct-MGAM and Ct-SI). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, binding free energy study (molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area [MM/GBSA]), and post-MD simulation studies (principal component analysis [PCA] and dynamic cross-correlation matrix [DCCM]) provided an in-depth understanding of these ligands' interactions with proteins. The overall efficacy of NAFME against oxidative stress and alpha-glucosidase in vitro is understood. Moreover, in silico analysis has shown the possible potential of HKF, PG, IGR, and PR to act as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Further studies on the antidiabetic potential of NAFME, HKF, PG, IGR, and PR in in vivo conditions are required to fully unveil the applicability of NAFME in the management of T2DM as a complementary medicine.

Novel Dithiocarbamic Flavanones with Antioxidant Properties-A Structure-Activity Relationship Study

The antioxidant properties of some 3-dithiocarbamic flavanones were investigated. Based on a previous study, we selected three frameworks that proved to be the most active ones. By varying the nature of the substituent at the para-position of flavanone ring B, a structure-activity relationship study on radical scavenging activities was performed. The influence of these substituents (H, F, Cl, Br and I) was evaluated in relation to DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. The results indicated that the presence of the halogen substituent induced better antioxidant properties than ascorbic acid and BHT. The radical scavenging activities were found to decrease in the following order: F > Cl > Br > I > H. This is correlated with the decrease in electronegativity and withdrawing inductive effect of these substituents, which make the C(2)-H bond of the benzopyran ring prone to hydrogen radical transfer.

Association between composite dietary antioxidant index and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study from NHANES

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a typical hepatic steatosis with metabolic dysfunction. The composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) measures individual antioxidant capacity, and the relationship with MAFLD has received little attention. Our goal is to explore the association of CDAI with MAFLD.

METHODS

Participants were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2020. CDAI was calculated basing on six dietary antioxidants, including zinc, selenium, carotenoids, and vitamins A, C, and E. Univariate regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the correlation between CDAI and MAFLD. We performed subgroup analysis to study the correlation in various populations.

RESULTS

A total of 18,163 participants, including 13,969 MAFLD and 4,194 non-MAFLD, were included. CDAI was significantly negatively correlated with MAFLD. After adjusting for all confounders (including age, gender, race, marital status, poverty ratio, education level, drinking status, smoking status, and physical activity), individuals in the highest quartile of CDAI exhibited a 27% lower likelihood of developing MAFLD than those in the lowest quartile (OR = 0.73; 95% CI [0.66, 0.81], p < 0.001). Physical activity subgroup analysis showed that this negative association was significant in the moderate-intensity physical exercise population (Model 3 in Q4, OR = 0.72; 95% CI [0.58-0.89], p < 0.001). Additionally, the changes in vitamins C were independently associated with MAFLD (Model 3, OR = 0.90; 95% CI [0.86-0.93], p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

We found a negative relationship between higher CDAI scores and MAFLD. This study provided a new reference for exploring dietary interventions that affect MAFLD to reduce its incidence.

Evaluation of Tridax procumbens Secondary Metabolites Anti-Tuberculosis Activity by In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a human pathogen that causes Tuberculosis (TB) disease. Researchers have reported the activity of traditional medicinal plants against human pathogens. However, antimycobacterial studies of medicinal plants against M. tuberculosis remain limited. Thus, the purpose of this study is to characterize the phytochemical profile, antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity of Tridax procumbens towards H37Rv. The antibacterial activity was elucidated by the inhibitory zone formed around the disc by performing disk diffusion method. Tridax antimycobacterial activity measured by Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) infers the sample is sensitive to H37Rv at MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) 600 µg/mL. BACTEC MGIT 960 DST identifies the sample is susceptible to H37Rv and Rifampicin resistant (RR). Antiproliferative, functional group determination and mechanism of action of secondary metabolites were performed by MTT, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytocompounds antimycobacterial efficacy is further supported by molecular docking data. The binding interactions of ligands with gyrA gene revealed (S,Z)-Heptadeca-1,9-dien-4,6-diyn-3-ol molecule as a prominent phytocompound with a binding affinity of -6.6 kcal/mol.

Relevant Serum Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is activated in all cells by stressors such as hyperglycemia. However, it remains unclear which specific serum biomarkers of ERS are consistently altered in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to identify serum ERS biomarkers that are consistently altered in T2D and its complications, and their correlation with metabolic and anthropometric variables. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies (MOOSE). The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Random-effects models weighted by the inverse variance were employed to estimate the standardized mean difference and correlations as effect size measures. Indicators of heterogeneity and meta-regressions were evaluated. Of the 1206 identified studies, 22 were finally included, representing 11,953 subjects (2224 with T2D and 9992 non-diabetic controls). Most studies were of high quality. Compared with controls, subjects with T2D had higher circulating levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70; SMD: 2.30, 95% CI 1.13-3.46; p < 0.001) and secretagogin (SMD: 0.60, 95%CI 0.19-1.01; p < 0.001). They also had higher serum levels of peroxiredoxin-1, -2, -4, and -6. Secretagogin inversely correlated with HOMA-IR, yet positively correlated with HOMA-B, HbA1c, and FPG. PRX4 negatively correlated with HbA1c and FPG, while HSP70 positively correlated with HbA1c. In conclusion, six ERS biomarkers are consistently elevated in human T2D and correlate with glycemic control, insulin resistance, and β-cell function. Emerging evidence links serum ERS biomarkers to diabetes complications, but further research should evaluate their prognostic implications.

Identification of pyroptosis-associated miRNAs in the immunoscape and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most prevalent types of liver malignancy and poses a severe threat to global health. Despite recent improvements in therapeutic approaches, treatment options for patients with advanced or recurrent HCC are still limited.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our study analyzed miRNA differential expression using data from hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas. Pyroptosis-related genes were identified from gene cards. Differential expression of miRNAs was analyzed using DESeq2 and visualized using ggplot2 and pheatmap. A prognostic risk model for pyroptosis-associated miRNAs was constructed using LASSO regression and validated by principal component analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival and ROC curve analysis. We also performed gene and pathway enrichment analysis. Immune cell infiltration and function in HCC were assessed using single-sample genomic enrichment analysis, and correlations with immune cells and function were explored. Also, CCK-8 assay as well as migration and invasion assays were performed after knockdown of miR-6844.

RESULTS

We have established and validated a prognostic risk model based on ten DEmiRNAs, which is important for the survival of HCC patients. Significant changes in immune cell infiltration and immune function were also found in high-risk patients. It also demonstrated that knockdown of miR-6844 inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, highlighting its role in HCC progression.

CONCLUSION

Our study reveals the implications of pyroptosis-associated differential miRNAs on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and provides a foundation for novel HCC therapies, especially immunotherapy.

Flavones Suppress Aggregation and Amyloid Fibril Formation of Human Lysozyme under Macromolecular Crowding Conditions

The crowded milieu of a biological cell significantly impacts protein aggregation and interactions. Understanding the effects of macromolecular crowding on the aggregation and fibrillation of amyloidogenic proteins is crucial for the treatment of many amyloid-related disorders. Most in vitro studies of protein amyloid formation and its inhibition by small molecules are conducted in dilute buffers, which do not mimic the complexity of the cellular environment. In this study, we used PEGs to simulate macromolecular crowding and examined the inhibitory effects of flavones DHF, baicalein, and luteolin on human lysozyme (HuL) aggregation at pH 2. Naturally occurring flavones have been effective inhibitors of amyloid formation in some proteins. Our findings indicate that while flavones inhibit HuL aggregation and fibrillation in dilute buffer solutions, complete inhibition is observed with a combination of flavones and PEGs, as shown by ThT fluorescence, light scattering, TEM, and AFM studies. The species formed in the presence of PEG 8000 and flavones were less hydrophobic, less toxic, and α-helix-rich compared to control samples, which were hydrophobic and β-sheet-rich, as demonstrated by ANS hydrophobicity, MTT assay, and CD spectroscopy. Fluorescence titration studies of flavones with HuL showed a significant increase in binding constant values under crowding conditions. These findings highlight the importance of macromolecular crowding in modulating protein aggregation and amyloid inhibition. Further studies using disease-causing mutants of HuL and other amyloidogenic proteins are needed to explore the role of macromolecular crowding in small-molecule-mediated modulation and inhibition of protein aggregation and amyloid formation.

Essential oil constituents of regional ethnomedicinal plants as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro: an integrated molecular docking, molecular dynamics and QM/MM study

The scientific community has achieved a remarkable milestone by creating efficacious vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The treatment alternatives are still restricted, though. The bioactive ingredients present in natural plants are known to exhibit diverse pharmacological effects against many diseases. Using computational techniques such as molecular docking, drug-likeness, ADMET study, MD simulation, and our own N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital and Molecular mechanics (ONIOM) calculations, this study aimed to investigate essential oil constituents of Lindera neesiana, Litsea cubeba and Zanthoxylum armatum DC plants as a potential natural inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). To determine their binding affinity, 107 phytochemical substances in total were docked inside the binding pocket of Mpro. Copaene showed the highest binding affinity among the 107 compounds, with an energy of -7.90 kcal/mol. Furthermore, physiochemical and ADMET properties were evaluated for the top five phytocompounds. The studied phytocompounds showed good physiochemical and pharmacokinetic behaviour with no associated toxicity. MD simulation further provided evidence for stable interaction of phytocompounds within the binding pocket of Mpro. Subsequently, ONIOM calculation was done on the best-hit complex, wherein the hydrogen bonding interactions were retained with appreciable negative energy. These in silico results indicate that the specific phytocompounds present in essential oils of L. neesiana, L. cubeba, and Z. armatum DC have significant inhibitor ability against SARS-CoV-2 main protease and could be explored for future therapeutic investigations.

Amphoteric β-cyclodextrin coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles: new insights into synthesis and application in MRI

This work presents a group of high-quality hydrophilic and negatively charged coated, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that have been prepared using a microwave-ultrasound-assisted protocol, and demonstrates the great impact that the synthetic strategy has on the resulting MNPs. The different coatings tested, including citric acid, carboxymethyl dextran and β-cyclodextrin (βCD)/citric acid have been compared and have shown good dispersibility and stability. The ability of βCD to maintain the inclusive properties of the coated MNPs has been proven as well as their cytocompatibility. An amino citrate-modified βCD is proposed and its capabilities as a flexible amphoteric adsorbing device have been studied. The NMR relaxometric properties of the coated MNPs have been investigated using field-cycling nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion profiles. For the amino citrate-modified βCD system, the order of magnitude of the Néel relaxation time is in the typical range for superparamagnetic systems' reversal times, i.e., 10-10-10-7 s. The r d value corresponds to the physical radius of the magnetic core, suggesting that, in this particular case, the coating does not prevent the diffusive motion of water molecules, which provide the basis for potential future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications.

Engineering Nicotiana benthamiana for chrysoeriol production using synthetic biology approaches

Flavonoids are prevalent plant secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activities. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities make flavonoids widely useful in a variety of industries, including the pharmaceutical and health food industries. However, many flavonoids occur at only low concentrations in plants, and they are difficult to synthesize chemically due to their structural complexity. To address these difficulties, new technologies have been employed to enhance the production of flavonoids in vivo. In this study, we used synthetic biology techniques to produce the methylated flavone chrysoeriol in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The chrysoeriol biosynthetic pathway consists of eight catalytic steps. However, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay to examine the in planta activities of genes of interest, we shortened this pathway to four steps catalyzed by five enzymes. Co-expression of these five enzymes in N. benthamiana leaves resulted in de novo chrysoeriol production. Chrysoeriol production was unaffected by the Agrobacterium cell density used for agroinfiltration and increased over time, peaking at 10 days after infiltration. Chrysoeriol accumulation in agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves was associated with increased antioxidant activity, a typical property of flavones. Taken together, our results demonstrate that synthetic biology represents a practical method for engineering plants to produce substantial amounts of flavonoids and flavonoid derivatives without the need for exogenous substrates.

Association of oxidative balance score with cardiovascular disease and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in American adults with type 2 diabetes: data from the National Health and Nutrition examination survey 1999-2018

Background

Oxidative stress has an important role in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Oxidative balance score (OBS) is an emerging assessment of dietary and lifestyle oxidative balance. We aimed to explore the association of OBS with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause and CVD mortality in the T2D population through NHANES 1999-2018.

Methods

OBS integrated 16 dietary components and 4 lifestyle components. T2D was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Multivariate logistic regression and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to explore the association of OBS with CVD and mortality in T2D, respectively.

Results

3801 adult T2D participants were included. In fully adjusted models, OBS, dietary OBS, and lifestyle OBS were all negatively associated with the prevalence of CVD (odds ratios of 0.98, 0.98, and 0.85, respectively). Higher OBS and lifestyle OBS (p for trend 0.016 and <0.001, respectively) rather than dietary OBS (p for trend = 0.06) were associated with significantly lower odds of CVD. Higher OBS, dietary OBS, and lifestyle OBS were all negatively associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratios [HR] of 0.98, 0.98, and 0.92, respectively; p for trend of 0.002, 0.009, and 0.035, respectively). Higher OBS and dietary OBS were negatively associated with CVD mortality (HR 0.96 and 0.95, respectively; p for trend both <0.001), whereas lifestyle OBS was not. Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested that most associations were linear. Stratified analyses showed that these associations were influenced by some demographic variables and disease status.

Conclusions

Adherence to higher OBS was associated with reduced CVD prevalence and mortality risk in T2D. Antioxidant diet and lifestyle had more significant associations with mortality and CVD prevalence, respectively. However, as these findings are merely associations and do not allow causal inferences to be drawn, future validation in high-quality randomized controlled trials is needed.