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Otsuki K, Kobayashi T, Nakamura K, Kikuchi T, Huang L, Chen CH, Koike K, Li W. LC-MS identification, isolation, and structural elucidation of anti-HIV macrocyclic daphnane orthoesters from Edgeworthia chrysantha. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105731. [PMID: 37935270 PMCID: PMC10842090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of macrocyclic daphnane orthoesters (MDOs) with a 1-alkyl group originating from a C14 aliphatic chain is extremely limited in the plant kingdom and has only been isolated from Edgeworthia chrysantha. In the present study, LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was performed on different parts of E. chrysantha, including flower buds, flowers, leaves, and stems, and resulted in the identification of seven MDOs in all the four plant parts, including two previously unreported compounds 1 and 7. Further LC-MS guided isolation was carried out to afford compounds 1 and 7, and their structures were determined by various spectroscopic analyses. These compounds were also evaluated for anti-HIV activity, thus expanding insights into the structure-activity relationships for MDOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouharu Otsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Tsubasa Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Li Huang
- Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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2
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Wu J, Ye Z, Liao C, Li R, Chen X. Terpenoids from the Roots of Stellera chamaejasme (L.) and Their Bioactivities. Molecules 2023; 28:7726. [PMID: 38067457 PMCID: PMC10707970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An undescribed diterpene, stellerterpenoid A (1), and two undescribed sesquiterpenoids, stellerterpenoids B and C (2-3), together with six known compounds, prostratin (4) stelleraguaianone B (5), chamaejasnoid A (6), auranticanol L (7), wikstronone C (8), and oleodaphnone (9), were isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data (1D, 2D NMR, IR, UV, and HR-ESI-MS). The absolute configuration of 1-3 was elucidated based on ECD calculation. Among them, stellerterpenoid A was a rare 13, 14-seco nortigliane diterpenoid and stellerterpenoid B was a guaiacane-type sesquiterpenoid with an unusual 1, 2-diketone moiety. The known stelleraguaianone B (5) exhibited moderate activity for suppressing NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells with an IC50 value of 24.76 ± 0.4 μM. None of the compounds showed anti-influenza virus or anti-tumor activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.W.); (Z.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhujun Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.W.); (Z.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Caicen Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.W.); (Z.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Rongtao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.W.); (Z.Y.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of New Drugs (Traditional Chinese Medicine) for Respiratory Viral Diseases of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuanqin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.W.); (Z.Y.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of New Drugs (Traditional Chinese Medicine) for Respiratory Viral Diseases of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
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3
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Otsuki K, Li W. Tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids from Thymelaeaceae family: chemistry, biological activity, and potential in drug discovery. J Nat Med 2023; 77:625-643. [PMID: 37294498 PMCID: PMC10465420 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids are characteristically distributed in plants of the Thymelaeaceae family as well as the Euphorbiaceae family and are structurally diverse due to the presence of polyoxygenated functionalities in the polycyclic skeleton. These diterpenoids are known as toxic components, while they have been shown to exhibit a wide variety of biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-HIV, and analgesic activity, and are attracting attention in the field of natural product drug discovery. This review focuses on naturally occurring tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids from plants of the Thymelaeaceae family and provides an overview of their chemical structure, distribution, isolation, structure determination, chemical synthesis, and biological activities, with a prime focus on the recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouharu Otsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
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4
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Tan L, Otsuki K, Zhang M, Kikuchi T, Okayasu M, Azumaya I, Zhou D, Li N, Huang L, Chen CH, Li W. Daphnepedunins A-F, Anti-HIV Macrocyclic Daphnane Orthoester Diterpenoids from Daphne pedunculata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2856-2864. [PMID: 36516989 PMCID: PMC10131280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
From the whole plant of Daphne pedunculata, 12 macrocyclic daphnane diterpenoids, including six new compounds, daphnepedunins A-F (1-4, 9, and 10), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by physiochemical and spectroscopic data analysis, the modified Mosher's method, and X-ray crystallography. The isolated compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV activity against HIV-1 infection in MT4 cells and showed significant anti-HIV activity with IC50 values of 36.3-994 nM. A consideration of the anti-HIV activity of these compounds provided further insight into the structure-activity relationships of macrocyclic daphnane diterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjian Tan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kouharu Otsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mi Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Misaki Okayasu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Isao Azumaya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Huang
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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5
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Asada Y, Otsuki K, Morooka M, Huang L, Chen CH, Koike K, Li W. Anti-HIV Macrocyclic Daphnane Orthoesters with an Unusual Macrocyclic Ring from Edgeworthia chrysantha. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2399-2405. [PMID: 36169204 PMCID: PMC10114293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Edgeworthianins A-E (1-5) were isolated from Edgeworthia chrysantha as a class of macrocyclic daphnane orthoesters with an unusual macrocyclic ring formed from a C14 aliphatic chain. Their structures were elucidated by extensive physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 2, 4, and 5 exhibited potent anti-HIV activity against HIV-1 infection of MT4 cells with EC50 values of 29.3, 8.4, and 2.9 nM, respectively. These compounds broaden the findings of the structure-activity relationship of macrocyclic daphnane orthoesters for further anti-HIV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Asada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kouharu Otsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Miki Morooka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Li Huang
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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6
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Nie YW, Li Y, Luo L, Zhang CY, Fan W, Gu WY, Shi KR, Zhai XX, Zhu JY. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Diterpenoids from the Genus Daphne. Molecules 2021; 26:6598. [PMID: 34771007 PMCID: PMC8588408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are abundant natural diterpenoids in the plants of the genus Daphne from the Thymelaeaceae family, featuring a 5/7/6-tricyclic ring system and usually with an orthoester group. So far, a total of 135 diterpenoids has been isolated from the species of the genus Daphne, which could be further classified into three main types according to the substitution pattern of ring A and oxygen-containing functions at ring B. A variety of studies have demonstrated that these compounds exert a wide range of bioactivities both in vitro and in vivo including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, antifertility, neurotrophic, and cholesterol-lowering effects, which is reviewed herein. Meanwhile, the fascinating structure-activity relationship is also concluded in this review in the hope of providing an easy access to available information for the synthesis and optimization of efficient drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China; (Y.-W.N.); (Y.L.); (W.F.); (W.-Y.G.); (K.-R.S.)
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China;
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China; (Y.-W.N.); (Y.L.); (W.F.); (W.-Y.G.); (K.-R.S.)
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China;
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China; (Y.-W.N.); (Y.L.); (W.F.); (W.-Y.G.); (K.-R.S.)
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China;
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China; (Y.-W.N.); (Y.L.); (W.F.); (W.-Y.G.); (K.-R.S.)
| | - Wei-Ying Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China; (Y.-W.N.); (Y.L.); (W.F.); (W.-Y.G.); (K.-R.S.)
| | - Kou-Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China; (Y.-W.N.); (Y.L.); (W.F.); (W.-Y.G.); (K.-R.S.)
| | - Xiao-Xiang Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China;
| | - Jian-Yong Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China;
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7
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Si L, Yan X, Wang Y, Ren B, Ren H, Ding Y, Zheng Q, Li D, Liu Y. Chamaejasmin B Decreases Malignant Characteristics of Mouse Melanoma B16F0 and B16F10 Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:415. [PMID: 32300554 PMCID: PMC7145408 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chamaejasmin B (CHB), a natural biflavone isolated from Stellera chamaejasme L., has been reported to exhibit anti-cancer properties; however, its effect in melanoma cells is not clear. Here, we aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of CHB in mouse melanoma B16F0 and B16F10 cells. We found that CHB significantly suppressed cell proliferation and promoted cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in B16F0 cells; it also induced cell differentiation and increased melanin content by increasing tyrosinase (TYR) activity and mRNA levels of melanogenesis-related genes in B16F0 cells. Meanwhile, wound closure, invasion, and migration of B16F0 and B16F10 cells were dramatically inhibited. Moreover, CHB significantly increased ROS levels and decreased ΔΨm, resulting in B16F0 and B16F10 cell apoptosis. Finally, in vivo studies showed that CHB inhibited tumor growth and induced tumor apoptosis in a mouse xenograft model of murine melanoma B16F0 and B16F10 cells. Overall, CHB decreases malignant characteristics and may be a promising therapeutic agent for malignant melanoma cells via multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Si
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyan Yan
- People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Shihezi University, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, China
| | - Boxue Ren
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Shihezi University, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, China
| | - Huanhuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Shihezi University, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, China
| | - Yangfang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Shihezi University, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Shihezi University, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, China
| | - Defang Li
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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8
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Zhao HD, Lu Y, Yan M, Chen CH, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH, Chen DF. Rapid Recognition and Targeted Isolation of Anti-HIV Daphnane Diterpenes from Daphne genkwa Guided by UPLC-MS n. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:134-141. [PMID: 31860304 PMCID: PMC7441572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Daphnane diterpenes with a 5/7/6-tricyclic ring system exhibit potent anti-HIV activity but are found in low abundance as plant natural products. In this study, an effective approach based on mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways was conducted to specifically recognize and isolate anti-HIV compounds of this type from Daphne genkwa. Briefly, the fragmentation pathways of reference analogues were elucidated based on characteristic ion fragments of m/z 323 → 295 → 267 or m/z 253 → 238 → 197 by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-IT-MSn) and then applied to the differentiations of substances with or without an oxygenated group at C-12. Twenty-seven daphnane diterpenes were successfully recognized from a petroleum ether extract of D. genkwa, including some potential new compounds and isomers that could not be identified accurately only from the ion fragments. Further separation of these target compounds using high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and preparative HPLC led to the isolation of three new (11, 25, and 27) and 14 known compounds, whose structures were identified and confirmed based on MS, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. The isolates exhibited anti-HIV activities at nanomolar concentrations. The results demonstrated that this strategy is feasible and reliable to rapidly recognize and isolate daphnane diterpenes from D. genkwa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ding Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, SORF, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Dao-Feng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Otsuki K, Li W, Asada Y, Chen CH, Lee KH, Koike K. Daphneodorins A-C, Anti-HIV Gnidimacrin Related Macrocyclic Daphnane Orthoesters from Daphne odora. Org Lett 2020; 22:11-15. [PMID: 31680527 PMCID: PMC7437546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three novel gnidimacrin related macrocyclic daphnanes (GMDs), daphneodorins A-C (2-4), were isolated from Daphne odora Thunb., together with gnidimacrin (1). Their structures were established by extensive physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 2 and 3 potently inhibited HIV-1 replication at subnanomolar concentrations (EC50 0.16 and 0.25 nM, respectively). Compounds 2-4 represent a novel type of GMDs that are highly oxygenated on the macrocyclic ring, suggesting good potential for anti-HIV drug development by further chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouharu Otsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Asada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Tiachung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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10
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Dutt R, Garg V, Khatri N, Madan AK. Phytochemicals in Anticancer Drug Development. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:172-183. [PMID: 30398123 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181106115802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of major technological advances in conventional therapies, cancer continues to remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Phytochemicals are gradually emerging as a rich source of effective but safer agents against many life-threatening diseases. METHODS Various phytochemicals with reported anticancer activity have been simply categorized into major phytoconstituents- alkaloids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. RESULTS The adverse effects associated with currently available anticancer medications may be overcome by using plant-derived compounds either alone or in combination. Exploration of plant kingdom may provide new leads for the accelerated development of new anticancer agents. CONCLUSION Although numerous potent synthetic drugs have been introduced for cancer chemotherapy, yet their serious toxicity concerns to normal cells apart from drug resistance have emerged as the major obstacles for their clinical utility over a prolonged duration of time. Current status and potential of phytochemicals and their derivatives in cancer therapy have been briefly reviewed in the present manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dutt
- Department of Pharmacy, G.D. Goenka University, Gurgaon-122103, India
| | - Vandana Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Naveen Khatri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences Rohtak- 124001, India
| | - Anil K Madan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences Rohtak- 124001, India
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11
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van Gijn R, Zuidema X, Bult A, Beijnen JH. Protein kinase C as a target for new anti-cancer agents. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107815529900500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer joins the category of diseases involving abnormalities in the rate of proliferation of cells and is associated with uncontrolled cell division, where cells either generate their own growth-promoting stimuli or neighboring cells or do not respond to growth inhibitory signals. Protein kinase C (PKC) is one of the key elements in the tumor growth signal transduction pathways and is found to be overexpressed in several malignant cell types. A way to control cell proliferation and cell differentiation is by influencing signal transduction pathways by modulation of PKC. PKC encloses 12 different isoenzymes, and each isoenzyme is found to have a different functional property. Because specific PKC isoenzyme types are present in different (malignant) cell species, they may be an attractive target in the development of anti-cancer agents. Classification and identification of the available PKC isoenzymes in different tumor cells could be useful in targeting specific tumors. PKC also tends to be overexpressed in association with the multidrug resistance pheno-type. This concise review deals with the role of PKC isoenzymes in (tumor) cell biology and evaluates the antineoplastic agents interacting on PKC isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel van Gijn
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xander Zuidema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Auke Bult
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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A novel cell cycle blocker extracted from Stellera chamaejasme L. inhibits the proliferation of hepatocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3480-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Yan L, Xu C, Liu Q, Gu A, Jiang ZY. Altered profile of gut microbiota after subchronic exposure to neochamaejasmin A in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:927-933. [PMID: 25812769 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neochamaejasmin A, isolated from Stellera chamaejasme L., has been widely used in China. Gut microbiota represent the first barrier against xenobiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of subchronic exposure to neochamaejasmin A on the composition of gut microbiota. We found that neochamaejasmin A altered 21 OTUs in female rats and 46 OTUs in male rats. Among these OTUs, OTU86, OTU338 and OTU482 were shared in neochamaejasmin A-fed groups in both genders, implying that neochamaejasmin A might promote the growth of these three genera. In contrast, little or no effect on 226 OTUs was observed at all doses in both genders, suggesting their resistance to neochamaejasmin A. These findings could help improve our understanding of the health effects of neochamaejasmin A and provide an example of the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals or food contaminants on the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, China.
| | - Zhao-Yan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Ghazi M. Rahman
- Department of Pharmacological
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Yu L, Pu J, Zuo M, Zhang X, Cao Y, Chen S, Lou Y, Zhou Q, Hu H, Jiang H, Chen J, Zeng S. Hepatic Glucuronidation of Isoneochamaejasmin A from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Stellera Chamaejasme L. Root. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:735-43. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Liu X, Li Y, Yang Q, Chen Y, Weng X, Wang Y, Li N, Zhu X. In vitro inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effect of Stellera chamaejasme L extract on human lung cancer cell line NCI-H157. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 32:404-10. [PMID: 23297564 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effect of Stellera Chamaejasme L extract (ESC) in vitro. METHODS ESC was first extracted with ethanol, and then washed using a polyamide column with 60% ethanol. ESC was then decompressively recycled and vacuum dried at room temperature to obtain active fractions. Subsequently, the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of ESC on NCI-H157 human lung cancer cells were determined. RESULTS The results showed that ESC was rich in isomers of Chamaejasminor, neochamaejasmine and Sikokianin. ESC had significant cytotoxicity against NCI-H157 cells, with an IC50 of approximately 18.50 microg x mL(-). ESC caused significant increase in total apoptotic rate, the activity of caspase 3 and 8, CONCLUSION The inhibitory effect of ESC on NCI-H157 tumor cells might partly be attributed to its apoptotic induction through activation of the Fas death receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Liu
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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17
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Van Kolen K, Bruinzeel W, He W, De Kimpe N, Van Puyvelde L, Cik M, Pullan S. Investigation of signalling cascades induced by neurotrophic synaptolepis factor K7 reveals a critical role for novel PKCε. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 701:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Man S, Gao W, Wei C, Liu C. Anticancer drugs from traditional toxic Chinese medicines. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1449-65. [PMID: 22389143 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer drugs are obtained from natural sources. Nature produces a variety of toxic compounds, which are often used as anticancer drugs. Up to now, there are at least 120 species of poisonous botanicals, animals and minerals, of which more than half have been found to possess significant anticancer properties. In spite of their clinical toxicity, they exhibit pharmacological effects and have been used as important traditional Chinese medicines for the different stages of cancer. The article reviews many structures such as alkaloids of Camptotheca acuminata, Catharanthus roseus and Cephalotaxus fortunei, lignans of Dysosma versipellis and Podophyllum emodi, ketones of Garcinia hanburyi, terpenoids of Mylabris and Ginkgo biloba, diterpenoids of Tripterygium wilfordii, Euphorbia fischeriana, Euphorbia lathyris, Euphorbia kansui, Daphne genkwa, Pseudolarix kaempferi and Brucea javanica, triterpenoids of Melia toosendan, steroids of Periploca sepium, Paris polyphylla and Venenum Bufonis, and arsenic compounds including Arsenicum and Realgar. By comparing their related phytochemistry, toxic effects and the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action, this review puts forward some ideals and examples about how to increase antitumour activity and/or reduce the side effects experienced with Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Man
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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Huang L, Ho P, Yu J, Zhu L, Lee KH, Chen CH. Picomolar dichotomous activity of gnidimacrin against HIV-1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26677. [PMID: 22039528 PMCID: PMC3200356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has offered a promising approach for controlling HIV-1 replication in infected individuals. However, with HARRT, HIV-1 is suppressed rather than eradicated due to persistence of HIV-1 in latent viral reservoirs. Thus, purging the virus from latent reservoirs is an important strategy toward eradicating HIV-1 infection. In this study, we discovered that the daphnane diterpene gnidimacrin, which was previously reported to have potent anti-cancer cell activity, activated HIV-1 replication and killed persistently-infected cells at picomolar concentrations. In addition to its potential to purge HIV-1 from latently infected cells, gnidimacrin potently inhibited a panel of HIV-1 R5 virus infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at an average concentration lower than 10 pM. In contrast, gnidimacrin only partially inhibited HIV-1 ×4 virus infection of PBMCs. The strong anti-HIV-1 R5 virus activity of gnidimacrin was correlated with its effect on down-regulation of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5. The anti-R5 virus activity of gnidimacrin was completely abrogated by a selective protein kinase C beta inhibitor enzastaurin, which suggests that protein kinase C beta plays a key role in the potent anti-HIV-1 activity of gnidimacrin in PBMCs. In summary, these results suggest that gnidimacrin could activate latent HIV-1, specifically kill HIV-1 persistently infected cells, and inhibit R5 viruses at picomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Phong Ho
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jie Yu
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhu
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sun Z, You J, Song C. LC-Fluorescence Detection Analysis of Amino Acids from Stellera chamaejasme L. Using 2-[2-(Dibenzocarbazole)-ethoxy] Ethyl Chloroformate as Labeling Reagent. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Tsolmon S, Han J, Isoda H. Inhibition of cell growth by Stellera chamaejasme extract is associated with induction of autophagy and differentiation in chronic leukemia K562 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:262-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Song C, Sun Z, Xia L, Suo Y, You J. HPLC-FLUORIMETRIC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF FREE FATTY ACIDS IN STELLERA CHAMAEJASMA L. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826071003684620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Song
- a Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province , Qufu Normal University , Qufu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- b Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science , Xining, P. R. China
- c Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lian Xia
- a Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province , Qufu Normal University , Qufu, P. R. China
- b Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science , Xining, P. R. China
- c Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yourui Suo
- b Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science , Xining, P. R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- a Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province , Qufu Normal University , Qufu, P. R. China
- b Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science , Xining, P. R. China
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Gao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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24
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Liu Q, Jia H, Xiao B, Chen L, Zhou B, Hou T. A new compound againstPeries rapaefromStellera chamaejasme. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:348-52. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410701782536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Wender PA, D'Angelo N, Elitzin VI, Ernst M, Jackson-Ugueto EE, Kowalski JA, McKendry S, Rehfeuter M, Sun R, Voigtlaender D. Function-oriented synthesis: studies aimed at the synthesis and mode of action of 1alpha-alkyldaphnane analogues. Org Lett 2007; 9:1829-32. [PMID: 17408281 DOI: 10.1021/ol0705649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient synthetic route to the ABC tricyclic core of 1alpha-alkyldaphnanes has been developed. The conformational bias imparted by the C6-C9 oxo-bridge of BC-ring system 12 was used to elaborate the ABC-ring system precursor including the introduction of the beta-C5 hydroxyl group. A completely diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed enyne cyclization was then employed to establish the A-ring with a C1 appendage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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26
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Peng J, Dong F, Xu Q, Xu Y, Qi Y, Han X, Xu L, Fan G, Liu K. Orthogonal test design for optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of daphnoretin, 7-methoxy-daphnoretin and 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone from Stellera chamaejasme L. and subsequent isolation by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1135:151-7. [PMID: 17070822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 08/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of daphnoretin, 7-methoxy-daphnoretin and 1,5-diphenyl-1- pentanone from Stellera chamaejasme L. was performed. An orthogonal L9 (3)4 test design was applied to select the optimum extraction parameters including pressure, temperature, modifier and sample particle size on yield using an analytical-scale SFE system. The process was then scaled up by 100 times using a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of 25 MPa of pressure, 45 degrees C of temperature, 40-60 mesh of sample particle size and modified CO2 with 20% methanol. The yield of the crude extract from preparative SFE was 2.65%, which contained daphnoretin 25.2%, 7-methoxy-daphnoretin 22.8% and 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone 21.1%, respectively. Then the crude extract was successfully isolated and separated by preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (10:13:13:10, v/v) by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.0 to 2.0 ml/min after 90 min. The target compounds isolated and purified by HSCCC were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The separation produced total of 69.2mg of daphnoretin at 99.2% purity, 63.4 mg of 7-methoxy-daphnoretin at 98.7% purity and 58.3 mg of 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone at 98.1% purity from 300 mg of the crude extract in one-step separation. The recoveries of daphnoretin, 7-methoxy-daphnoretin and 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone were 90.8, 91.5 and 90.4%, respectively, in HSCCC isolation step and the chemical structure identification was carried out by MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, No. 465 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116027, China.
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Abstract
Jolkinolide B, a bioactive diterpene isolated from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud, has various biological and pharmacological properties. In this study, the cytotoxicity of highly purified jolkinolide B was tested in human chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) and 2 other cell lines (human esophageal carcinoma Eca-109 and human hepatoma HepG2). The results indicate a significant decrease in the proliferation of all the 3 cell lines when treated with jolkinolide B for 24 h; the IC50 value of cytotoxicity was 12.1 μg/mL (for K562 cells), >50.0 μg/mL (for HepG2 cells), and 23.7 μg/mL (for Eca-109 cells). Further study of K562 cells involving fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy revealed characteristic apoptotic features, such as cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, loss of microvilli, and nuclear condensation. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA showed a typical fragmentation pattern for apoptotic cells. A kinetic cell-cycle analysis demonstrated that the cell cycle was arrested in the G1 phase. All these results suggest that the anti-proliferation effect of jolkinolide B on K562 cells is achieved by arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase and subsequently inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Luo
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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Yazdanparast R, Mahdavi M, Moosavi MA. Induction of differentiation and apoptosis in three human leukemia cell lines by a new compound from Dendrostellera lessertii. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2006; 38:477-83. [PMID: 16820863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It has previously been shown that Dendrostellera lessertii (Thymelaeaceae) has strong anticancer activity. In this study, the antileukemic activity of another new compound from the same plant extract is reported. Promyelocytic (NB4 and HL-60) and erythroleukemia (K562) cells were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of the new compound (0.5-3.0 mug/ml) for 3 d. The cell numbers were then determined by trypan blue exclusion test. The new compound inhibited growth and proliferation of NB4, HL-60 and K562 with IC50 values of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/ml, respectively. We also found that the new compound inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At low concentrations and after 48 h of treatment, approximately 50%-70% of NB4 and HL-60 cells were differentiated to monocyte/macrophage lineage and approximately 30%-40% of the treated K562 cells were differentiated in the megakaryocytic lineage, as evidenced by morphological changes and nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assays. Results of Hoechst 33258 staining also indicated that the new compound induced NB4 and HL-60 cell apoptosis at their respective IC50 values after 72 h of treatment. Based on the present data, the new compound seems a good candidate for further evaluation as an effective chemotherapeutic agent acting through induction of differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Yazdanparast
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Sadeghi H, Yazdanparast R. Isolation and structure elucidation of a new potent anti-neoplastic diterpene from Dendrostellera lessertii. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2006; 33:831-7. [PMID: 16265995 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x05003387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two diterpene esters were isolated from Dendrostellera lessertii. These compounds were identified as compound I (12-O-benzoyl-3,5-hydroxy-6,7-epoxy-resiniferonol-9,13,14-orthobenzoate) and compound 11 (12-O-benzoyl-5-hydroxy-6,7-epoxy-resiniferonol-9,13,14-orthodecanoate). Cytotoxicity evaluation of these two compounds, using seven different cancerous cell lines, indicated that compound I with IC50 of 5-25 nmol, is 2.5 times more active than compound II. Using flow cytometry technique, it was found that treatment of the most responsive cells (K562) with compound I inhibited the progression of cells through G1 phase by almost 20% compared to the untreated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sadeghi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Tian Q, Li J, Xie X, Sun M, Sang H, Zhou C, An T, Hu L, Ye RD, Wang MW. Stereospecific Induction of Nuclear Factor-κB Activation by Isochamaejasmin. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:1534-42. [PMID: 16141313 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.014720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Stellera chamaejasme L. is a traditional Chinese herb termed Rui Xiang Lang Du and has been used to treat solid tumors, tuberculosis and psoriasis. Exactly how S. chamaejasme L. regulates cellular responses remains unclear. We examined four biflavonoids isolated from S. chamaejasme L., including isochamaejasmin, two of its stereo-isomers and a methyl derivative, in functional assays originally designed to screen ligands for the G protein-coupled formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1). Isochamaejasmin was found to induce the expression of a nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-directed reporter gene in transfected HeLa cells with an EC50 of 3.23 microM, independently of FPRL1. The isochamaejasmin-stimulated NF-kappaB reporter activity was accompanied by nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB proteins and was blocked by a dominant-negative construct of IkappaBalpha. Isochamaejasmin also induced time-dependent phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38, and a novel protein kinase C (PKCdelta). Likewise, inhibition of these kinases with the respective pharmacological inhibitors significantly reduced the isochamaejasmin-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. It is noteworthy that the two stereoisomers and the methyl derivative did not induce detectable activation of NF-kappaB and were more cytotoxic than isochamaejasmin, which could partially rescue cycloheximide-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation reversed the anti-apoptotic effect of isochamaejasmin. These results provide the first evidence for a potential mechanism of action by S. chamaejasme L., and indicate that structurally similar compounds derived from S. chamaejasme L. may have different pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Tian
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Moosavi MA, Yazdanparast R, Sanati MH. The Cytotoxic and Anti-proliferative Effects of 3-Hydrogenkwadaphnin in K562 and Jurkat Cells Is Reduced by Guanosine. BMB Rep 2005; 38:391-8. [PMID: 16053705 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.4.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydrogenwadaphnin (3-HK) is a new daphnane-type diterpene ester isolated from Dendrostellera lessertii with strong anti-tumoral activity in animal models and in cultures. Here, prolonged effects of this new agent on proliferation and viability of several different cancerous cell lines were evaluated. Using [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, it was found that the drug inhibited cell proliferation and induced G1/S cell cycle arrest in leukemic cells 24 h after a single dose treatment. The cell viability of Jurkat cells was also decreased by almost 10 %, 31 % and 40 % after a single dose treatment (7.5 nM) at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The drug-treated cells were stained with acridine orange/ ethidium bromide to document the chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. These observations were further confirmed by detection of DNA laddering pattern in the agarose gel electrophoresis of the extracted DNA from the treated cells. Treatment of K562 cells with the drug at 7.5, 15 and 30 nM caused apoptosis in 25 %, 45 % and 65 % of the cells, respectively. Exogenous addition of 25-50 microM guanosine and/or deoxyguanosine to the cell culture of the drug-treated cells restored DNA synthesis, released cell arrest at G1/S checkpoint and decreased the apoptotic cell death caused by the drug. These observations were not made using adenosine. However, the drug effects on K562 cells were potentiated by hypoxanthine. Based on these observations, perturbation of GTP metabolism is considered as one of the main reasons for apoptotic cell death by 3-HK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P. O. Box. 13145-1384, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Yazdanparast R, Sadeghi H. Nucleic acid synthesis in cancerous cells under the effect of gnidilatimonoein from Daphne mucronata. Life Sci 2004; 74:1869-76. [PMID: 14761668 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity evaluation of gnidilatimonoein, the most active isolated diterpene ester from Daphne mucronata [Sadeghi H, Mianabadi M, Yazdanparast R, (2002) Journal of Tropical. Medicinal Plant1 3: 169-173], revealed the strong antiproliferative activity among several different human cancer cell lines (K562, CCRF-CEM, HL-60 and MOLT-4 leukemia cell lines, LNCaP-FGC-10 a prostate cancer cell line) and a mouse BALB/C fibrosarcoma cell line (WEHI-164). Using flow cytometry technique, it was found that treatment of the most responsive cells (K562) with gnidilatimonoein inhibited the progression of cells through G1 phase by almost 15% compared to the untreated cells. The population of the treated cells in the S and G2 phases also reduced by 8.3% and 5.4%, respectively. Based on the extent of [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-uridine incorporation into DNA and RNA, respectively, the major metabolic effects of gnidilatimonoein were found to be mainly on DNA and to a less extent on RNA synthesis. Additionally, the activity of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), under the effects of genidilatimonoein, was reduced in the treated cells by 44%. These data strongly suggest that the purine biosynthetic pathway is significantly affected by gnidilatimonoein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Yazdanparast
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran.
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Yoshida M, Heike Y, Ohno S, Ikekawa T, Wakasugi H. Involvement of PKC betaII in anti-proliferating action of a new antitumor compound gnidimacrin. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:601-6. [PMID: 12740906 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Daphnane-type diterpene gnidimacrin (NSC 252940) shows significant antitumor activity against murine tumors and human tumor cell lines. This compound binds to and directly activates protein kinase C (PKC), arresting the cell cycle at the G(1) phase through inhibition of cdk2 activity in human K562 leukemia cells. In our study, we examined whether cellular PKC is involved in the antiproliferating effect of gnidimacrin. In a 24-hr exposure of K562 cells to high concentrations of bryostatin 1 (0.11-3.3 microM), both expression of PKC alpha and PKC betaII was downregulated, and thereafter these cells became resistant to gnidimacrin in response to the degree of PKC downregulation. In addition, PKC alpha and PKC betaII genes were transfected to gnidimacrin-resistant human hepatoma HLE cells that demonstrated positive expression of PKC alpha and negative expression of PKC betaII. PKC betaII gene-transfected cells became sensitive to gnidimacrin in relation to the degree of PKC betaII expression. The most sensitive clone to show 0.001 microg/mL (1.2 nM) as IC(50) in a continuous 4-day exposure was obtained. While PKC alpha gene-transfected cells exhibited an increase in PKC alpha expression and became sensitive to gnidimacrin, sensitivity was one-hundredth of that in PKC betaIotaIota gene-transfected cells. These results suggest that PKC, in particular PKC betaIotaIota, is necessary in the antitumor effect of gnidimacrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuzi Yoshida
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Sadeghi H, Yazdanparast R. Effect of Dendrostellera lessertii on the intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity of four human cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 86:11-14. [PMID: 12686435 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of an alcoholic extract of Dendrostellera lessertii (Thymelaeaceae) and one of its purified components was evaluated using four different human cancer cell lines. The IC(50) of the crude extract was found to be 28, 33, 31 and 30 microl for K562, CCRF-CEM, HL-60 and LNCaP-FGC-10 cells, respectively. Each microliter of the crude extract corresponds to 0.02 mg of the plant powder material. Similarly the IC(50) of the purified component was 5 x 10(-9), 20 x 10(-9), 8 x 10(-9) and 8 x 10(-9)M for K562, CCRF-CEM, HL-60 and LNCaP-FGC-10 cells, respectively. In addition, besides significant reduction in cell proliferation rates, the crude extract, at a dose of 18 microl/ml and the purified component at a dose of 3.5 x 10(-9)M, were capable of enhancing the intracellular protein content of each of the cell lines by almost 160% while the intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity was increased up to 450%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heibatollah Sadeghi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
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Modulation of protein phosphorylation by natural products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(02)80049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Yoshida M, Feng W, Nishio K, Takahashi M, Heike Y, Saijo N, Wakasugi H, Ikekawa T. Antitumor action of the PKC activator gnidimacrin through cdk2 inhibition. Int J Cancer 2001; 94:348-52. [PMID: 11745413 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Daphnane-type diterpene gnidimacrin (NSC252940), isolated from a Chinese plant, exhibited antitumor activity against murine leukemias and solid tumors. At concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-10) M, this agent strongly inhibited the growth of human tumor cell lines. In sensitive human leukemia K562 cells, gnidimacrin is a PKC activator that arrests the cell cycle in the G(1) phase by inhibiting cdk2 activity. A 4 hr exposure of K562 cells to gnidimacrin induced the CDK inhibitor p21(WAF1/Cip1), but this effect was transient and did not correlate temporally with the onset of G(1) arrest. Expression of cdc25A, a phosphatase that activates cdk2, was reduced during 24-hr exposure to gnidimacrin. Moreover, the suppression corresponded in a concentration- and time-dependent manner to both the inhibition of cdk2 activity and the mobility shift observed when cdk2 was electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE, indicating that the phosphorylation state of cdk2 must change. Cyclin E, the other regulator of cdk2 activity, was not influenced by gnidimacrin. These results suggest that gnidimacrin exerts antitumor activity through suppression of cdc25A and inhibition of cdk2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshida
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
PKC isoenzymes were found to be involved in proliferation, antitumor drug resistance and apoptosis. Therefore, it has been tried to exploit PKC as a target for antitumor treatment. PKC alpha activity was found to be elevated, for example, in breast cancers and malignant gliomas, whereas it seems to be underexpressed in many colon cancers. So it can be expected that inhibition of PKC activity will not show similar antitumor activity in all tumors. In some tumors it seems to be essential to inhibit PKC to reduce growth. However, for inhibition of tumor proliferation it may be an advantage to induce apoptosis. In this case an activation of PKC delta should be achieved. The situation is complicated by the facts that bryostatin leads to the activation of PKC and later to a downmodulation and that the PKC inhibitors available to date are not specific for one PKC isoenzyme. For these reasons, PKC modulation led to many contradicting results. Despite these problems, PKC modulators such as miltefosine, bryostatin, safingol, CGP41251 and UCN-01 are used in the clinic or are in clinical evaluation. The question is whether PKC is the major or the only target of these compounds, because they also interfere with other targets. PKC may also be involved in apoptosis. Oncogenes and growth factors can induce cell proliferation and cell survival, however, they can also induce apoptosis, depending on the cell type or conditions in which the cells or grown. PKC participates in these signalling pathways and cross-talks. Induction of apoptosis is also dependent on many additional factors, such as p53, bcl-2, mdm2, etc. Therefore, there are also many contradicting results on PKC modulation of apoptosis. Similar controversial data have been reported about MDR1-mediated multidrug resistance. At present it seems that PKC inhibition alone without direct interaction with PGP will not lead to successful reversal of PGP-mediated drug efflux. One possibility to improve chemotherapy would be to combine established antitumor drugs with modulators of PKC. However, here also very contrasting results were obtained. Many indicate that inhibition, others, that activation of PKC enhances the antiproliferative activity of anticancer drugs. The problem is that the exact functions of the different PKC isoenzymes are not clear at present. So further investigations into the role of PKC isoenzymes in the complex and interacting signalling pathways are essential. It is a major challenge in the future to reveal whether modulation of PKC can be used for the improvement of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Carroll GL, Little RD. Inter- and intramolecular reductive coupling reactions: an approach to the phorbol skeleton. Org Lett 2000; 2:2873-6. [PMID: 10964387 DOI: 10.1021/ol006301v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An expeditious convergent route to the ABC-tricyclic core of the phorbol esters is described. The chemistry capitalizes upon both inter- and intramolecular reductive coupling processes promoted electrochemically and via the use of samarium diiodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Carroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Abstract
Daphnane-type diterpene gnidimacrin isolated from the Chinese plant Stellera chamaejasme L. is an antitumor agent that activates protein kinase C (PKC). The mechanism of antitumor action of gnidimacrin and the possible involvement of PKC were examined using sensitive K562 and refractory HLE cells. Gnidimacrin did bind to K562 cells 3 times more than to HLE cells. Immunoblot analyses revealed pronounced PKC betaII expression in gnidimacrin sensitive cell lines including K562 cells, while refractory HLE cells strongly expressed PKC alpha, but not PKC betaII. In a 24-hr exposure of K562 cells to gnidimacrin, G1 phase arrest and inhibition of cdk2 kinase activity was found at growth-inhibitory concentration (0.0005 microg/ml). Complete inhibition of cdk2 activity and maximum G1 phase arrest were observed at 0.005 microg/ml, however, these biological effects were reduced at 0.05 microg/ml (260 times the 50% inhibitory concentration). Cellular PKC after a 24-hr exposure was examined by immunoblot analysis and specific binding of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate as a ligand of PKC. Expression and the amount of functional PKC of K562 cells were not changed at 0.002 microg/ml, but down-regulated to less than 1/10th of the control at 0.05 microg/ml. The reduction of biological effects at 0.05 microg/ml is most likely due to PKC down-regulation. Our results suggest that PKC (particularly betaII) is one of the major determinants of the ability of cells to respond to gnidimacrin and that the antitumor action might be associated with cell-cycle regulation through suppression of cdk2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshida
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Woloschak
- Center for Mechanistic Biology and Biotechnology, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, USA
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Kanzawa F, Nishio K, Ishida T, Fukuda M, Kurokawa H, Fukumoto H, Nomoto Y, Fukuoka K, Bojanowski K, Saijo N. Anti-tumour activities of a new benzo[c]phenanthridine agent, 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-5-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-methoxybenzo[c]phena nthridini um hydrogensulphate dihydrate (NK109), against several drug-resistant human tumour cell lines. Br J Cancer 1997; 76:571-81. [PMID: 9303354 PMCID: PMC2228004 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the problems severely limiting chemotherapy in cancer patients. Thus, it is very important to develop new drugs that are effective against drug-resistant tumour cells. The novel anti-tumour agent NK109 has been developed from benzo[c]phenanthridine derivatives by Nippon Kayaku (Tokyo, Japan). We have confirmed that NK109 shows anti-tumour effects against a number of human tumour cell lines by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase II activity through the stabilization of the cleavable complex. Further, its efficacy against several drug-resistant tumour cell lines was also shown. NK109 showed potent anti-tumour activity against doxorubicin-resistant human tumour cell lines that have a typical multidrug resistance phenotype caused by P-glycoprotein. NK109 was not pumped extracellularly by P-glycoprotein and, consequently, NK109 accumulated in resistant cells. Cisplatin-resistant human tumour cell lines, which demonstrated decreased cisplatin accumulation, were sensitive to NK109. NK109 non-cross-resistance was confirmed using xenografts of tumour cells that were resistant to cisplatin in SCID mice. Furthermore, etoposide-resistant cells, with decreased topoisomerase II activity, were markedly sensitive to NK109 when compared with their parent cells, suggesting the possibility that the cytotoxic mechanism of NK109 differs from that of etoposide. In conclusion, NK109 is a very promising new anti-tumour drug for clinical use, because the efficacy of NK109 is not susceptible to several known molecular alterations that are associated with drug resistance. A clinical study of this compound is now in progress in Japan.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Benzophenanthridines
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cisplatin/pharmacokinetics
- Cisplatin/toxicity
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Etoposide/toxicity
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Phenanthridines/pharmacokinetics
- Phenanthridines/therapeutic use
- Phenanthridines/toxicity
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kanzawa
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Butyrate is a potentially selective therapeutic agent for many adenocarcinomas. Butyrate causes reversible growth arrest as well as some death of VACO 5 colon cancer cells. Combined treatment with butyrate and the phorbol ester TPA leads instead only to cell death, while TPA causes little death on its own. Cells dying during treatment with TPA and butyrate, as well as those dying in the presence of butyrate alone, exhibit features typical of apoptosis, including detachment, shrinkage and internucleosomal DNA cleavage. Pre-treating VACO 5 cell cultures with TPA for as little as 6 hr prior to butyrate addition led to a markedly diminished enhancement of butyrate-induced apoptosis. Treatment with a distinct PKC activator, bryostatin 1, was ineffective in enhancing butyrate-induced death and, furthermore, counteracted the death-enhancing actions of TPA. Such antagonism was apparent when bryostatin was added after 12 hr of TPA/butyrate treatment but was much less effective thereafter. The duration of TPA/butyrate treatment required for depressing cell survival by >95% was thereby estimated to be 24 hr. Other colon cancer cell lines were examined for the extent of cell death following treatment with TPA/butyrate. In each of these lines, butyrate inhibited cell replication in a reversible manner, similar to that seen in VACO 5. However, the combination of butyrate and TPA led to high levels of cell death in only a subset of these lines. TPA/butyrate-treated cultures of COLO 201 exhibited extensive apoptosis, similar in timing and magnitude to the response by VACO 5, whereas HCT 116 was reversibly growth-arrested. Our findings indicate that the PKC system plays a critical role in maintaining cell survival during butyrate-induced growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McBain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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