1
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Valotta A, Stelzer D, Reiter T, Kroutil W, Gruber-Woelfler H. A multistep (semi)-continuous biocatalytic setup for the production of polycaprolactone. REACT CHEM ENG 2024; 9:713-727. [PMID: 38433980 PMCID: PMC10903532 DOI: 10.1039/d3re00536d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has gained increasing importance as an eco-friendly alternative for the production of bulk and fine chemicals. Within this paradigm, Baeyer Villiger monoxygenases (BVMOs) serve as enzymatic catalysts that provide a safe and sustainable route to the conventional synthesis of lactones, such as caprolactone, which is employed for the production of polycaprolactone (PCL), a biocompatible polymer for medicinal applications. In this work, we present a three-step, semi-continuous production of PCL using an entirely biocatalytic process, highlighting the merits of continuous manufacturing for enhancing biocatalysis. First, caprolactone is produced in batch from cyclohexanol using a coenzymatic cascade involving an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and BVMO. Different process parameters and aeration modes were explored to optimize the cascade's productivity. Secondly, the continuous extraction of caprolactone into an organic solvent, needed for the polymerization step, was optimized. 3D-printed mixers were applied to enhance the mass transfer between the organic and the aqueous phases. Lastly, we investigated the ring-opening polymerization of caprolactone to PCL catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B), with a focus on eco-friendly solvents like cyclopentyl-methyl-ether (CPME). Space-time-yields up to 58.5 g L-1 h-1 were achieved with our overall setup. By optimizing the individual process steps, we present an efficient and sustainable pathway for PCL production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Valotta
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Daniela Stelzer
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Tamara Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
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2
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Online 2D Fluorescence Monitoring in Microtiter Plates Allows Prediction of Cultivation Parameters and Considerable Reduction in Sampling Efforts for Parallel Cultivations of Hansenula polymorpha. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090438. [PMID: 36134983 PMCID: PMC9495725 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-wavelength (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy represents an important step towards exploiting the monitoring potential of microtiter plates (MTPs) during early-stage bioprocess development. In combination with multivariate data analysis (MVDA), important process information can be obtained, while repetitive, cost-intensive sample analytics can be reduced. This study provides a comprehensive experimental dataset of online and offline measurements for batch cultures of Hansenula polymorpha. In the first step, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess spectral data quality. Secondly, partial least-squares (PLS) regression models were generated, based on spectral data of two cultivation conditions and offline samples for glycerol, cell dry weight, and pH value. Thereby, the time-wise resolution increased 12-fold compared to the offline sampling interval of 6 h. The PLS models were validated using offline samples of a shorter sampling interval. Very good model transferability was shown during the PLS model application to the spectral data of cultures with six varying initial cultivation conditions. For all the predicted variables, a relative root-mean-square error (RMSE) below 6% was obtained. Based on the findings, the initial experimental strategy was re-evaluated and a more practical approach with minimised sampling effort and elevated experimental throughput was proposed. In conclusion, the study underlines the high potential of multi-wavelength (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy and provides an evaluation workflow for PLS modelling in microtiter plates.
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3
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Ihling N, Munkler LP, Berg C, Reichenbächer B, Wirth J, Lang D, Wagner R, Büchs J. Time-Resolved Monitoring of the Oxygen Transfer Rate of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Provides Insights Into Culture Behavior in Shake Flasks. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:725498. [PMID: 34513814 PMCID: PMC8423908 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.725498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivations of mammalian cells are routinely conducted in shake flasks. In contrast to instrumented bioreactors, reliable options for non-invasive, time-resolved monitoring of the culture status in shake flasks are lacking. The Respiration Activity Monitoring Respiration Activity Monitoring System system was used to determine the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) in shake flasks. It was proven that the OTR could be regarded as equal to the oxygen uptake rate as the change of the dissolved oxygen concentration in the liquid phase over time was negligibly small. Thus, monitoring the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) was used to increase the information content from shake flask experiments. The OTR of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line was monitored by applying electrochemical sensors. Glass flasks stoppered with cotton plugs and polycarbonate flasks stoppered with vent-caps were compared in terms of mass transfer characteristics and culture behavior. Similar mass transfer resistances were determined for both sterile closures. The OTR was found to be well reproducible within one experiment (standard deviation <10%). It correlated with changes in cell viability and depletion of carbon sources, thus, giving more profound insights into the cultivation process. Culture behavior in glass and polycarbonate flasks was identical. Monitoring of the OTR was applied to a second culture medium. Media differed in the maximum OTR reached during cultivation and in the time when all carbon sources were depleted. By applying non-invasive, parallelized, time-resolved monitoring of the OTR, the information content and amount of data from shake flask experiments was significantly increased compared to manual sampling and offline analysis. The potential of the technology for early-stage process development was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ihling
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Berg
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Mitra S, Murthy GS. Bioreactor control systems in the biopharmaceutical industry: a critical perspective. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2021; 2:91-112. [PMID: 38624976 PMCID: PMC8340809 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-021-00048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Industrial-scale bioprocessing underpins much of the production of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food, and beverage processing industries of the modern world. The profitability of these processes increasingly leverages the economies of scale and scope that are critically dependent on the product yields, titers, and productivity. Most of the processes are controlled using classical control approaches and represent over 90% of the industrial controls used in bioprocessing industries. However, with the advances in the production processes, especially in the biopharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries, monitoring and control of bioprocesses such as fermentations with GMO organisms, and downstream processing has become increasingly complex and the inadequacies of the classical and some of the modern control systems techniques is becoming apparent. Therefore, with increasing research complexity, nonlinearity, and digitization in process, there has been a critical need for advanced process control that is more effective, and easier process intensification and product yield (both by quality and quantity) can be achieved. In this review, industrial aspects of a process and automation along with various commercial control strategies have been extensively discussed to give an insight into the future prospects of industrial development and possible new strategies for process control and automation with a special focus on the biopharmaceutical industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43393-021-00048-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Mitra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, 453552 India
| | - Ganti S. Murthy
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, 453552 India
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5
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Werner J, Belz M, Klein KF, Sun T, Grattan KTV. Characterization of a fast response fiber-optic pH sensor and illustration in a biological application. Analyst 2021; 146:4811-4821. [PMID: 34195717 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical, and especially fiber-optic techniques for the sensing of pH have become very attractive and considerable research progress in this field has been made over recent years. The determination of the value of pH across a broad range of applications today, important for areas of study such as life sciences, environmental monitoring, manufacturing industry and widely in biological research is now accessible from such optical sensors. The need for such technology arises because familiar, commercial sensors are often limited in terms of their response time and the presence of drift, all of which emphasize the value of newer and rapidly developing technologies such as fiber-optic sensors, to address these wider applications. As a result, a new compact sensor design has been developed, designed around a specially-formed fiber-optic tip, coated with a pH-sensitive dye, and importantly covalently linked to a hydrogel matrix to provide high stability. The sensor developed was designed to have a very fast response time (to 90% of saturation, Δt90) of <5 s and a sensing uncertainty of ∼±0.04 pH units. Given the covalently bonded nature of the dye, the problem of leaching of the indicator dye is reduced, creating a probe which has been shown to be very stable over many days of use. Illustrating this through extended continuous use, over ∼12 h at pH 7, this stability was confirmed showing a drift of <0.05 pH h-1. In order to give an illustration of the value of the probe in an important biological application, the monitoring of pH levels between pH 7 to pH 8 in an AMES' medium, a substance which is important to maintain the metabolism of retinal cells is shown and the results as well as temperature stability of the probe discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Werner
- School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, Northampton Square, EC1 V 0HB, London, UK.
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6
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Hong MS, Braatz RD. Mechanistic modeling and parameter-adaptive nonlinear model predictive control of a microbioreactor. Comput Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Walls LE, Malcı K, Nowrouzi B, Li RA, d'Espaux L, Wong J, Dennis JA, Semião AJC, Wallace S, Martinez JL, Keasling JD, Rios-Solis L. Optimizing the biosynthesis of oxygenated and acetylated Taxol precursors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using advanced bioprocessing strategies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:279-293. [PMID: 32936453 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Taxadien-5α-hydroxylase and taxadien-5α-ol O-acetyltransferase catalyze the oxidation of taxadiene to taxadien-5α-ol and subsequent acetylation to taxadien-5α-yl-acetate in the biosynthesis of the blockbuster anticancer drug, paclitaxel (Taxol®). Despite decades of research, the promiscuous and multispecific CYP725A4 enzyme remains a major bottleneck in microbial biosynthetic pathway development. In this study, an interdisciplinary approach was applied for the construction and optimization of the early pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, across a range of bioreactor scales. High-throughput microscale optimization enhanced total oxygenated taxane titer to 39.0 ± 5.7 mg/L and total taxane product titers were comparable at micro and minibioreactor scale at 95.4 ± 18.0 and 98.9 mg/L, respectively. The introduction of pH control successfully mitigated a reduction of oxygenated taxane production, enhancing the potential taxadien-5α-ol isomer titer to 19.2 mg/L, comparable with the 23.8 ± 3.7 mg/L achieved at microscale. A combination of bioprocess optimization and increased gas chromatography-mass spectrometry resolution at 1 L bioreactor scale facilitated taxadien-5α-yl-acetate detection with a final titer of 3.7 mg/L. Total oxygenated taxane titers were improved 2.7-fold at this scale to 78 mg/L, the highest reported titer in yeast. Critical parameters affecting the productivity of the engineered strain were identified across a range of scales, providing a foundation for the development of robust integrated bioprocess control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Walls
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Koray Malcı
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel A Li
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leo d'Espaux
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jeff Wong
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jonathan A Dennis
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea J C Semião
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Wallace
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - José L Martinez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jay D Keasling
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Center for Biosustainability, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Marroquín-Fandiño JE, Ramírez-Acosta CM, Luna-Wandurraga HJ, Valderrama-Rincón JA, Cruz JC, Reyes LH, Valderrama-Rincon JD. Novel external-loop-airlift milliliter scale bioreactors for cell growth studies: Low cost design, CFD analysis and experimental characterization. J Biotechnol 2020; 324:71-82. [PMID: 32991936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers have limited access to fully equipped laboratory-scale batch bioreactors and chemostats due to their relatively high cost. This becomes particularly prohibitive when multiple replicas of the same experiment are required, but not enough bioreactors are available to operate simultaneously. Additionally, experiments using shaken flasks are common but show significant limitations in terms of maintaining homogeneous conditions in liquid cultures or installing instrumentation for monitoring. Here, we proposed to tackle this significant hurdle by providing a route to make available the manufacture of low-cost, milliliter-scale bioreactors. This approach seems plausible for enabling proof-of-concept experiments before moving to a larger scale without significant investments. The conceptually designed systems were based on external-loop bioreactors due to their flexibility, simplicity, and ease of assembling and testing. Designs were initially evaluated in silico with the aid of COMSOL Multiphysics. The successfully evaluated systems were then constructed via additive manufacturing and assembled for hydrodynamics testing via tracer methods. This was enabled by a newly home-made optical absorbance sensor (OAS) for in-line and real-time measurements. Both the in silico and experimental results indicated close to ideal mixing conditions and low shear stress. Cell growth curves were prepared by culturing Escherichia coli and following its cell density in real-time. Our cell growth rate and maximum cell density were similar to those previously obtained in closely related systems. Therefore, the proposed bioreactors are an affordable alternative for batch and continuous cell growth studies rapidly and inexpensively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Manuel Ramírez-Acosta
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 110311, Colombia
| | | | | | - Juan C Cruz
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 110311, Colombia
| | - Luis H Reyes
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 110311, Colombia
| | - Juan D Valderrama-Rincon
- Grupo GRESIA, Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia.
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9
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Totaro D, Rothbauer M, Steiger MG, Mayr T, Wang HY, Lin YS, Sauer M, Altvater M, Ertl P, Mattanovich D. Downscaling screening cultures in a multifunctional bioreactor array-on-a-chip for speeding up optimization of yeast-based lactic acid bioproduction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2046-2057. [PMID: 32190900 PMCID: PMC7317386 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for bioprocess engineering is the identification of the optimum process conditions for the production of biochemical and biopharmaceutical compounds using prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cell factories. Shake flasks and bench-scale bioreactor systems are still the golden standard in the early stage of bioprocess development, though they are known to be expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive as well as lacking the throughput for efficient production optimizations. To bridge the technological gap between bioprocess optimization and upscaling, we have developed a microfluidic bioreactor array to reduce time and costs, and to increase throughput compared with traditional lab-scale culture strategies. We present a multifunctional microfluidic device containing 12 individual bioreactors (Vt = 15 µl) in a 26 mm × 76 mm area with in-line biosensing of dissolved oxygen and biomass concentration. Following initial device characterization, the bioreactor lab-on-a-chip was used in a proof-of-principle study to identify the most productive cell line for lactic acid production out of two engineered yeast strains, evaluating whether it could reduce the time needed for collecting meaningful data compared with shake flasks cultures. Results of the study showed significant difference in the strains' productivity within 3 hr of operation exhibiting a 4- to 6-fold higher lactic acid production, thus pointing at the potential of microfluidic technology as effective screening tool for fast and parallelizable industrial bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Totaro
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Hsiang-Yu Wang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Michael Sauer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Altvater
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Chopda VR, Holzberg T, Ge X, Folio B, Wong L, Tolosa M, Kostov Y, Tolosa L, Rao G. Real-time dissolved carbon dioxide monitoring II: Surface aeration intensification for efficient CO 2 removal in shake flasks and mini-bioreactors leads to superior growth and recombinant protein yields. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:992-998. [PMID: 31840800 PMCID: PMC7078866 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass transfer is known to play a critical role in bioprocess performance and henceforth monitoring dissolved O2 (DO) and dissolved CO2 (dCO2 ) is of paramount importance. At bioreactor level these parameters can be monitored online and can be controlled by sparging air/oxygen or stirrer speed. However, traditional small-scale systems such as shake flasks lack real time monitoring and also employ only surface aeration with additional diffusion limitations imposed by the culture plug. Here we present implementation of intensifying surface aeration by sparging air in the headspace of the reaction vessel and real-time monitoring of DO and dCO2 in the bioprocesses to evaluate the impact of intensified surface aeration. We observed that sparging air in the headspace allowed us to keep dCO2 at low level, which significantly improved not only biomass growth but also protein yield. We expect that implementing such controlled smart shake flasks can minimize the process development gap which currently exists in shake flask level and bioreactor level results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viki R. Chopda
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Timothy Holzberg
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Xudong Ge
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Brandon Folio
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Lynn Wong
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Michael Tolosa
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Leah Tolosa
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Govind Rao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental EngineeringCenter for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
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11
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Continuous fermentation of recombinant Pichia pastoris Mut+ producing HBsAg: Optimizing dilution rate and determining strain-specific parameters. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Maldonado SL, Krull J, Rasch D, Panjan P, Sesay AM, Marques MPC, Szita N, Krull R. Application of a multiphase microreactor chemostat for the determination of reaction kinetics of Staphylococcus carnosus. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:953-961. [PMID: 30810809 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors at the microliter scale offer a promising approach to accelerate bioprocess development. Advantages of such microbioreactors include a reduction in the use of expensive reagents. In this study, a chemostat operation mode of a cuvette-based microbubble column bioreactor made of polystyrene (working volume of 550 µL) was demonstrated. Aeration occurs through a nozzle (Ø ≤ 100 µm) and supports submerged whole-cell cultivation of Staphylococcus carnosus. Stationary concentrations of biomass and glucose were determined in the dilution rate regime ranging from 0.12 to 0.80 1/h with a glucose feed concentration of 1 g/L. For the first time, reaction kinetics of S. carnosus were estimated from data obtained from continuous cultivation. The maximal specific growth rate (µmax = 0.824 1/h), Monod constant (KS = 34 × 10- 3gS/L), substrate-related biomass yield coefficient (YX/S = 0.315 gCDW/gS), and maintenance coefficient (mS = 0.0035 gS/(gCDW·h)) were determined. These parameters are now available for further studies in the field of synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lladó Maldonado
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D Rasch
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P Panjan
- Measurement Technology Unit, CEMIS-Oulu, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Kajaani, Finland
| | - A M Sesay
- Measurement Technology Unit, CEMIS-Oulu, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Kajaani, Finland
| | - M P C Marques
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - N Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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13
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Bergenholm D, Liu G, Hansson D, Nielsen J. Construction of mini‐chemostats for high‐throughput strain characterization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1029-1038. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bergenholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg Sweden
| | - Guodong Liu
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg Sweden
| | - David Hansson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkHørsholm Denmark
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14
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Prado RC, Borges ER. MICROBIOREACTORS AS ENGINEERING TOOLS FOR BIOPROCESS DEVELOPMENT. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20180354s20170433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Prado
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Lladó Maldonado S, Rasch D, Kasjanow A, Bouwes D, Krühne U, Krull R. Multiphase microreactors with intensification of oxygen mass transfer rate and mixing performance for bioprocess development. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery. Biomaterials 2018; 198:228-249. [PMID: 30384974 PMCID: PMC7172914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections and antibiotic resistant bacteria have become a growing problem over the past decade. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control predict more deaths resulting from microorganisms than all cancers combined by 2050. Currently, many traditional models used to study bacterial infections fail to precisely replicate the in vivo bacterial environment. These models often fail to incorporate fluid flow, bio-mechanical cues, intercellular interactions, host-bacteria interactions, and even the simple inclusion of relevant physiological proteins in culture media. As a result of these inadequate models, there is often a poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo assays, limiting therapeutic potential. Thus, the urgency to establish in vitro and ex vivo systems to investigate the mechanisms underlying bacterial infections and to discover new-age therapeutics against bacterial infections is dire. In this review, we present an update of current in vitro and ex vivo models that are comprehensively changing the landscape of traditional microbiology assays. Further, we provide a comparative analysis of previous research on various established organ-disease models. Lastly, we provide insight on future techniques that may more accurately test new formulations to meet the growing demand of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections.
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17
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Marques MP, Szita N. Bioprocess microfluidics: applying microfluidic devices for bioprocessing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2017; 18:61-68. [PMID: 29276669 PMCID: PMC5727670 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices as novel bioprocess development tools. Processes with stem cells, microbes and enzymes are viable in microfluidic devices. Microfluidic devices with integrated sensors provide high quality data. Laminar flow enables spatial and temporal control over transport phenomena. Standardization of devices required for automation and industrial uptake.
Scale-down approaches have long been applied in bioprocessing to resolve scale-up problems. Miniaturized bioreactors have thrived as a tool to obtain process relevant data during early-stage process development. Microfluidic devices are an attractive alternative in bioprocessing development due to the high degree of control over process variables afforded by the laminar flow, and the possibility to reduce time and cost factors. Data quality obtained with these devices is high when integrated with sensing technology and is invaluable for scale-translation and to assess the economical viability of bioprocesses. Microfluidic devices as upstream process development tools have been developed in the area of small molecules, therapeutic proteins, and cellular therapies. More recently, they have also been applied to mimic downstream unit operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pc Marques
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
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18
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Ndao A, Sellamuthu B, Gnepe JR, Tyagi RD, Valero JR. Pilot-scale biopesticide production by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki using starch industry wastewater as raw material. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:623-630. [PMID: 28586277 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1330071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pilot-scale Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide production (2000 L bioreactor) was conducted using starch industry wastewater (SIW) as a raw material using optimized operational parameters obtained in 15 L and 150 L fermenters. In pilot scale fermentation process the oxygen transfer rate is a major limiting factor for high product yield. Thus, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) remains a tool to determine the oxygen transfer capacity [oxygen utilization rate (OUR) and oxygen transfer rate (OTR)] to obtain better bacterial growth rate and entomotoxicity in new bioreactor process optimization and scale-up. This study results demonstrated that the oxygen transfer rate in 2000 L bioreactor was better than 15 L and 150 L fermenters. The better oxygen transfer in 2000 L bioreactor augmented the bacterial growth [total cell (TC) and viable spore count (SC)] and delta-endotoxin yield. Prepared a stable biopesticide formulation for field use and its entomotoxicity was also evaluated. This study result corroborates the feasibility of industrial scale operation of biopesticide production using starch industry wastewater as raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Ndao
- a INRS-ETE, Université du Québec , Québec , Canada
| | | | - Jean R Gnepe
- a INRS-ETE, Université du Québec , Québec , Canada
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19
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Chen A, Leith M, Tu R, Tahim G, Sudra A, Bhargava S. Effects of diluents on cell culture viability measured by automated cell counter. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173375. [PMID: 28264018 PMCID: PMC5338812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially available automated cell counters based on trypan blue dye-exclusion are widely used in industrial cell culture process development and manufacturing to increase throughput and eliminate inherent variability in subjective interpretation associated with manual hemocytometers. When using these cell counters, sample dilution is often necessary to stay within the assay measurement range; however, the effect of time and diluents on cell culture is not well understood. This report presents the adverse effect of phosphate buffered saline as a diluent on cell viability when used in combination with an automated cell counter. The reduced cell viability was attributed to shear stress introduced by the automated cell counter. Furthermore, length of time samples were incubated in phosphate buffered saline also contributed to the observed drop in cell viability. Finally, as erroneous viability measurements can severely impact process decisions and product quality, this report identifies several alternative diluents that can maintain cell culture viability over time in order to ensure accurate representation of cell culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Chen
- BioProcess Development, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Leith
- BioProcess Development, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roger Tu
- BioProcess Development, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gurpreet Tahim
- BioProcess Development, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anish Sudra
- Clinical Manufacturing, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington, United States of America
| | - Swapnil Bhargava
- BioProcess Development, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington, United States of America
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20
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Abstract
As a step toward high-throughput bioprocess development, we present design, fabrication, and characterization of polymer based microbioreactors integrated with automated sensors and actuators. The devices are realized, in increasing levels of complexity, in poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(methyl methacrylate) by micromachining and multilayer thermal compression bonding procedures. Online optical measurements for optical density, pH, and dissolved oxygen are integrated. Active mixing is made possible by a miniature magnetic stir bar. Plug-in-and-flow microfluidic connectors and fabricated polymer micro-optical lenses/connectors are integrated in the microbioreactors for fast set up and easy operation. Application examples demonstrate the feasibility of culturing microbial cells, specifically Escherichia coli, in 150 μL-volume bioreactors in batch, continuous, and fed-batch operations. (JALA 2007;12:143–51)
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21
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Shao J, Xiang J, Axner O, Ying C. Wavelength-modulated tunable diode-laser absorption spectrometry for real-time monitoring of microbial growth. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:2339-45. [PMID: 27140571 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.002339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is important to monitor and assess the growth of micro-organisms under various conditions. Yet, thus far there has been no technique to do this with the required speed and accuracy. This work demonstrates swift and accurate assessment of the concentration of carbon dioxide that is produced by use of a wavelength-modulated tunable diode-laser based absorption spectroscopy (WM-TDLAS). It is shown by experiments on two types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, that the technique can produce high signal-to-noise-ratio data from bacteria grown in confined spaces and exposed to limited amounts of nutrients that can be used for extraction of growth parameters by fitting of the Gompertz model. By applying the technique to S. aureus bacteria at various temperatures (in the 25°C to 42°C range), it is specifically shown that both the maximum growth rate and the so-called lag time have a strong temperature dependence (under the specific conditions with a maximum of the former at 37°C) that matches conventional models well for bacterial growth. Hence, it is demonstrated that WM-TDLAS monitoring CO2 is a user-friendly, non-intrusive, and label-free technique that swiftly, and with high signal-to-noise-ratio, can be used for rapid (on the Hz scale) and accurate assessment of bacterial growth.
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22
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Balakrishnan S, Suma MS, Raju SR, Bhargav SDB, Arunima S, Das S, Ananthasuresh GK. A Scalable Perfusion Culture System with Miniature Peristaltic Pumps for Live-Cell Imaging Assays with Provision for Microfabricated Scaffolds. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:343-57. [PMID: 26309810 PMCID: PMC4534047 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a perfusion culture system with miniature bioreactors and peristaltic pumps. The bioreactors are designed for perfusion, live-cell imaging studies, easy incorporation of microfabricated scaffolds, and convenience of operation in standard cell culture techniques. By combining with miniature peristaltic pumps—one for each bioreactor to avoid cross-contamination and to maintain desired flow rate in each—we have made a culture system that facilitates perfusion culture inside standard incubators. This scalable system can support multiple parallel perfusion experiments. The major components are fabricated by three-dimensional printing using VeroWhite, which we show to be amenable to ex vivo cell culture. Furthermore, the components of the system can be reused, thus making it economical. We validate the system and illustrate its versatility by culturing primary rat hepatocytes, live imaging the growth of mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) on microfabricated ring-scaffolds inserted into the bioreactor, performing perfusion culture of breast cancer cells (MCF7), and high-magnification imaging of hepatocarcinoma cells (HuH7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath Balakrishnan
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India . ; M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India . ; Saumitra Das's laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M S Suma
- M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilpa R Raju
- M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh D B Bhargav
- M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Arunima
- Saumitra Das's laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India . ; Saumitra Das's laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G K Ananthasuresh
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India . ; M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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23
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Husain AR, Hadad Y, Zainal Alam MNH. Development of Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Interface for Data Acquisition and Control of Microbioreactor Operation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:660-70. [PMID: 26185253 DOI: 10.1177/2211068215594770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the development of a low-cost microcontroller-based interface for a microbioreactor operation. An Arduino MEGA 2560 board with 54 digital input/outputs, including 15 pulse-width-modulation outputs, has been chosen to perform the acquisition and control of the microbioreactor. The microbioreactor (volume = 800 µL) was made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(methylmethacrylate) polymers. The reactor was built to be equipped with sensors and actuators for the control of reactor temperature and the mixing speed. The article discusses the circuit of the microcontroller-based platform, describes the signal conditioning steps, and evaluates the capacity of the proposed low-cost microcontroller-based interface in terms of control accuracy and system responses. It is demonstrated that the proposed microcontroller-based platform is able to operate parallel microbioreactor operation with satisfactory performances. Control accuracy at a deviation less than 5% of the set-point values and responses in the range of few seconds have been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rashid Husain
- Department of Control and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Yaser Hadad
- Department of Control and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Nazrul Hisham Zainal Alam
- Process Systems Engineering Centre, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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24
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Peterat G, Lladó Maldonado S, Edlich A, Rasch D, Dietzel A, Krull R. Bioreaktionstechnik in mikrofluidischen Reaktoren. CHEM-ING-TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201400176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Wan S, Zheng Y, Shen J, Yang W, Yin M. "On-off-on" switchable sensor: a fluorescent spiropyran responds to extreme pH conditions and its bioimaging applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:19515-19519. [PMID: 25394564 DOI: 10.1021/am506641t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel spiropyran that responds to both extreme acid and extreme alkali and has an "on-off-on" switch is reported. Benzoic acid at the indole N-position and carboxyl group at the indole 6-position contribute to the extreme acid response. The ionizations of carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups cause the extreme alkali response. Moreover, the fluorescent imaging in bacterial cells under extreme pH conditions supports the mechanism of pH response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
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26
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Chatterjee M, Ge X, Uplekar S, Kostov Y, Croucher L, Pilli M, Rao G. A unique noninvasive approach to monitoring dissolved O2and CO2in cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:104-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhubanti Chatterjee
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Department of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland; Baltimore County; 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250
| | - Xudong Ge
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Department of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland; Baltimore County; 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250
| | - Shaunak Uplekar
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Department of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland; Baltimore County; 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Department of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland; Baltimore County; 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250
| | - Leah Croucher
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Department of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland; Baltimore County; 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250
| | - Manohar Pilli
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Department of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland; Baltimore County; 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Department of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland; Baltimore County; 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250
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27
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Ramirez-Vargas R, Vital-Jacome M, Camacho-Perez E, Hubbard L, Thalasso F. Characterization of oxygen transfer in a 24-well microbioreactor system and potential respirometric applications. J Biotechnol 2014; 186:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Peterat G, Schmolke H, Lorenz T, Llobera A, Rasch D, Al-Halhouli AT, Dietzel A, Büttgenbach S, Klages CP, Krull R. Characterization of oxygen transfer in vertical microbubble columns for aerobic biotechnological processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1809-19. [PMID: 24810358 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the applicability of a microtechnologically fabricated microbubble column as a screening tool for submerged aerobic cultivation. Bubbles in the range of a few hundred micrometers in diameter were generated at the bottom of an upright-positioned microdevice. The rising bubbles induced the circulation of the liquid and thus enhanced mixing by reducing the diffusion distances and preventing cells from sedimentation. Two differently sized nozzles (21 × 40 µm(2) and 53 × 40 µm(2) in cross-section) were tested. The gas flow rates were adjustable, and the resulting bubble sizes and gas holdups were investigated by image analysis. The microdevice features sensor elements for the real-time online monitoring of optical density and dissolved oxygen. The active aeration of the microdevice allowed for a flexible oxygen supply with mass transfer rates of up to 0.14 s(-1). Slightly higher oxygen mass transfer rates and a better degassing were found for the microbubble column equipped with the smaller nozzle. To validate the applicability of the microbubble column for aerobic submerged cultivation processes, batch cultivations of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae were performed, and the specific growth rate, oxygen uptake rate, and yield coefficient were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gena Peterat
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
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29
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Rameez S, Mostafa SS, Miller C, Shukla AA. High-throughput miniaturized bioreactors for cell culture process development: reproducibility, scalability, and control. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:718-27. [PMID: 24449637 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing the timeframe for cell culture process development has been a key goal toward accelerating biopharmaceutical development. Advanced Microscale Bioreactors (ambr™) is an automated micro-bioreactor system with miniature single-use bioreactors with a 10-15 mL working volume controlled by an automated workstation. This system was compared to conventional bioreactor systems in terms of its performance for the production of a monoclonal antibody in a recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line. The miniaturized bioreactor system was found to produce cell culture profiles that matched across scales to 3 L, 15 L, and 200 L stirred tank bioreactors. The processes used in this article involve complex feed formulations, perturbations, and strict process control within the design space, which are in-line with processes used for commercial scale manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. Changes to important process parameters in ambr™ resulted in predictable cell growth, viability and titer changes, which were in good agreement to data from the conventional larger scale bioreactors. ambr™ was found to successfully reproduce variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH conditions similar to the larger bioreactor systems. Additionally, the miniature bioreactors were found to react well to perturbations in pH and DO through adjustments to the Proportional and Integral control loop. The data presented here demonstrates the utility of the ambr™ system as a high throughput system for cell culture process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rameez
- Process Development and Manufacturing, KBI Biopharma Inc., 2 Triangle Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709
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30
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A microrespirometric method for the determination of stoichiometric and kinetic parameters of heterotrophic and autotrophic cultures. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Gupta PA, Ge X, Kostov Y, Rao G. A completely noninvasive method of dissolved oxygen monitoring in disposable small-scale cell culture vessels based on diffusion through permeable vessel walls. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:172-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka A. Gupta
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Dept. of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Baltimore MD 21250
| | - Xudong Ge
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Dept. of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Baltimore MD 21250
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Dept. of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Baltimore MD 21250
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology; Dept. of Chemical; Biochemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Baltimore MD 21250
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32
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Hamon M, Hong JW. New tools and new biology: recent miniaturized systems for molecular and cellular biology. Mol Cells 2013; 36:485-506. [PMID: 24305843 PMCID: PMC3887968 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in applied physics and chemistry have led to the development of novel microfluidic systems. Microfluidic systems allow minute amounts of reagents to be processed using μm-scale channels and offer several advantages over conventional analytical devices for use in biological sciences: faster, more accurate and more reproducible analytical performance, reduced cell and reagent consumption, portability, and integration of functional components in a single chip. In this review, we introduce how microfluidics has been applied to biological sciences. We first present an overview of the fabrication of microfluidic systems and describe the distinct technologies available for biological research. We then present examples of microsystems used in biological sciences, focusing on applications in molecular and cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Hamon
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849,
USA
| | - Jong Wook Hong
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849,
USA
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741,
Korea
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791,
Korea
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33
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Multiple approaches for enhancing all-organic electronics photoluminescent sensors: Simultaneous oxygen and pH monitoring. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 778:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Kirk TV, Szita N. Oxygen transfer characteristics of miniaturized bioreactor systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1005-19. [PMID: 23280578 PMCID: PMC3790518 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction in 2001 miniaturized bioreactor systems have made great advances in function and performance. In this article the dissolved oxygen (DO) transfer performance of submilliliter microbioreactors, and 1–10 mL minibioreactors was examined. Microbioreactors have reached kLa values of 460 h-1, and are offering instrumentation and some functionality comparable to production systems, but at high throughput screening volumes. Minibioreactors, aside from one 1,440 h-1kLa system, have not offered as high rates of DO transfer, but have demonstrated superior integration with automated fluid handling systems. Microbioreactors have been typically limited to studies with E. coli, while minibioreactors have offered greater versatility in this regard. Further, mathematical relationships confirming the applicability of kLa measurements across all scales have been derived, and alternatives to fluorescence lifetime DO sensors have been evaluated. Finally, the influence on reactor performance of oxygen uptake rate (OUR), and the possibility of its real-time measurement have been explored. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1005–1019. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy V Kirk
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE United Kingdom
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Reichen M, Macown RJ, Jaccard N, Super A, Ruban L, Griffin LD, Veraitch FS, Szita N. Microfabricated modular scale-down device for regenerative medicine process development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52246. [PMID: 23284952 PMCID: PMC3526573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of milli and micro litre bioreactors to accelerate process development has been successfully demonstrated in traditional biotechnology. However, for regenerative medicine present smaller scale culture methods cannot cope with the wide range of processing variables that need to be evaluated. Existing microfabricated culture devices, which could test different culture variables with a minimum amount of resources (e.g. expensive culture medium), are typically not designed with process development in mind. We present a novel, autoclavable, and microfabricated scale-down device designed for regenerative medicine process development. The microfabricated device contains a re-sealable culture chamber that facilitates use of standard culture protocols, creating a link with traditional small-scale culture devices for validation and scale-up studies. Further, the modular design can easily accommodate investigation of different culture substrate/extra-cellular matrix combinations. Inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEF) and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) colonies were successfully seeded on gelatine-coated tissue culture polystyrene (TC-PS) using standard static seeding protocols. The microfluidic chip included in the device offers precise and accurate control over the culture medium flow rate and resulting shear stresses in the device. Cells were cultured for two days with media perfused at 300 µl.h−1 resulting in a modelled shear stress of 1.1×10−4 Pa. Following perfusion, hESC colonies stained positively for different pluripotency markers and retained an undifferentiated morphology. An image processing algorithm was developed which permits quantification of co-cultured colony-forming cells from phase contrast microscope images. hESC colony sizes were quantified against the background of the feeder cells (iMEF) in less than 45 seconds for high-resolution images, which will permit real-time monitoring of culture progress in future experiments. The presented device is a first step to harness the advantages of microfluidics for regenerative medicine process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Reichen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys J. Macown
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Jaccard
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Super
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludmila Ruban
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis D. Griffin
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farlan S. Veraitch
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dolega ME, Jakiela S, Razew M, Rakszewska A, Cybulski O, Garstecki P. Iterative operations on microdroplets and continuous monitoring of processes within them; determination of solubility diagrams of proteins. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4022-5. [PMID: 22868285 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a technique for controlling the content of multiple microdroplets in time. We use this system to rapidly and quantiatively determine the solubility diagrams of two model proteins (lysozyme and ribonuclease A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika E Dolega
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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37
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Kondragunta B, Joshi BH, Han J, Brorson KA, Puri RK, Moreira AR, Rao G. Bioreactor environment-sensitive sentinel genes as novel metrics for cell culture scale-down comparability. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1138-51. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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38
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Demming S, Peterat G, Llobera A, Schmolke H, Bruns A, Kohlstedt M, Al-Halhouli A, Klages CP, Krull R, Büttgenbach S. Vertical microbubble column-A photonic lab-on-chip for cultivation and online analysis of yeast cell cultures. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:34106. [PMID: 23882299 PMCID: PMC3416849 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a vertically positioned microfluidic system made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and glass, which can be applied as a microbubble column (μBC) for biotechnological screening in suspension. In this μBC, microbubbles are produced in a cultivation chamber through an integrated nozzle structure. Thus, homogeneous suspension of biomass is achieved in the cultivation chamber without requiring additional mixing elements. Moreover, blockage due to produced carbon dioxide by the microorganisms-a problem predominant in common, horizontally positioned microbioreactors (MBRs)-is avoided, as the gas bubbles are released by buoyancy at the upper part of the microsystem. The patterned PDMS layer is based on an optimized two-lithographic process. Since the naturally hydrophobic PDMS causes problems for the sufficient production of microbubbles, a method based on polyelectrolyte multilayers is applied in order to allow continuous hydrophilization of the already bonded PDMS-glass-system. The μBC comprises various microelements, including stabilization of temperature, control of continuous bubble formation, and two optical configurations for measurement of optical density with two different sensitivities. In addition, the simple and robust application and handling of the μBC is achieved via a custom-made modular plug-in adapter. To validate the scalability from laboratory scale to microscale, and thus to demonstrate the successful application of the μBC as a screening instrument, a batch cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is performed in the μBC and compared to shake flask cultivation. Monitoring of the biomass growth in the μBC with the integrated online analytics resulted in a specific growth rate of 0.32 h(-1), which is almost identical to the one achieved in the shake flask cultivation (0.31 h(-1)). Therefore, the validity of the μBC as an alternative screening tool compared to other conventional laboratory scale systems in bioprocess development is proven. In addition, vertically positioned microbioreactors show high potential in comparison to conventional screening tools, since they allow for high density of integrated online analytics and therefore minimize time and cost for screening and guarantee improved control and analysis of cultivation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Demming
- Institut für Mikrotechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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39
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Kim BJ, Diao J, Shuler ML. Mini-scale bioprocessing systems for highly parallel animal cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:595-607. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Vallejos JR, Uplekar S, da Silva JF, Brorson KA, Moreira AR, Rao G. A case study in converting disposable process scouting devices into disposable bioreactors as a future bioprocessing tool. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2790-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Vallejos JR, Micheletti M, Brorson KA, Moreira AR, Rao G. Optical sensor enabled rocking T-flasks as novel upstream bioprocessing tools. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2295-305. [PMID: 22473759 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, novel disposable cell culture vessels (generally referred to as Process Scouting Devices or PSDs) have become increasingly popular for laboratory scale studies and seed culture generation. However, the lack of engineering characterization and online monitoring tools for PSDs makes it difficult to elucidate their oxygen transfer capabilities. In this study, a mass transfer characterization (k(L)a) of sensor enabled static and rocking T-flasks is presented and compared with other non-instrumented PSDs such as CultiFlask 50®, spinner flasks, and SuperSpinner D 1000®. We have also developed a mass transfer empirical correlation that accounts for the contribution of convection and diffusion to the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k(L)a) in rocking T-flasks. We also carried out a scale-down study at matched k(L) a between a rocking T75-flask and a 10 L (2 L filling volume) wave bioreactor (Cultibag®) and we observed similar DO and pH profiles as well as maximum cell density and protein titer. However, in this scale-down study, we also observed a negative correlation between cell growth and protein productivity between the rocking T-flask and the wave bioreactor. We hypothesize that this negative correlation can be due to hydrodynamic stress difference between the rocking T-flask and the Cultibag. As both cell culture devices share key similarities such as type of agitation (i.e., rocking), oxygen transfer capabilities (i.e., k(L)a) and disposability, we argue that rocking T-flasks can be readily integrated with wave bioreactors, making the transition from research-scale to manufacturing-scale a seamless process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Vallejos
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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Wen Y, Zang R, Zhang X, Yang ST. A 24-microwell plate with improved mixing and scalable performance for high throughput cell cultures. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Soley A, Fontova A, Gálvez J, Sarró E, Lecina M, Bragós R, Cairó J, Gòdia F. Development of a simple disposable six minibioreactor system for suspension mammalian cell culture. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bower DM, Lee KS, Ram RJ, Prather KL. Fed-batch microbioreactor platform for scale down and analysis of a plasmid DNA production process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1976-86. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Medium to High Throughput Screening: Microfabrication and Chip-Based Technology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:181-209. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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Meyer A, Condon RGG, Keil G, Jhaveri N, Liu Z, Tsao YS. Fluorinert, an oxygen carrier, improves cell culture performance in deep square 96-well plates by facilitating oxygen transfer. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 28:171-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mukhopadhyay TK, Allison N, Charlton S, Ward J, Lye GJ. Use of microwells to investigate the effect of quorum sensing on growth and antigen production in Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1224-34. [PMID: 21895896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the role of quorum sensing in Bacillus anthracis growth and toxin production. METHODS AND RESULTS A microwell plate culture method was developed to simulate the normal UK-licensed anthrax vaccine production run. Once established, sterile supernatant additions from a previous B. anthracis culture were made, and reductions in lag phase and early stimulation of the anthrax toxin component protective antigen (PA) were monitored using ELISA. The addition of the quorum-sensing inhibitor, fur-1, prolonged the lag phase and impeded PA production. Spin filters of various sizes were used to identify the molecular weight fraction of the sterile supernatant responsible for the autoinducer effect. A weight fraction between 5 and 10 kDa was responsible for the autoinducer effect; however, further identification using mass spectroscopy proved inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Quorum sensing mediated by the autoinducer two molecule plays a significant role in both B. anthracis growth and toxin production. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY While genomic analysis has eluded to the importance of LuxS and quorum sensing in anthrax, this is the first analysis using a production strain of B. anthracis and a quorum-sensing inhibitor to monitor the effect on growth and toxin production. This gives insights into anthrax pathogenicity and vaccine manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Mukhopadhyay
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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48
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Vallejos JR, Brorson KA, Moreira AR, Rao G. Integrating a 250 mL-spinner flask with other stirred bench-scale cell culture devices: a mass transfer perspective. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:803-10. [PMID: 21523928 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The bioprocess development cycle is a complex task that requires a complete understanding of the engineering of the process (e.g., mass transfer, mixing, CO(2) removal, process monitoring, and control) and its affect on cell biology and product quality. Despite their widespread use in bioprocess development, spinner flasks generally lack engineering characterization of critical physical parameters such as k(L)a, P/V, or mixing time. In this study, mass transfer characterization of a 250-mL spinner flask using optical patch-based sensors is presented. The results quantitatively show the effect of the impeller type, liquid filling volume, and agitation speed on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k(L)a) in a 250-mL spinner flask, and how they can be manipulated to match mass transfer capability at large culture devices. Thus, process understanding in spinner flasks can be improved, and these devices can be seamlessly integrated in a rational scale-up strategy from cell thawing to bench-scale bioreactors (and beyond) in biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Vallejos
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Porter AJ, Dickson AJ, Racher AJ. Strategies for selecting recombinant CHO cell lines for cGMP manufacturing: realizing the potential in bioreactors. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 26:1446-54. [PMID: 20623581 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Manufacture of recombinant proteins from mammalian cell lines requires the use of bioreactor systems at scales of up to 20,000 L. The cost and complexity of such systems can prohibit their extensive use during the process to construct and select the manufacturing cell line. It is therefore common practice to develop a model of the production process in a small scale vessel, such as a shake-flask, where lower costs, ease of handling, and higher throughput are possible. This model can then be used to select a small number of cell lines for further evaluation in bioreactor culture. Here, we extend our previous work investigating cell line construction strategies to assess how well the behavior of cell lines in such a shake-flask assessment predicts behavior in the associated bioreactor production process. A panel of 29 GS-CHO cell lines, all producing the same antibody, were selected to include a mixture of high and low producers from a pool of 175 transfectants. Assessment of this panel in 10 L bioreactor culture revealed wide variation in parameters including growth, productivity, and metabolite utilization. In general, those cell lines which were high producing in the bioreactor cultures had also been higher producing in an earlier shake-flask assessment. However, some changes in rank position of the evaluated cell lines were seen between the two systems. A potential explanation of these observations is discussed and approaches to improve the predictability of assessments used for cell line selection are considered.
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50
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Demming S, Vila-Planas J, Aliasghar Zadeh S, Edlich A, Franco-Lara E, Radespiel R, Büttgenbach S, Llobera A. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) photonic microbioreactors based on segmented waveguides for local absorbance measurement. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:431-9. [PMID: 21298669 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present the development of microbioreactors (MBRs) based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) segmented waveguides (SWG) for local absorbance measurements. Two different MBRs were studied, either using symmetric or asymmetric SWG (being defined as MBR-S and MBR-A, respectively). Their optical and fluidic performances were numerically analyzed, showing robustness from an optical point of view and distinct fluid flow profile. The optical characterization was done in two steps. Initially, the experimental limit of detection (LOD) and the sensitivity were determined for two different analytes (fluorescein and methylorange). With both systems, a similar limit of detection for both analytes was obtained, being in the micromolar level. Their sensitivities were 20.2±0.3 (×10⁻³) A.U./μM and 5.5±0.2 (×10⁻³) A.U./μM for fluorescein and methylorange, respectively. Once validated its applicability for local absorbance measurements, a continuous cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was done to test the viability of the proposed systems for photonic MBRs. Concretely, the cell growth was locally monitored inside the MBR during 33 h. Spectral analysis showed that the determination of the culture parameters were wavelength dependant, with a growth rate of 0.39±0.02 h⁻¹ and a doubling time of 1.65±0.09 h at an optimal wavelength of 469.9±0.3 nm. Besides the easy and monolithic integration of the SWG into poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic systems, the results presented here are very promising for the application in any disposable photonic lab-on-a-chip systems used for online analysis or photonic MBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Demming
- Institut für Mikrotechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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