1
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Martin A, Jauvain M, Bergsten E, Demontant V, Lehours P, Barau C, Levy M, Rodriguez C, Sobhani I, Amiot A. Gastric microbiota in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma according to Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102247. [PMID: 37981222 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue lymphoma (GML) development is triggered by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Little is known about the impact of H. pylori infection on gastric microbiota. METHODS The gastric microbiota was retrospectively investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 32 patients with untreated GML (10 H. pylori-positive and 22 H. pylori-negative), 23 with remitted and 18 refractory GML and 35 controls. Differences in microbial diversity, bacterial composition and taxonomic repartition were assessed. RESULTS There was no change in diversity and bacterial composition between GML and control patients taking into account H. pylori status. Differential taxa analysis identified specific changes associated with H. pylori-negative GML: the abundances of Actinobacillus, Lactobacillus and Chryseobacterium were increased while the abundances of Veillonella, Atopobium, Leptotrichia, Catonella, Filifactor and Escherichia_Shigella were increased in control patients. In patients with remitted GML, the genera Haemophilus and Moraxella were significantly more abundant than in refractory patients, while Atopobium and Actinomyces were significantly more abundant in refractory patients. CONCLUSION Detailed analysis of the gastric microbiota revealed significant changes in the bacterial composition of the gastric mucosa in patients with GML that may have a role in gastric lymphomagenesis but not any new pathobionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Martin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henri-Mondor University Hospital, Universite Paris Est Creteil, AP-HP, EA7375, 51, Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny CRETEIL, Creteil F-94010, France
| | - Marine Jauvain
- UMR1312 Bordeaux Institute of Cancer, BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France; French National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Bordeaux Hospital University Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emma Bergsten
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henri-Mondor University Hospital, Universite Paris Est Creteil, AP-HP, EA7375, 51, Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny CRETEIL, Creteil F-94010, France
| | - Vanessa Demontant
- Genomics Platform and Virology Unit, Henri-Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Universite Paris Est Creteil, INSERM U955, Créteil F-94010 France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- UMR1312 Bordeaux Institute of Cancer, BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France; French National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Bordeaux Hospital University Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Barau
- Plateforme de Ressources Biologique, Henri-Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, University Paris Est Creteil, F-94010, France
| | - Michael Levy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henri-Mondor University Hospital, Universite Paris Est Creteil, AP-HP, EA7375, 51, Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny CRETEIL, Creteil F-94010, France
| | - Christophe Rodriguez
- Genomics Platform and Virology Unit, Henri-Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Universite Paris Est Creteil, INSERM U955, Créteil F-94010 France
| | - Iradj Sobhani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henri-Mondor University Hospital, Universite Paris Est Creteil, AP-HP, EA7375, 51, Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny CRETEIL, Creteil F-94010, France
| | - Aurelien Amiot
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henri-Mondor University Hospital, Universite Paris Est Creteil, AP-HP, EA7375, 51, Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny CRETEIL, Creteil F-94010, France.
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2
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Verhelst SHL, Prothiwa M. Chemical Probes for Profiling of MALT1 Protease Activity. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300444. [PMID: 37607867 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The paracaspase MALT1 is a key regulator of the human immune response. It is implicated in a variety of human diseases. For example, deregulated protease activity drives the survival of malignant lymphomas and is involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. Thus, MALT1 has attracted attention as promising drug target. Although many MALT1 inhibitors have been identified, molecular tools to study MALT1 activity, target engagement and inhibition in complex biological samples, such as living cells and patient material, are still scarce. Such tools are valuable to validate MALT1 as a drug target in vivo and to assess yet unknown biological roles of MALT1. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the development and biological application of molecular tools to study MALT1 activity and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 901b, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn Strasse 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michaela Prothiwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Mempel TR, Krappmann D. Combining precision oncology and immunotherapy by targeting the MALT1 protease. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e005442. [PMID: 36270731 PMCID: PMC9594517 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative strategy for cancer therapy is to combine the inhibition of cancer cell-intrinsic oncogenic signaling with cancer cell-extrinsic immunological activation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In general, such approaches will focus on two or more distinct molecular targets in the malignant cells and in cells of the surrounding TME. In contrast, the protease Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue protein 1 (MALT1) represents a candidate to enable such a dual approach by engaging only a single target. Originally identified and now in clinical trials as a lymphoma drug target based on its role in the survival and proliferation of malignant lymphomas addicted to chronic B cell receptor signaling, MALT1 proteolytic activity has recently gained additional attention through reports describing its tumor-promoting roles in several types of non-hematological solid cancer, such as breast cancer and glioblastoma. Besides cancer cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells in the TME are particularly dependent on MALT1 to sustain their immune-suppressive functions, and MALT1 inhibition can selectively reprogram tumor-infiltrating Treg cells into Foxp3-expressing proinflammatory antitumor effector cells. Thereby, MALT1 inhibition induces local inflammation in the TME and synergizes with anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade to induce antitumor immunity and facilitate tumor control or rejection. This new concept of boosting tumor immunotherapy in solid cancer by MALT1 precision targeting in the TME has now entered clinical evaluation. The dual effects of MALT1 inhibitors on cancer cells and immune cells therefore offer a unique opportunity for combining precision oncology and immunotherapy to simultaneously impair cancer cell growth and neutralize immunosuppression in the TME. Further, MALT1 targeting may provide a proof of concept that modulation of Treg cell function in the TME represents a feasible strategy to augment the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the role of MALT1 protease in physiological and oncogenic signaling, summarize the landscape of tumor indications for which MALT1 is emerging as a therapeutic target, and consider strategies to increase the chances for safe and successful use of MALT1 inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Szankasi P, Bolia A, Liew M, Schumacher JA, Gee EPS, Matynia AP, Li KD, Patel JL, Xu X, Salama ME, Kelley TW. Comprehensive detection of chromosomal translocations in lymphoproliferative disorders by massively parallel sequencing. J Hematop 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-019-00360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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5
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Flossbach L, Holzmann K, Mattfeldt T, Buck M, Lanz K, Held M, Möller P, Barth TFE. High-resolution genomic profiling reveals clonal evolution and competition in gastrointestinal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma and its large cell variant. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:E116-27. [PMID: 22890838 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract including seven small cell lymphomas, eight large cell areas of composite lymphomas and 13 large cell variants using SNP array profiling. We found an increase of genomic complexity with lymphoma progression from small to large cytology, and identified gains of prominent (proto) oncogenes such as REL, BCL11A, ETS1, PTPN1, PTEN and KRAS which were found exclusively in the large cell variants. Copy numbers of ADAM3A, SCAPER and SIRPB1 were varying between the three different modes of presentation, hence suggestive for aberrations associated with progression from small to large cell lymphoma. The number of aberrations was slightly higher in the large cell part of composite lymphomas than in large cell lymphomas, suggesting that clonal selection takes place and that composite lymphomas are in a transition state. To further investigate this, we comparatively analyzed samples of two morphologically different regions of the same small cell tumor with a BIRC3-MALT1 translocation, as well as material acquired at two different time points from one composite lymphoma. We found genomic heterogeneity in both cases, supporting the theory of competing subclones in the evolution and progression of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma.
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6
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Sagaert X, Tousseyn T, Vanhentenrijk V, Van Loo P, Baens M, Marynen P, De Hertogh G, Geboes K, De Wolf-Peeters C. Comparative expressed sequence hybridization studies of t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive and -negative gastric MALT lymphomas reveal both unique and overlapping gene programs. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:458-69. [PMID: 20081812 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among the genetic abnormalities reported to occur in MALT lymphomas, the translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) is of particular interest because it is exclusively documented in MALT lymphomas, mainly with gastrointestinal location. It results in the creation of a fusion protein API2-MALT1 that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB through enhanced IKK gamma polyubiquitination. Here, we apply the recently developed molecular technique termed comparative expressed sequence hybridization to identify differentially expressed chromosomal regions related to the pathogenesis of gastric MALT lymphomas. By comparing t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive gastric MALT lymphomas to their t(11;18)(q21;q21)-negative counterparts, we found that the location of the MALT1 break point determines a difference in expression pattern within the t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive group. Moreover, we could define a gastric MALT lymphoma signature, which most likely comprises the regions and genes with significance in the development of MALT lymphomas, by comparing both t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive and -negative MALT lymphomas to normal lymphoid tissue. Finally, a significant imprint of the marginal zone signature, established by comparing microdissected, splenic B follicles with and without marginal zone, was evident in the expression profile of MALT lymphoma, further supporting a marginal zone origin for this type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sagaert
- Section of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Hellmig S, Bartscht T, Fischbach W, Ott SJ, Rosenstiel P, Klapper W, Fölsch UR, Schreiber S. Germline variations of the MALT1 gene as risk factors in the development of primary gastric B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1865-70. [PMID: 19394813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a histologically distinct tumour derived from MALT acquired as a result of Helicobacter pylori infection. The genetic susceptibility to develop primary gastric B-cell lymphoma in patients with chronic H. pylori infection is unknown. MALT1 plays a key role in malignant B-cell transformation and lymphoma progression. Thus, we investigated germline variations of MALT1 as risk factors for gastric lymphoma in a large cohort from a European multicentre study and in total 214 lymphoma patients, 593 H. pylori infected controls and 348 healthy blood donors were genotyped for four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the MALT1 locus by Taqman technology. Haplotype and single marker analyses were conducted for association testing in a case-control setting. A distinct haplotype was identified that showed a trend towards protection from high-grade and low-grade lymphomas. In single marker analysis individuals homozygous for the rare allele G of SNP3 (rs12969413) were significantly protected only from gastric high-grade lymphoma compared with controls (p=0.002, odds ratio (OR): 0.2, Wald 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1<OR<0.6). This association could not be confirmed in a second independent cohort of high-grade lymphoma patients from the Lymph node registry in Kiel (p=0.531, OR: 0.8, Wald 95% CI: 0.4<OR<1.5). Due to the fact that SNPs 2, 3 and 4 are arranged in one LD block exhibiting nearly complete linkage disequilibrium it is rather unlikely that germline variations of MALT1 might be involved in the pathogenesis of gastric lymphoma. This is the first genetic association study that investigated polymorphisms of MALT1 as genetic risk factors in the development of primary gastric lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hellmig
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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8
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Auto-ubiquitination-induced degradation of MALT1-API2 prevents BCL10 destabilization in t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MALT lymphoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4822. [PMID: 19279678 PMCID: PMC2652110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) is the most frequent chromosomal aberration associated with MALT lymphoma and results in constitutive NF-κB activity via the expression of an API2-MALT1 fusion protein. The properties of the reciprocal MALT1-API2 were never investigated as it was reported to be rarely transcribed. Principal Findings Our data indicate the presence of MALT1-API2 transcripts in the majority of t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MALT lymphomas. Based on the breakpoints in the MALT1 and API2 gene, the MALT1-API2 protein contains the death domain and one or both immunoglobulin-like domains of MALT1 (∼90% of cases) - mediating the possible interaction with BCL10 - fused to the RING domain of API2. Here we show that this RING domain enables MALT1-API2 to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for BCL10, inducing its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in vitro. Expression of MALT1-API2 transcripts in t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MALT lymphomas was however not associated with a reduction of BCL10 protein levels. Conclusion As we observed MALT1-API2 to be an efficient target of its own E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, our data suggest that this inherent instability of MALT1-API2 prevents its accumulation and renders a potential effect on MALT lymphoma development via destabilization of BCL10 unlikely.
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9
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IAPs contain an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-binding domain that regulates NF-kappaB as well as cell survival and oncogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:1309-17. [PMID: 18931663 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins influences various cellular processes, including DNA repair, NF-kappaB signalling and cell survival. The most common mode of regulation by ubiquitin-conjugation involves specialized ubiquitin-binding proteins that bind to ubiquitylated proteins and link them to downstream biochemical processes. Unravelling how the ubiquitin-message is recognized is essential because aberrant ubiquitin-mediated signalling contributes to tumour formation. Recent evidence indicates that inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are frequently overexpressed in cancer and their expression level is implicated in contributing to tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, disease progression and poor patient-survival. Here, we have identified an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain in IAPs, which enables them to bind to Lys 63-linked polyubiquitin. We found that the UBA domain is essential for the oncogenic potential of cIAP1, to maintain endothelial cell survival and to protect cells from TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the UBA domain is required for XIAP and cIAP2-MALT1 to activate NF-kappaB. Our data suggest that the UBA domain of cIAP2-MALT1 stimulates NF-kappaB signalling by binding to polyubiquitylated NEMO. Significantly, 98% of all cIAP2-MALT1 fusion proteins retain the UBA domain, suggesting that ubiquitin-binding contributes to the oncogenic potential of cIAP2-MALT1 in MALT lymphoma. Our data identify IAPs as ubiquitin-binding proteins that contribute to ubiquitin-mediated cell survival, NF-kappaB signalling and oncogenesis.
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10
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Ke X, Zhao L, Gao Z, Wang J, Dong F, Zhou X, Shi L, Huang X, Jing H, Wang J, Zhao W, Yang XF. Higher rates of t(11;18) in Chinese patients with transformed type of MALT lymphoma suggest novel pathways for progression of the disease. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 48:2157-66. [PMID: 17852708 DOI: 10.1080/10428190701606818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To detect the t(11;18) chromosome translocation in different stages of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, we established a RT-PCR method by adopting three new primer pairs and using the RNA extracted from the paraffin tissues to amplify the t(11;18) fusion gene API2-MALT1 in shorter lengths. Our results showed five key findings, which are (a) higher detection rates of t(11;18) (21.13%) in Chinese patients with transformed MALT lymphoma, (b) lower detection rates of t(11;18) in stomach MALT lymphoma, (c) different organ localizations of MALT lymphoma in Chinese patients, (d) higher nuclear expression rates of Bcl-10 in low grade MALT (51.72%), and (e) lower response rates (50% CR, and 50% PR) to anti-H.-pylori therapy. These findings suggest novel pathways for low-grade MALT lymphoma to be progressed into transformed MALT lymphoma. This study also suggests that amplification of shorter length of PCR products from the paraffin-fixed tissues increases sensitivity, which is significant in improving the selection of the therapeutic regimen and assessing the prognosis of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Algorithms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein
- Base Sequence
- Case-Control Studies
- China
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Frequency
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/complications
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ke
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Inagaki H. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: molecular pathogenesis and clinicopathological significance. Pathol Int 2007; 57:474-84. [PMID: 17610471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a low-grade tumor closely associated with chronic inflammation such as that of Helicobacter pylori gastritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Tumor regression by H. pylori eradication alone is well known in gastric MALT lymphoma, but some tumors occur in the absence of pre-existing chronic inflammation. The understanding of MALT lymphoma biology has significantly improved, and recurrent cytogenetic alterations have been detected. These include the trisomies 3 and 18, and the translocations t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21), and t(3;14)(p14.1;q32). At least some of these alterations result in the constitutive activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway, and may exert anti-apoptotic action. Apoptosis inhibitor 2-MALT lymphoma-associated translocation 1 (API12-MALT1) fusion, resulting from t(11;18)(q21;q21), is specific to, and is the most common in, MALT lymphomas, and its clinicopathological significance has been studied extensively. The focus of the present review is on the recent progress made in elucidating MALT lymphomagenesis and its clinicopathological impact, especially in terms of the effect of API2-MALT1 fusion on this unique tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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12
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Sagaert X, De Wolf-Peeters C, Noels H, Baens M. The pathogenesis of MALT lymphomas: where do we stand? Leukemia 2007; 21:389-96. [PMID: 17230229 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a heterogeneous form of a B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with extranodal location. The gastrointestinal tract is the most common site of disease, but involvement of multiple other organ systems has been documented. Four translocations, t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21) and t(3;14)(p13;q32), are specifically associated with MALT lymphoma. Remarkably, the genes targeted by at least three of these translocations are involved in one and the same pathway, leading to the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). This review presents MALT lymphoma as a model of how sustained inflammation increases the risk of genotoxic insults and how these genetic events initiate oncogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Caspases/genetics
- Caspases/physiology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/ultrastructure
- Chronic Disease
- Gastritis/complications
- Gastritis/drug therapy
- Gastritis/immunology
- Gastritis/microbiology
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/etiology
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/microbiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter pylori/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Inflammation/complications
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sagaert
- Department of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Murga Penas EM, Kawadler H, Siebert R, Frank M, Ye H, Hinz K, Becher C, Hummel M, Barth TFE, Bokemeyer C, Stein H, Trümper L, Möller P, Marynen P, Du MQ, Yang X, Hansmann ML, Dierlamm J. A novel fusion of the MALT1 gene and the microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) gene occurs in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:863-73. [PMID: 16804917 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of the MALT1 gene by the t(11;18)(q21;q21) and t(14;18)(q32;q21) are the most frequent structural chromosomal abnormalities in MALT lymphomas. These translocations lead to fusions of BIRC3-MALT1 and IGH-MALT1 respectively, and activate the NF-kappaB pathway. Among 122 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and 28 Burkitt's lymphomas screened by interphase FISH, we found two cases with a break within MALT1, but without a t(11;18) or a t(14;18). Molecular genetic analyses in one of these cases revealed a novel "in frame" fusion of exon 9 of MALT1 and exon 9 of the microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) gene. The translocation was accompanied by a deletion of MALT1 sequences distal to the breakpoint including the caspase-like domain, which is essential for activation of NF-kappaB. As a result of the deletion, the reciprocal 5'MAP4-3'MALT1 transcript was not present, demonstrating that the 5'MALT1-3'MAP4 fusion represents the pathogenetically relevant transcript. Immunohistochemistry with amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal MALT1 antibodies, indicated a strong expression of the chimeric MALT1-MAP4 protein. Moreover, NF-kappaB activation was not increased in this case as shown by the levels of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and NEMO ubiquitination. Our data demonstrate that the pathogenetic consequences of the novel MALT1-MAP4 fusion are different from those of the known MALT1-associated chromosomal rearrangements and do not involve NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Murga Penas
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Holcík M. Targeting endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis for treatment of cancer, stroke and multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 8:241-53. [PMID: 15161430 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.8.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) genes have emerged as probably the most important intrinsic regulators of apoptosis. The members of the IAP family are highly conserved in evolutionarily distant species and perform the critical role of binding to and inhibiting distinct caspases. This inhibition is mediated by discrete baculoviral IAP repeat domains that, in a domain-specific manner, inhibit either the initiator or executioner caspases. As such the function of IAPs lies at the very centre of virtually all apoptotic pathways. Since many, if not most, human pathologies involve aberrant apoptosis, the modulation of IAP levels or their activity offers huge therapeutic potential for treatment of various disorders. Indeed, available data suggest that the therapeutic downregulation of IAPs by antisense targeting or their adenovirally-mediated overexpression, can in fact be used to successfully modulate cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holcík
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, USA.
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Farinha P, Gascoyne RD. Molecular pathogenesis of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:6370-8. [PMID: 16155022 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type occur in a number of anatomic sites, but share overlapping morphologic and immunophenotypic features. Helicobacter pylori infection has been identified as an etiologic factor in gastric MALT lymphoma, and a growing list of other infectious organisms have recently been shown to be associated with MALT lymphomas at other anatomic sites. Although cause and effect has not been established for most of these infectious agents, our understanding of the biology has significantly improved, in part through the application of standard cytogenetic analyses. The common karyotypic alterations that characterize MALT lymphomas include the trisomies 3 and 18, the translocations t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21), t(3;14)(q27;q32), and the recently described t(3;14)(p14.1;q32). This apparent complexity of cytogenetic alterations that have now been implicated in the pathogenesis of extranodal MALT lymphoma serves as a paradigm for molecular cross talk in neoplastic disease. Recent data have shown that at least three of the disparate translocations affect a common signaling mechanism, and thus unify all three under a common pathogenesis, resulting in the constitutive activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway. It may be that the new MALT-related translocation involving the FOXP1 gene and other as yet undiscovered translocations may all have in common increased NF-kappaB signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/physiopathology
- Male
- Molecular Biology
- Mutation
- Prognosis
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Severity of Illness Index
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Farinha
- Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 600 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
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16
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Kelly J, Foot NJ, Conneally E, Enright H, Humphreys M, Saunders K, Neat MJ. 3′ CBFβ deletion associated with inv(16) in acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 162:122-6. [PMID: 16213359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that concomitant submicroscopic deletions can occur in association with chromosomal translocations/inversions in several leukemia subtypes. Detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), these losses of sequence include deletion of the 5' region of the ABL gene and the 3' region of BCR in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), as well as the 5' region of ETO in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) French-American-British type M2 associated with t(8;21), 3'MLL in AML and ALL, and 3' core-binding factor beta (CBFbeta) in AML associated with inv(16). While it has been widely reported that submicroscopic deletions of the derivative 9 in CML have an adverse prognostic impact, the clinical significance, if any, of deletions associated with t(8;21), inv(16)/t(16;16), or MLL rearrangement is yet to be determined. We analyzed a series of 39 patients diagnosed with AML who had cytogenetically detectable inv(16)/t(16;16) by using a FISH probe for the CBFbeta region to determine the incidence of the 3'CBFbeta deletion. Deletions were detected in three patients (8%), all associated with inv(16), bringing the number of cases reported so far to seven. The prognostic significance of this finding remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kelly
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Republic of Ireland
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17
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Farinha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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19
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Liu H, Hamoudi RA, Ye H, Ruskone-Fourmestraux A, Dogan A, Isaacson PG, Du MQ. t(11;18)(q21;q21) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma results from illegitimate non-homologous end joining following double strand breaks. Br J Haematol 2004; 125:318-29. [PMID: 15086412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
t(11;18)(q21;q21) is the most frequent chromosomal aberration specifically associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The translocation fuses the API2 gene to the MALT1 gene and generates a functional API2-MALT1 transcript. The breakpoint of the fusion gene is well characterized at the transcript level but poorly understood at the genomic level and the mechanism underlying the translocation is unknown. We identified the genomic breakpoint in 19 t(11;18)-positive MALT lymphoma cases by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing and analysed the junctional sequences. The breakpoints were scattered in intron 7 and exon 8 of the API2 gene, and introns 4, 6, 7 and 8 of the MALT1 gene. Comparative sequence analysis between the API2-MALT1 fusion on der(11) and the MALT1-API2 fusion on der(18) showed extensive alterations including deletions, duplications and non-template-based insertions at the fusion junctions in all cases examined. An extensive sequence search failed to reveal any known sequence motifs that might be associated with chromosomal recombination or any novel consensus sequences at or near the breakpoints on both der(11) and der(18) except in one case, in which Alu repeats spanned the breakpoint of the MALT1-API2 fusion. Our results suggest that t(11;18) may result from illegitimate non-homologous end joining following double strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Krugmann J, Tzankov A, Dirnhofer S, Fend F, Greil R, Siebert R, Erdel M. Unfavourable prognosis of patients with trisomy 18q21 detected by fluorescence in situ hybridisation in t(11;18) negative, surgically resected, gastrointestinal B cell lymphomas. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:360-4. [PMID: 15047736 PMCID: PMC1770281 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.012369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most frequent cytogenetic alteration in gastrointestinal (GI) B cell lymphoma (BCL) is t(11;18)(q21;q21). GI B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas lacking this translocation vary in their biology and clinical outcome. The t(11;18) negative subgroup shows increased numerical changes of chromosome 18, although its clinical relevance remains unknown. METHODS Thirty surgically resected primary GI BCLs were examined-11 low grade marginal zone mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas, four marginal zone lymphomas with diffuse large BCL (DLBCL), and 15 de novo DLBCLs. Chromosome 18 aberrations were examined using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Trisomy 18 was studied applying a centromere 18 probe and a dual colour probe for the MALT1 gene at 18q21. RESULTS Using the MALT1 probe, only one marginal zone MALT lymphoma had a break apart pattern, indicating t(11;18) or variants. In the GI BCLs lacking MALT1 breaks, trisomy 18q21 was seen in seven patients (four with complete trisomy 18 and three with partial trisomy of 18q21). Trisomy 18q21 was found in two of 10 low grade MALT lymphomas and five of 19 GI BCLs with large cell component. Six of 17 patients with trisomy 18q21 presented with >/= stage II and one of 12 with stage I disease. Trisomy 18q21 was associated with significantly shorter disease specific survival in the whole group and GI BCLs with large cell component, but not in the low grade group. CONCLUSIONS Trisomy 18q21, including MALT1, may be associated with advanced tumour stage and may be a predictor of poor outcome in surgically resected primary GI BCLs.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/mortality
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Survival Rate
- Translocation, Genetic
- Trisomy/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krugmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 44, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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21
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Traulle C, Coiffier B. Best treatment for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 4:199-200. [PMID: 15072609 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2004.n.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Dewald GW, Brockman SR, Paternoster SF. Molecular cytogenetic studies for hematological malignancies. Cancer Treat Res 2004; 121:69-112. [PMID: 15217207 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-7920-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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23
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Schreuder MI, Hoeve MA, Hebeda KM, Verdijk MA, Ligtenberg MJ, Bot FJ, Chott A, van Krieken JHJM. Mutual exclusion of t(11;18)(q21;q21) and numerical chromosomal aberrations in the development of different types of primary gastric lymphomas. Br J Haematol 2003; 123:590-9. [PMID: 14616961 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be divided histologically into mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (ML) and diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) with or without evidence of preceding/accompanying ML (DLCL + ML). We studied the incidence of the most frequent structural chromosomal aberration in ML, t(11;18)(q21;q21), and numerical aberrations of seven chromosomes in 36 ML, 39 DLCL + ML and ten gastric DLCL cases, by dual-colour interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). t(11;18)(q21;q21) was exclusively detected in ML (FISH 22%; RT-PCR 24%), being completely absent in DLCL + ML and DLCL. No other translocations involving 11q21 or 18q21 and other partner chromosomes were detected by FISH. In lymphomas harbouring t(11;18)(q21;q21), this translocation was the sole genetic abnormality. In contrast, 45% of the t(11;18)(q21;q21)-negative ML showed trisomies, especially of chromosome 3 and 18. In DLCL + ML with separate small and large cell components, trisomies were either detected in both components or occurred exclusively in large tumour cells. Our results suggest that ML can be divided in lymphomas characterized by the t(11;18)(q21;q21), which are unlikely to transform into high-grade tumours, and t(11;18)(q21;q21)-negative ML that may develop into DLCL + ML after the acquisition of additional genetic aberrations.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Incidence
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Max I Schreuder
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Murga Penas EM, Hinz K, Röser K, Copie-Bergman C, Wlodarska I, Marynen P, Hagemeijer A, Gaulard P, Löning T, Hossfeld DK, Dierlamm J. Translocations t(11;18)(q21;q21) and t(14;18)(q32;q21) are the main chromosomal abnormalities involving MLT/MALT1 in MALT lymphomas. Leukemia 2003; 17:2225-9. [PMID: 12931213 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered MLT/MALT1 gene is fused with the API2 gene in the t(11;18)(q21;q21), which characterizes about one-third of MALT lymphomas. In order to screen for variant translocations and amplifications of MLT/MALT1, we have developed a novel, undirected two-color interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay with two PAC clones flanking MLT/MALT1. This assay was applied to 108 marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (MZBCLs), including 72 extranodal MALT lymphomas, 17 nodal, and 19 splenic MZBCL. In 19 MALT lymphomas (26%), but in none of the nodal or splenic MZBCL, separated hybridization signals of the MLT/MALT1 flanking probes, were found. Further FISH analyses showed that 12 of these 19 cases displayed the classical t(11;18) and the remaining seven cases revealed the novel t(14;18)(q32;q21), involving the MLT/MALT1 and IGH genes. The frequency at which these translocations occurred varied significantly with the primary location of disease. The t(11;18) was mainly detected in gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas, whereas the t(14;18) occurred in MALT lymphomas of the parotid gland and the conjunctiva. Amplification of MLT/MALT1 was not observed in any of the lymphomas analyzed. We conclude that the translocations t(11;18)(q21;q21) and t(14;18)(q21;q32) represent the main structural aberrations involving MLT/MALT1 in MALT lymphomas, whereas true amplifications of MLT/MALT1 occur rarely in MZBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Caspases
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Parotid Neoplasms/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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25
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Suguro-Katayama M, Suzuki R, Kasugai Y, Nakamura T, Suzuki H, Hosokawa Y, Shiku H, Nakamura S, Seto M. Heterogeneous copy numbers of API2-MALT1 chimeric transcripts in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Leukemia 2003; 17:2508-12. [PMID: 14562112 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T(11;18)(q21;q21) results in a chimeric transcript between API2 at 11q21 and MALT1 at 18q21 and is a characteristic chromosomal aberration of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). API2-MALT1 chimeric transcripts are present in approximately one-third of all cases of MALT lymphoma. MALT lymphoma is also known to have variations in histological features and tumor cell proportions. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine number of API2-MALT1 copies in clinical samples for further investigation of the pathophysiology of MALT lymphoma. A total of 13 samples of MALT lymphoma contained API2-MALT1 transcripts from 1.7 x 10(-2) to 1.0 copies/beta-actin copy. These findings were compared to the proportions of tumor cells in genomic VDJ PCR products determined by Southern blotting. Tumor cell ratios varied widely among the patients' samples, and no significant correlation was found between transcript copy number and tumor cell ratio. These results suggest that copy numbers of API2-MALT1 do not reflect tumor cell proportions, and that the number of copies of API2-MALT1 in a tumor cell is different for each clinical sample.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Colon/pathology
- Female
- Gene Dosage
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/physiopathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mucous Membrane/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Pleural Cavity/pathology
- RNA, Messenger
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Stomach/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suguro-Katayama
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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26
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Abstract
CONTEXT The discovery that recurrent chromosomal translocations are involved in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin lymphomas has greatly improved our understanding of these diseases and revolutionized their diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To review the mechanisms by which chromosomal translocations occur and contribute to the pathogenesis of various types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and to review the utility of molecular genetic methods for the assessment of these translocations. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION Primary research studies and reviews published in the English language that focus on chromosomal translocation and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Chromosomal translocations, which usually result in oncogene activation, occur in many types of B- and T-cell lymphoma, and their detection is helpful for establishing an accurate diagnosis and monitoring disease following therapy. However, the precise mechanisms that explain how translocations occur remain unknown, although for some types of translocations a clear relationship has been established with immunoglobulin gene rearrangement mechanisms. In recent years, a number of genes deregulated by chromosomal translocations have been identified, and the detailed molecular mechanisms by which chromosomal translocations contribute to the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are beginning to be elucidated. CONCLUSIONS Molecular genetic analysis has played a major role in improving our understanding of B- and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and has allowed more precise definition of lymphoma types. Molecular genetic tests to detect these translocations are important ancillary tools for the diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vega
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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27
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Huntly BJP, Bench A, Green AR. Double jeopardy from a single translocation: deletions of the derivative chromosome 9 in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2003; 102:1160-8. [PMID: 12730117 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by formation of a BCR-ABL fusion gene, usually as a consequence of the Philadelphia (Ph) translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Recently the development of new fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) techniques has allowed identification of unexpected deletions of the reciprocal translocation product, the derivative chromosome 9, in 10% to 15% of patients with CML. These deletions are large, span the translocation breakpoint, and occur at the same time as the Ph translocation. Such deletions therefore give rise to previously unsuspected molecular heterogeneity from the very beginning of this disease, and there is mounting evidence for similar deletions associated with other translocations. Several studies have demonstrated that CML patients who carry derivative chromosome 9 deletions exhibit a more rapid progression to blast crisis and a shorter survival. Deletion status is independent of, and more powerful than, the Sokal and Hasford/European prognostic scoring systems. The poor prognosis associated with deletions is seen in patients treated with hydroxyurea or interferon, and preliminary evidence suggests that patients with deletions may also have a worse outcome than nondeleted patients following stem cell transplantation or treatment with imatinib. Poor outcome cannot be attributed to loss of the reciprocal ABL-BCR fusion gene expression alone, and is likely to reflect loss of one or more critical genes within the deleted region. The molecular heterogeneity associated with the Philadelphia translocation provides a new paradigm with potential relevance to all malignancies associated with reciprocal chromosomal translocations and/or fusion gene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J P Huntly
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Disruption of the physiologic balance between cell proliferation and death is a universal feature of all cancers. In general terms, human B-cell lymphomas can be subdivided into 2 main groups, low- and high-growth fraction lymphomas, according to the mechanisms through which this imbalance is achieved. Most types of low-growth fraction lymphomas are initiated by molecular events resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis, such as translocations affecting BCL2, in follicular lymphoma, or BCL10 and API2/MLT1, in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. This results in cell accumulation as a consequence of prolonged cell survival. In contrast, high-growth fraction lymphomas are characterized by an enhanced proliferative activity, as a result of the deregulation of oncogenes with cell cycle regulatory functions, such as BCL6, in large B-cell lymphoma, or c-myc, in Burkitt lymphoma. Low- and high-growth fraction lymphomas are both able to accumulate other alterations in cell cycle regulation, most frequently involving tumor suppressor genes such as p16(INK4a), p53, and p27(KIP1). As a consequence, these tumors behave as highly aggressive lymphomas. The simultaneous inactivation of several of these regulators confers increased aggressivity and proliferative advantage to tumoral cells. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of the alterations in each of these pathways, with special emphasis on the deregulation of cell cycle progression, in an attempt to integrate the available information within a global model that describes the contribution of these molecular changes to the genesis and progression of B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Sánchez-Beato
- Lymphoma Group, Molecular Pathology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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29
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Dierlamm J, Murga Penas EM, Daibata M, Tagushi H, Hinz K, Baens M, Cools J, Schilling G, Michaux L, Marynen P, Miyoshi I, Hossfeld DK. The novel t(11;12;18)(q21;q13;q21) represents a variant translocation of the t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with MALT-type lymphoma. Leukemia 2002; 16:1863-4. [PMID: 12200705 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2002] [Accepted: 06/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Liu H, Ye H, Ruskone-Fourmestraux A, De Jong D, Pileri S, Thiede C, Lavergne A, Boot H, Caletti G, Wündisch T, Molina T, Taal BG, Elena S, Thomas T, Zinzani PL, Neubauer A, Stolte M, Hamoudi RA, Dogan A, Isaacson PG, Du MQ. T(11;18) is a marker for all stage gastric MALT lymphomas that will not respond to H. pylori eradication. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1286-94. [PMID: 11984515 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.33047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Eradication of Helicobacter pylori leads to cure of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in 75% of localized cases. However, prolonged follow-up is necessary to determine whether a lymphoma responds to therapy. In a small series of cases, we showed that t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MALT lymphomas failed to respond to H. pylori eradication. The present study aimed to verify this finding in a large cohort and confirm whether the translocation predicts the response of stage I(E) tumors, for which clinical staging has little prognostic value. METHODS A total of 111 patients with H. pylori-positive gastric MALT lymphoma treated with antibiotics were studied. Clinical staging was undertaken before therapy. The response of lymphoma to H. pylori eradication was determined by histologic examination of gastric biopsy specimens. Diagnostic biopsy specimens were analyzed for t(11;18)(q21;q21) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of the API2-MALT1 transcript. RESULTS Forty-seven of the 48 patients who showed complete regression had lymphoma at stage I(E), whereas 43 of the 63 nonresponsive cases were at stage I(E) and the remaining cases at stage II(E) or above. t(11;18)(q21;q21) was detected in 2 of 48 complete-regression cases, and these positive cases showed relapse of lymphoma in the absence of H. pylori reinfection. In contrast, the translocation was present in 42 of the 63 nonresponsive cases, including 26 of 43 (60%) at stage I(E). CONCLUSIONS t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive gastric MALT lymphomas, including those at stage I(E), do not respond to H. pylori eradication. Detection of the translocation should help the clinical management of patients with gastric MALT lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Female
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
- Helicobacter pylori/drug effects
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Stomach Neoplasms/etiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Liu
- Department of Histopathology, University College London, London, England
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Yonezumi M, Suzuki R, Suzuki H, Yoshino T, Oshima K, Hosokawa Y, Asaka M, Morishima Y, Nakamura S, Seto M. Detection of AP12-MALT1 chimaeric gene in extranodal and nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genomic long and accurate PCR analyses. Br J Haematol 2001; 115:588-94. [PMID: 11736940 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
t(11;18)(q21;q21) has been recognized as a characteristic chromosomal translocation in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphoma, and recent studies have demonstrated that this translocation results in the chimaeric transcript of API2 (apoptosis inhibitor 2)-MALT1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1). In this study, we used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyse the incidence of this fusion product in a large series of MALT lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (nMZBCL) and extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL) cases. RT-PCR analysis revealed that 17 of the 95 (17.9%) MALT lymphomas but none of the nine nMZBCLs or 16 DLBLs had API2-MALT1 fusion transcripts. The incidence of API2-MALT1 varied among MALT lymphomas arising from different sites and was highest for pulmonary MALT lymphomas (10 out of 16 cases, 62.5%). The presence of the API2-MALT1 fusion gene was also confirmed by long and accurate (LA)-PCR with genomic DNA, and the result correlated well with that obtained with the RT-PCR assay, thus demonstrating the usefulness of LA-PCR for the detection of the API2-MALT1 fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yonezumi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Centre Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Liu H, Ye H, Dogan A, Ranaldi R, Hamoudi RA, Bearzi I, Isaacson PG, Du MQ. T(11;18)(q21;q21) is associated with advanced mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma that expresses nuclear BCL10. Blood 2001; 98:1182-7. [PMID: 11493468 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.4.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a multistep process and can be clinico-pathologically divided into Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis, low-grade tumors, and high-grade tumors. The molecular events underlying this progression are largely unknown. However, identification of the genes involved in MALT lymphoma-specific t(11;18)(q21;q21) and t(1;14)(p22;q32) has provided fresh insights into the pathogenesis of this disease. T(11;18)(q21;q21) results in a chimeric transcript between the API2 and the MALT1 genes, whereas t(1;14) (p22;q32) causes aberrant nuclear BCL10 expression. Significantly, nuclear BCL10 expression also occurs frequently in MALT lymphomas without t(1;14)(p22;q32), suggesting an important role for BCL10 in lymphoma development. Thirty-three cases of H pylori gastritis, 72 MALT lymphomas, and 11 mucosal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) were screened for t(11;18)(q21;q21) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing. BCL10 expression in lymphoma cases was examined by immunohistochemistry. The API2--MALT1 fusion transcript was not detected in H pylori gastritis and mucosal DLBCL but was found in 25 of 72 (35%) MALT lymphomas of various sites. Nuclear BCL10 expression was seen in 28 of 53 (53%) of MALT lymphomas. Of the gastric cases, the largest group studied, the frequency of both t(11;18)(q21;q21) and nuclear BCL10 expression was significantly higher in tumors that showed dissemination to local lymph nodes or distal sites (14 of 18 = 78% and 14 of 15 = 93%, respectively) than those confined to the stomach (3 of 29 = 10% and 10 of 26 = 38%). Furthermore, t(11;18)(q21;q21) closely correlated with BCL10 nuclear expression. These results indicate that both t(11;18)(q21;q21) and BCL10 nuclear expression are associated with advanced MALT lymphoma and that their oncogenic activities may be related to each other. (Blood. 2001;98:1182-1187)
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adult
- Aged
- B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Chromosome Aberrations/pathology
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Stomach Neoplasms/etiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Cavalli F, Isaacson PG, Gascoyne RD, Zucca E. MALT Lymphomas. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2001; 2001:241-258. [PMID: 11722987 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2001.1.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the biology and the treatment of lymphomas arising from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). This entity, first described in 1983, represents about 8% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and was recently re-classified as "extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of MALT-type." The term marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) encompasses the three closely related lymphoma subtypes of nodal, primary splenic and extranodal lymphomas of MALT type: the latter represent the vast majority of MZL. These lymphomas arise at different anatomic sites, are composed of mature B-cells lacking expression of CD5 and CD10, often present with overlapping morphologic features, but typically quite distinct clinical behaviors. Only very recently cytogenetic/molecular genetic observations have underlined the distinctiveness of these three lymphoid neoplasms, which in both the R.E.A.L. and WHO-classifications are included in the general term of MZL. MALT lymphomas arise in numerous extranodal sites, but gastric MALT lymphoma is the most common and best studied and is, therefore, the paradigm for the group as a whole. Dr. Isaacson describes the principal histological features of these lymphomas, including criteria to distinguish this entity from other small B-cell lymphomas. Several lines of evidence suggest that gastric lymphoma arises from MALT acquired as the result of aH. pyloriinfection. However, at least 1/3 of cases do not respond to eradication ofH. pylori. Very recent data suggest that both t(11;18) (q21;q21) and bcl10 nuclear expression are associated with failure to respond to this treatment. Dr. Gascoyne discusses the biologic function of proteins deregulated through the different translocations, which play a role in pathogenesis of MALT lymphomas, emphasizing particularly their influence in disrupting the apoptotic pathway. Dr. Zucca reviews findings suggesting that MALT lymphoma is an antigen driven neoplasm. He also presents specific guidelines for treatment of gastric lymphomas trying to shed some light on the amazingly inconsistent and confusing data in the literature. Taking advantage on the more than 300 non-gastric MALT lymphomas collected by the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (ILESG), Dr. Cavalli compares gastric lymphomas with those arising in many other sites. Overall, the data presented in this session will underline the fact, that MALT lymphomas are characterized by some unique biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cavalli
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Department of Medical Oncology
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