Medical treatments in the short term management of reflux oesophagitis

A Non-Pharmacological Paradigm Captures the Complexity in the Mechanism of Action of Poliprotect Against Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Dyspepsia

When the protective mechanisms of the gastroesophageal mucosa are overwhelmed by injurious factors, the structural and functional mucosal integrity is compromised, resulting in a wide spectrum of disorders. Poliprotect has recently been shown to be non-inferior to standard-dose omeprazole for the treatment of endoscopy-negative patients with heartburn and/or epigastric pain or burning. Here, we provide preclinical data describing the mechanism of action of the Poliprotect formulation, a 100% natural, biodegradable, and environmental friendly medical device according to EU 2017/745 and containing UVCB (unknown or variable composition, complex-reaction products, or biological materials) substances of botanical and mineral origin, according to the REACH and European Chemical Agency definitions. Different in vitro assays demonstrated the capability of Poliprotect to adhere to mucus-secreting gastric cells and concomitantly deliver a local barrier with buffering and antioxidant activity. In studies conducted in accordance with systems biology principles, we evaluated the effects of this barrier on human gastric cells exposed to acidic stress. Biological functions identified via Ingenuity Pathway Analysis highlighted the product's ability to create a microenvironment that supports the mucosal structural and functional integrity, promotes healing, and restores a balanced mucosal inflammatory status. Additionally, transepithelial electrical resistance and an Ussing chamber showed the product's capability of preserving the integrity of the gastric and esophageal epithelial barriers when exposed to an acid solution. Two in vivo models of erosive gastropathy further highlighted its topical protection against ethanol- and drug-induced mucosal injury. Overall, our findings sustain the feasibility of a paradigm shift in therapeutics R&D by depicting a very innovative and desirable mode of interaction with the human body based on the emerging biophysical, rather than the pharmacological properties of these therapeutic agents.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Clinical Guidelines of the Russian Gastroenterological Association, Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine, Russian Society for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research)

Aim. These recommendations are developed for practitioners in order to familiarize them with modern diagnostic methods, management features and pharmacotherapy of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

General provisions. GERD is the most common reason for patients to visit clinics. There are esophageal and extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. Patients' complaints of heartburn and regurgitation remain the most sensitive and specific clinical manifestations of GERD. The diagnosis of GERD is established on the basis of anamnestic data, instrumental examination (detection of reflux esophagitis during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, detection of pathological gastroesophageal reflux with 24-hour pH-metry or/and 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring). Patients with suspected GERD and the absence of erosive and ulcerative changes in the mucous membrane of the esophagus or the presence of erosive esophagitis of Grade A according to Los Angeles Classification of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease are recommended to conduct 24-hour pH-metry on PPI off to exclude or confirm the diagnosis of GERD. Patients with extraesophageal manifestations of GERD without classic symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation) are recommended to undergo 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring with discontinuation of proton pump inhibitor therapy. When deciding on surgical treatment, all patients need to perform high-resolution esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring. Complications of GERD include bleeding, strictures, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The main groups of medications used in the treatment of GERD are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs), alginates, antacids, and prokinetics. PPIs are the drugs of choice in the treatment of both symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and existing erosive esophagitis. Combination therapy Rebamipide with PPIs increases the effectiveness of relief of GERD symptoms, as well as reduces the frequency of relapses.

Conclusion. These clinical recommendations will improve the quality of medical care for patients with GERD.

Overlapping approach Proton Pump Inhibitors/Nux vomica-Heel as new intervention for gastro-esophageal reflux management: Delphi consensus study

BACKGROUND

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) may affect the upper digestive tract; up to 20% of population in Western nations are affected by GERD. Antacids, histamine H2-receptor antagonists, and Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are considered the referring medications for GERD. Nevertheless, PPIs must be managed carefully because their use, especially chronic, could be linked with some adverse effects. An effective and safe alternative pharmacological tool for GERD is needed. After the identification of potentially new medications to flank PPIs, it is mandatory to revise and improve good clinical practices even through a consensus process.

AIM

To optimize diagnosis and treatment guidelines for GERD through a consensus based on Delphi method.

METHODS

The availability of clinical studies describing the action of the multicomponent/multitarget medication Nux vomica-Heel, subject of the consensus, is the basic prerequisite for the consensus itself. A modified Delphi process was used to reach a consensus among a panel of Italian GERD specialists on the overlapping approach PPIs/Nux vomica-Heel as a new intervention model for the management of GERD. The Voting Consensus group was composed of 49 Italian Medical Doctors with different specializations: Gastroenterology, otolaryngology, geriatrics, and general medicine. A scientific committee analyzed the literature, determined areas that required investigation (in agreement with the multiple-choice questionnaire results), and identified two topics of interest: (1) GERD disease; and (2) GERD treatment. Statements for each of these topics were then formulated and validated. The Delphi process involved two rounds of questioning submitted to the panel experts using an online platform.

RESULTS

According to their routinary GERD practice and current clinical evidence, the panel members provided feedback to each questionnaire statement. The experts evaluated 15 statements and reached consensus on all 15. The statements regarding the GERD disease showed high levels of agreement, with consensus ranging from 70% to 92%. The statements regarding the GERD treatment also showed very high levels of agreement, with consensus ranging from 90% to 100%. This Delphi process was able to reach consensus among physicians in relevant aspects of GERD management, such as the adoption of a new approach to treat patients with GERD based on the overlapping between PPIs and Nux vomica-Heel. The consensus was unanimous among the physicians with different specializations, underlying the uniqueness of the agreement reached to identify in the overlapping approach between PPIs and Nux vomica-Heel a new intervention model for GERD management. The results support that an effective approach to deprescribe PPIs through a progressive decalage timetable (reducing PPIs administration to as-needed use), should be considered.

CONCLUSION

Nux vomica-Heel appears to be a valid opportunity for GERD treatment to favor the deprescription of PPIs and to maintain low disease activity together with the symptomatology remission.

Patient journey in gastroesophageal reflux disease: real-world perspectives from Italian gastroenterologists, primary care physicians, and ENT specialists

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a challenging condition that involves different physicians, such as general practitioners (GPs), gastroenterologists, and ears, nose and throat (ENT) specialists. A common approach consists of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) administration. Adjunctive pharmacological treatment may have a role in the management of non-responders to PPIs.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to survey GPs and different medical specialists to investigate the medical approaches to patients reporting GERD symptoms. In addition, we examined the use of adjunctive pharmacological treatments in patients with GERD symptoms who do not respond to PPIs.

DESIGN

Retrospective observational study.

METHODS

A survey was conducted among a large sample of gastroenterologists, GPs, and ENT specialists. Symptoms were divided into typical and extraesophageal, and their severity and impact on quality of life were explored with the GERD Impact Scale and with Reflux Symptom Index (RSI). All therapies administered usually for GERD were investigated.

RESULTS

A total of 6211 patients were analyzed in this survey. Patients with typical symptoms were 53.5%, while those with extraesophageal symptoms were 46.5%. The latter were more frequently reported by ENT patients (53.6%, p < 0.0001). The GSI was higher in patients followed by gastroenterologists (9 points) and GPs (9 points) than ENT specialists (8 points), but the RSI was higher in the ENT group (14.3 ± 6.93) than in GPs and gastroenterologist groups (10.36 ± 6.36 and 10.81 ± 7.30, p < 0.0001). Chest pain had the highest negative impact on quality of life (p < 0.0001). Of the 3025 patients who used PPIs, non-responders showed a lower GSI when treated with a combination of adjunctive pharmacological treatments and bioadhesive compounds, than with single-component drugs.

CONCLUSION

Patients with GERD referred to a gastroenterologist had more severe disease and poorer quality of life. The combination of adjunctive pharmacological treatments and bioadhesive compounds seems to be effective in the management of PPI refractory patients.

Developments in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease over the Last 40 Years

BACKGROUND

The last 40 years have seen a remarkable change in our understanding of reflux disease.

SUMMARY

These changes encompass disease definition and impact, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, regulatory oversight of clinical trials, pharmacotherapy, endoscopic, and surgical treatment. We have also seen a number of promising therapies fail.

KEY MESSAGES

The future holds the promise of further advances. Adaptive artificial intelligence will take over diagnostics in manometry and pH impedance testing and patient-driven outcomes may be changed by interactions with artificial intelligence rather than humans. Changes in chip technology will allow higher resolution chips to be carried on smaller devices making extra-esophageal areas where reflux may play a role more accessible to prolonged observation and testing.

Optimizing the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: focus on nutritional risk factors and nutritional approaches

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common upper gastrointestinal disease characterized by occurrence of typical symptoms associated with an increase in esophageal acid exposure. The transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) and hypotension is the key pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of reflux disease. For a long time, it was assumed that certain nutritional and lifestyle factors affect the mechanisms of the onset and progress of GERD. However, the accumulated scientific findings show contradicting results regarding contribution of these factors to the development of reflux disease. The treatment of GERD requires lifestyle modifications, diet therapy, pharmacotherapy, and, if necessary, surgery. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) form the basis of pharmacotherapy. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary therapy, is also part of the treatment plan for patients with reflux symptoms, however no clear guidelines in this regard are determined due to the lack of good evidence base. Yet, while the problems associated with the long-term use of PPIs are explored, patients and physicians are increasingly interested in the role of diet in the treatment of GERD. The article provides an overview of the dietary aspects in GERD with a focus on nutritional components and their impact on the pathophysiology and treatment of this disease. Although sequential food-group elimination in GERD is common in clinical practice, literature data demonstrate a broader approach, including reduction of sugar intake, increase of dietary fibres in the diet, and changes in patterns of eating habits as a general principle.

Impact of Ramadan Fasting on the Severity of Symptoms Among a Cohort of Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

INTRODUCTION

 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition caused by the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. Heartburn, chest discomfort, and regurgitation are the main symptoms. Medications, surgical procedures, and lifestyle modification are considered treatment options. Fasting is believed to be one of the lifestyle modifications that helps minimize GERD symptoms. Muslims abstain from eating, drinking, and smoking from dawn until dusk. The objectives of our study were to investigate the relationship between fasting and GERD symptoms and evaluate how fasting affects GERD symptoms in Saudi Arabia.

METHODOLOGY

This was a longitudinal study that selected GERD patients for its consecutive sampling. The patients answered the questionnaires at two separate times: once during Ramadan and once after Ramadan. A validated gastroesophageal reflux disease health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL) self-administered survey was used.

RESULT

After Ramadan, heartburn symptoms significantly decreased, particularly when lying down. Overall, the 45-point heartburn score decreased from 17.9 during Ramadan to 14.3 thereafter. The regurgitation score decreased from 12.3 during Ramadan to 9.9 after fasting, with statistical significance (P = .049). Although satisfaction was much higher after Ramadan (17% vs. 15.1%), there was no statistical significance (P = .422), and 45.3% of the patients were satisfied with their health state during Ramadan compared to 34% after Ramadan. There was no relationship between the severity of GERD symptoms before or after fasting and the type of food, the timing of eating, or the amount of food consumed.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that Ramadan fasting may improve GERD symptoms. However, more studies are required to validate these results and comprehend the underlying mechanisms.

British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gut-brain interaction, affecting approximately 7% of individuals in the community, with most patients managed in primary care. The last British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guideline for the management of dyspepsia was published in 1996. In the interim, substantial advances have been made in understanding the complex pathophysiology of FD, and there has been a considerable amount of new evidence published concerning its diagnosis and classification, with the advent of the Rome IV criteria, and management. The primary aim of this guideline, commissioned by the BSG, is to review and summarise the current evidence to inform and guide clinical practice, by providing a practical framework for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of patients. The approach to investigating the patient presenting with dyspepsia is discussed, and efficacy of drugs in FD summarised based on evidence derived from a comprehensive search of the medical literature, which was used to inform an update of a series of pairwise and network meta-analyses. Specific recommendations have been made according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. These provide both the strength of the recommendations and the overall quality of evidence. Finally, in this guideline, we consider novel treatments that are in development, as well as highlighting areas of unmet need and priorities for future research.

Upregulation of acid sensing ion channels is associated with esophageal hypersensitivity in GERD

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the mainstay of therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) but up to 60% of patients have inadequate response to therapy. Acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) play important roles in nociception. This study aimed to investigate whether the increased expression of ASICs results in neuronal hyperexcitability in GERD. Esophageal biopsies were taken from GERD patients and healthy subjects to compare expression of ASIC1 and 3. Next, gene and protein expression of ASIC1 and 3 from esophageal mucosa and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons were measured by qPCR, Western‐blot and immunofluorescence in rodent models of reflux esophagitis (RE), non‐erosive reflux disease (NERD), and sham operated groups. Excitability of DRG neurons in the GERD and sham groups were also tested by whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. We demonstrated that ASIC1 and 3 expression were significantly increased in patients with RE compared with healthy controls. This correlated positively with symptom severity of heartburn and regurgitation (p < .001). Next, ASIC1 and 3 gene and protein expression in rodent models of RE and NERD were similarly increased in esophageal mucosa as well as T3–T5 DRG neurons compared with sham operation. DRG neurons from RE animals showed hyperexcitability compared with sham group. However, intrathecal injection of ASIC specific inhibitors, PcTx1 and APTEx‐2, as well as silencing ASIC1 and 3 genes with specific siRNAs prevented visceral hypersensitivity. Overall, upregulation of ASIC1 and 3 may lead to visceral hypersensitivity in RE and NERD and may be a potential therapeutic target for PPI non‐responsive patients.

Estimate of Refractory Reflux Disease in the United States: Economic Burden and Associated Clinical Characteristics

GOALS

To update the estimate of the prevalence of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the United States, and to assess the clinical and economic differences between patients with and without refractory GERD.

BACKGROUND

GERD affects 18% to 28% of the US population, with nearly 40% of GERD patients presenting with refractory symptoms despite ongoing therapy.

STUDY

Retrospective analysis of the IBM MarketScan databases between January 2011 and June 2018. Inclusion criteria were prescription fill and subsequent refill of a proton pump inhibitor or H2-receptor antagonist (earliest claim=index date), diagnosis of GERD 60 days preceding and/or following index, continuous insurance enrolment for 12 months preceding/following index, and absence of prior GERD diagnosis or GERD medication. We derived refractory GERD symptom scores for all patients on the basis of a previously published algorithm. Health care costs and comorbidities were assessed for all patients and compared between those with and without refractory GERD.

RESULTS

In total, 399,017 GERD patients qualified for the study; 103,654 (26%) met our definition of having indications of refractory GERD symptoms. Patients with refractory GERD symptoms reported significantly higher rates of hiatal hernia (25.1% vs. 5.9%), esophagitis (37.3% vs. 11.8%), esophageal stricture (11.3% vs. 1.5%), and dysphagia (26.8% vs. 7.1%; P<0.01 for each). The refractory GERD symptoms cohort incurred ~$10,000 greater health care costs per patient per year compared with patients without refractory GERD symptoms ($26,057±$58,948 vs. $15,285±$39,307; P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Refractory GERD symptoms were associated with a substantial increase in health care costs. Treatments aimed at improving refractory GERD symptoms may mitigate symptom burden, potentially reducing health care expenditure.

Evaluation of Trials Comparing Single-Enantiomer Drugs to Their Racemic Precursors: A Systematic Review

IMPORTANCE

Chiral switching, a strategy in which drug manufacturers develop a single-enantiomer formulation of a drug to be substituted for a racemic formulation, allows manufacturers to maintain market exclusivity for drugs losing patent protection, even without demonstrating superior efficacy or safety.

OBJECTIVE

To identify and characterize all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) directly comparing a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved single-enantiomer drug against a previously approved racemic drug for 1 or more efficacy or safety end points.

EVIDENCE REVIEW

Drugs were identified using the Drugs@FDA database. Randomized clinical trials were identified using Ovid MEDLINE (1949 to October 22, 2019), Ovid Embase (1974 to October 22, 2019), Web of Science Core Collection (all years), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, Wiley, Issue 8 of 12, October 22, 2019). Trials were characterized as favoring the single-enantiomer or racemic drugs based on whether the primary efficacy, secondary efficacy, and safety end points achieved each study's defined significance level (eg, P < .05). Trials were characterized as favoring neither drug if no statistically significant differences were reported for any end point or if both drugs were found to be superior for 1 or more separate end points.

FINDINGS

Fifteen FDA-approved single-enantiomer drugs were identified with racemic precursors approved in the US or Europe. For 3 single-enantiomer racemic drug pairs, no RCTs directly comparing the drugs were identified. For the remaining 12 pairs, 185 RCTs comparing efficacy or safety of the drug pairs were identified, 124 (67.0%) of which studied 1 pair (levobupivacaine/bupivacaine). There were 179 RCTs directly comparing drug pairs using efficacy end points, of which 23 (12.8%) favored the single enantiomer based on primary efficacy end point results. There were 124 RCTs directly comparing drug pairs using safety end points, of which 17 (13.7%) favored the single-enantiomer drug. For 9 of the 15 single-enantiomer drugs (60.0%), no RCTs were identified providing evidence of improved efficacy, based on primary end point results, or safety as compared with their racemic precursors.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The results of this systematic review suggest that most newly marketed FDA-approved single-enantiomer drugs are infrequently directly compared with their racemic precursors, and when compared, they are uncommonly found to provide improved efficacy or safety, despite their greater costs.

De novo gastroesophageal reflux disease esophageal surgery in bariatrics: a literature review and analysis of the current treatment options

With the exponential increase of worldwide obesity, the number of bariatric surgery (BaS) procedures have equally risen. The surgical management of obesity has been widely established as the standard of care for sustained weight reduction, resolution, and improvement of associated comorbidities. However, BaS itself can have postoperative deleterious effects, including de novo gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and upper gastrointestinal motility disorders. The modified anatomy resulting from BaS, due to either a restrictive or hypoabsorptive component, gives this disorder a multifactorial etiology. The overall management of de novo GERD should focus on three primordial approaches: Non-surgical, endoluminal, and surgical. Even in the absence of de novo GERD following primary or secondary BaS, said disorder should be closely monitored and therapy should be catered in a case-by-case approach. Consequently, treatment strategies have been developed on this principle as to adequately resolve de novo GERD. Despite the presence of multiple and suitable treatment modalities, the operating surgeon should perform them in the best interest of the patient. Short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes should be taken into consideration prior to proceed with any type of preferred management option. This article herein presents an update on the surgical management of de novo GERD following BaS and current practical innovations.

Pharmacological Management of Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease: An Update of the State-of-the-Art

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a highly prevalent, chronic disorder, whose knowledge remains limited and the management of these patients changes continuously. This review provides a summary of the most recent advancements in the pathogenesis of this disease and the new drugs introduced into the market to overcome some of the unmet needs of traditional therapies. Nowadays, the most fruitful diagnostic examinations are 24-hour impedance-pH monitoring, which allows us to separate true NERD from esophageal functional disorders and high-resolution manometry, which helps to exclude the existence of motility disorders sharing the same symptoms of GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) remain the first-choice therapy in the treatment of GERD, but a consistent proportion of these patients continue to experience symptoms despite their intake. These cases pertain mainly to the subpopulation with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and represent very challenging clinical situations, because it is mandatory to understand the reasons for PPI failure. The management of these difficult patients requires necessarily to test them and avoid the use of empiric treatments that are often unsuccessful, costly and potentially dangerous. Recently, several new drugs have been used to increase the defensive properties of this mucosa with promising results in randomized clinical trials.

A practical approach to the evaluation and management of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most commonly affected internal organ system in systemic sclerosis (SSc). SSc may lead to impaired function in any region of the GI tract, from the esophagus to the anorectum, which causes significant morbidity as well as mortality in patient subsets. Given the low prevalence of SSc in the community, many rheumatologists may not have a systematic framework for diagnosing or treating the GI complaints in this disease. These practice recommendations aim to summarize and consolidate the current guidelines from the fields of gastroenterology and rheumatology and establish a symptom-based framework for diagnosis and management based on available evidence in the literature. Subject areas that are in need of additional research are also identified.

Barrier therapies supporting the biology of the mucosal barrier-medical devices for common clinical mucosal disorders

Recently mucosal barrier therapies have been either CE marked or licensed by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as medical devices. A barrier therapy (BT) uses a physical non-drug mode of action as its sole mechanism to manage a clinical syndrome. A BT is verified as technically or biologically safe having efficacy that has been proven by valid clinical trials. However, it remains unclear what anatomical portions of the mucosa are physically engaged by any given BT. Therefore, this article clarifies the physical basis for clinical efficacy of any given mucosal BT's. Current regulatory classification of medical devices is defined. More importantly, the biology of mucosal barrier is detailed by structure, compartmental elements and function. A live-function or cross-sectional anatomical perspective of the mucosa is provided. A cross-sectional anatomical perspective of the mucosa is provided in order to highlight the physical point of contact for any given mucosal BT's. Five traits of an effective mucosal BT are proposed to assess traits of fitness for any given BT. A BT is either classical, possessing four to five traits, or non-classical, possessing three or fewer traits. Among 16 commercially available mucosal BT's which share nine distinct formulations, most are non-classical BT while two (alginate and polymeric sucralfate) are classical mucosal BT's.

Relationship Between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Endoscopic Finding "Iodine-Unstained Streak"

Background

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with iodine stain is a useful and diffused method for diagnosing esophageal cancer. We can perform the procedure easily with endoscopic system which does not comprise image-enhanced endoscopy. Several studies advocated that iodine-unstained streaks are a characteristic finding of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, there are only a few reports about the subject. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of iodine chromoendoscopy for GERD consultation.

Methods

The study was conducted with 154 GERD cases in which EGD with iodine stain to the esophagus was performed. For the 154 cases, we analyzed the existence of reflux esophagitis finding and iodine-unstained streaks. In 47 GERD cases (proton pump inhibitor (PPI): 45 cases, histamine H2-receptor antagonist (H2-RA): two cases) where medication was started after EGD, we examined predictive factors of the symptom improvement such as sex, age, weight, reflux esophagitis finding, and iodine-unstained streak.

Results

An iodine-unstained streak was observed in 50/154 cases (32.5%). For 50 cases with iodine-unstained streak, there were only 24/50 cases (48.0%) that had both reflux esophagitis findings (≥ Los Angeles classification: grade M) and an iodine-unstained streak. For 47 cases in which medication was started, 34 cases showed improvement in their symptoms, and 13 cases did not show improvement. An iodine-unstained streak was observed more often in “Improved” group rather than in “Not improved” group (P < 0.01). When we supposed an iodine-unstained streak to be the predictive factor of the medication effect for GERD, sensitivity was 61.8% and specificity was 84.6%.

Conclusions

No erosion was often found in the GERD cases without reflux esophagitis, and iodine-unstained streak was observed more often in “Improved” group rather than in “Not improved” group. We think that iodine-unstained streak can be useful for diagnosing of GERD and predictive factor of the medication effect.

Who Needs Gastroprotection in 2020?

Purpose of review

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a recognized complication of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stress ulcers are a concern for intensive care unit (ICU) patients; PUD is also an issue for patients taking anticoagulation. Helicobacter pylori test and treat is an option for patients starting NSAID therapy, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may reduce PUD in NSAID patients and other high-risk groups.

Recent findings

There are a large number of trials that demonstrate that Helicobacter pylori eradication reduces PUD in NSAID patients. PPI is also effective at reducing PUD in this group and is also effective in ICU patients and those on anticoagulants. The effect is too modest for PPI to be recommended in everyone, and more research is needed as to which groups would benefit the most. Increasing age, past history of PUD, and comorbidity are the most important risk factors.

Summary

H. pylori test and treat should be offered to older patients starting NSAIDS, while PPIs should be prescribed to patients that are at high risk of developing PUD and at risk of dying from PUD complications.

Symptomatic response to GERDOFF® in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease and poor response to alginates: an exploratory, post-market, open-label study

BACKGROUND/AIMS

A novel medical device based on hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate plus aluminum hydroxide (GERDOFF®, melt-in-mouth tablets) showed efficacy in reducing GER-related symptoms. This exploratory, open-label study evaluated symptomatic effects of a 14-day treatment with GERDOFF® in GERD patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

GERD Impact Scale (GIS) questionnaire was filled at baseline visit, after 7 and 14 days of treatment; patients' Global Satisfaction was evaluated at the final visit. Primary endpoint was the reduction of heartburn episodes per week; secondary endpoints were GERD-related symptoms, patients' satisfaction, and safety.

RESULTS

Forty patients were included, 22 were on stable therapy with proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Compared to baseline, the days with heartburn episodes and the GIS score progressively decreased during the first (p<0.0001) and the second week of treatment (p<0.0001). Heartburn episodes per week (p<0.0001) and the GIS score (p<0.0001) decreased in the first and the last 7 days of 14-day treatment and did not differ between patients on and off PPI. The treatment was safe and well-tolerated, and it was rated as very good (46.2%) or good (43.6%) on the satisfaction questionnaire.

CONCLUSION

GERDOFF® could effectively treat GER symptoms in patients not responding to PPI or alginate-based formulation. ISRCTN_15143752.

How to advise patients on the risk of chronic proton pump inhibitor therapy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed and have excellent short-term tolerability. Administrative database studies have highlighted that many diseases are associated with PPI therapy including pneumonia, fracture, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. This review therefore reviews the evidence of the risks and benefits of these drugs.

RECENT FINDINGS

There is high-to-moderate quality evidence that PPIs are effective at treating many acid-related disorders. Recent randomized trials have suggested that the associations between PPIs and various diseases are likely to be related to bias and residual confounding and these drugs appear to be safe apart from a possible increased risk of enteric infections.

SUMMARY

PPIs should be used at the lowest dose and for the shortest duration possible. They are still relatively well-tolerated drugs but should only be prescribed for proven indications.

Interaction of epidermal growth factor with COX-2 products and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ system in experimental rat Barrett's esophagus

Mixed acidic-alkaline refluxate is a major pathogenic factor in chronic esophagitis progressing to Barrett's esophagus (BE). We hypothesized that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can interact with COX-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in rats surgically prepared with esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (EGDA) with healthy or removed salivary glands to deplete salivary EGF. EGDA rats were treated with 1) vehicle, 2) EGF or PPARγ agonist pioglitazone with or without EGFR kinase inhibitor tyrphostin A46, EGF or PPARγ antagonist GW9662 respectively, 3) ranitidine or pantoprazole, and 4) the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib combined with pioglitazone. At 3 mo, the esophageal damage and the esophageal blood flow (EBF) were determined, the mucosal expression of EGF, EGFR, COX-2, TNFα, and PPARγ mRNA and phospho-EGFR/EGFR protein was analyzed. All EGDA rats developed chronic esophagitis, esophageal ulcerations, and intestinal metaplasia followed by a fall in the EBF, an increase in the plasma of IL-1β, TNFα, and mucosal PGE₂ content, the overexpression of COX-2-, and EGF-EGFR mRNAs, and proteins, and these effects were aggravated by EGF and attenuated by pioglitazone. The rise in EGF and COX-2 mRNA was inhibited by pioglitazone but reversed by pioglitazone cotreated with GW9662. We conclude that 1) EGF can interact with PG/COX-2 and the PPARγ system in the mechanism of chronic esophagitis; 2) the deleterious effect of EGF involves an impairment of EBF and the overexpression of COX-2 and EGFR, and 3) agonists of PPARγ and inhibitors of EGFR may be useful in the treatment of chronic esophagitis progressing to BE.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rats with EGDA exhibited chronic esophagitis accompanied by a fall in EBF and an increase in mucosal expression of mRNAs for EGF, COX-2, and TNFα, and these effects were exacerbated by exogenous EGF and reduced by removal of a major source of endogenous EGF with salivectomy or concurrent treatment with tyrphostin A46 or pioglitazone combined with EGF. Beneficial effects of salivectomy in an experimental model of BE were counteracted by PPARγ antagonist, whereas selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib synergistically with pioglitazone reduced severity of esophageal damage and protected esophageal mucosa from reflux. We propose the cross talk among EGF/EGFR, PG/COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines with PPARγ pathway in the mechanism of pathogenesis of chronic esophagitis progressing to BE and EAC.

A Randomized Placebo-Controlled N-of-1 Trial: The Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitor in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most frequent chronic gastrointestinal disorder. It is defined as a condition developed when the reflux of gastric contents causes troublesome symptoms (heartburn and regurgitation). This requires adequate treatment since it can lead to long-term complications including esophagus adenocarcinoma. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are generally used to treat GERD due to their high-security profile and efficiency on most patients. However, recurrent reflux despite initial treatment is frequent. N-of-1 trial is a study that allows the identification of the best treatment for each patient. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of standard dose with double dosage of esomeprazole, to improve the GERD symptoms in a single patient.

Methods

A single-patient trial, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, was carried out from September 25th, 2012, to April 26th, 2013. It included one outpatient at the gastroenterology service in a fourth-level hospital, diagnosed with nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). Yet, his symptoms were heartburn and reflux, and his endoscopic results were normal esophageal mucosa, without hiatal hernia, though pathological pH values. A no-obese male without any tobacco or alcohol usage received esomeprazole 40 mg/day and 40 mg/bid for 24 weeks. A standardized gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GerdQ) was used weekly to evaluate symptom frequency and severity. The consumption of 90% of the capsules was considered as an adequate treatment adherence. D'agostino-Pearson and Wilcoxon test were used to determine normal or nonnormal distribution and compare both treatments, respectively, both with a significant statistical difference of p < 0.05.

Results

The patient completed the study with 96% of adherence. The double dosage of esomeprazole did not improve the control of symptoms compared with the standard dosage. Mean symptomatic score was 9.5±0.5 and 10.2±0.6 for each treatment, respectively (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

There was no significant improvement in the patient GERD symptoms increasing the dose of oral esomeprazole during the 6 months of study. N-of-1 trials in chronic pathologies including GERD are recommended due to their potential value as systematic methods that evaluate therapies without strong scientific evidence.

Proton Pump Inhibitors in the Elderly, Balancing Risk and Benefit: an Age-Old Problem

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most prescribed drugs in the developed world and elderly patients are particularly likely to be prescribed acid suppression. There have been reports of many diseases being associated with PPI therapy and the elderly would be particular at risk of any harms these drugs may cause. This review therefore reviews the evidence of the risks and benefits of these drugs.

RECENT FINDINGS

PPIs are very effective at treating acid-related disorders. Recent randomized trials have suggested that the associations between PPI and various diseases are likely to be related to bias and residual confounding and these drugs appear to be safe apart from a possible increase risk of enteric infections. PPIs should be used at the lowest dose and for the shortest duration possible. They are still relatively safe drugs but should only be prescribed for proven indications.

Sustained proton pump inhibitor deprescribing among dyspeptic patients in general practice: a return to self-management through a programme of education and alginate rescue therapy. A prospective interventional study

Background

Dyspepsia guidelines recommend that patients treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) should step down to the lowest effective dose or return to self-care, but rebound hyperacidity can make this difficult. Many patients continue on PPIs in the long term, which may lead to safety and financial implications.

Aim

To determine if a nurse-led educational support programme and rescue therapy for rebound symptoms can help patients achieve a sustained reduction in PPI use.

Design & setting

A prospective interventional study was conducted at 26 surgeries across the UK.

Method

Adult patients, treated with PPIs for ≥2 consecutive months with an active repeat prescription, were invited to a 20-minute dyspepsia clinic appointment with a trained nurse adviser. An action plan to reduce and/or stop their PPI usage was agreed and alginate supplied for the self-management of rebound symptoms. After 12 months, PPI status was reviewed and prescribing cost savings calculated.

Results

After 12 months, 75.1% of 6249 eligible patients stepped down or off PPIs (35.3% stepped off; 5.0% stepped down then off; 34.8% stepped down only), while 8.7% of patients had reverted to their original PPI dose. PPI prescriptions fell from 89 915 to 45 880 and alginate prescriptions increased from 2405 to 6670. An average of 1.7 bottles (500 ml each) of alginate were used per patient who stepped down or off. Estimated annual cost-saving on prescriptions was £31 716.30.

Conclusion

A programme of education and short-term rebound symptom management helped the majority of patients to successfully step down or off PPIs, significantly reducing the potential risks associated with chronic therapy.

Clinical efficacy of 60-mg dexlansoprazole and 40-mg esomeprazole after 24 weeks for the on-demand treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease grades A and B: a prospective randomized trial

Purpose: Research comparing the clinical efficacy of dexlansoprazole and esomeprazole has been limited. This study aims to compare the clinical efficacy of single doses of dexlansoprazole (modified-release 60 mg) and esomeprazole (40 mg) after 24-week follow-up in patients with mild erosive esophagitis. Methods: We enrolled 86 adult GERD subjects, randomized in a 1:1 ratio to two sequence groups defining the order in which they received single doses of dexlansoprazole (n=43) and esomeprazole (n=43) for 8 weeks as initial treatment. Patients displaying complete symptom resolution (CSR) by the end of initial treatment (8 weeks) were switched to on-demand therapy until the end of 24 weeks. Follow-up endoscopy was performed either at the end of 24 weeks or when severe reflux symptoms occurred. Five patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 81 patients (dexlansoprazole, n=41; esomeprazole, n=40) in the per-protocol analysis. Results: The GERDQ scores at 4-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, and 24-week posttreatment were less than the baseline score. The CSR, rate of symptom relapse, days to symptom resolution, sustained healing rate of erosive esophagitis, treatment failure rate, and the number of tablets taken in 24 weeks were similar in both groups. The esomeprazole group had more days with reflux symptoms than the dexlansoprazole group (37.3±37.8 vs 53.9±54.2; P=0.008). In the dexlansoprazole group, patients exhibited persistent improvement in the GERDQ score during the on-demand period (week 8 vs week 24; P<0.001) but not in the esomeprazole group (week 8 vs week 24; P=0.846). Conclusions: This study suggests that the symptom relief effect for GERD after 24 weeks was similar for dexlansoprazole and esomeprazole. Dexlansoprazole exhibited fewer days with reflux symptoms in the 24-week study period, with better persistent improvement in the GERDQ score in the on-demand period. (ClinicalTrials. gov number: NCT03128736).

Role of Acid Suppression in Acid-related Diseases: Proton Pump Inhibitor and Potassium-competitive Acid Blocker

Proton pump inhibitors are commonly utilized for the treatment of gastric acid-related diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and Helicobacter pylori infection, and for the prevention of low-dose aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced peptic ulcers. Vonoprazan is a first-in-class potassium-competitive acid blocker, which has distinct advantages compared to other conventional proton pump inhibitors in terms of the efficacy for acid suppression. Due to its strong gastric acid suppression capabilities, vonoprazan serves as an effective drug for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and H. pylori infection.

Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of pantoprazole in the treatment and symptom relief of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease - PAN-STAR

INTRODUCTION

Proton pump inhibitors therapy success in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a difficult task because the extent of mucosal damage has no relation with the severity of the symptoms.

AIM

To establish the efficacy of pantoprazole treatment in patients with erosive reflux disease (ERD) and in those with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), by assessing symptom relief and quality of life. Treatment duration and adverse events associated with pantoprazole treatment were analysed.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This meta-analysis was based on three multicentre, prospective, open-label, phase IV trials conducted in Slovenia, Poland, and the Russian Federation. In total, 252 patients with GERD were included and treated with pantoprazole 40 mg once daily for 4 or 8 weeks, depending on the fulfilment of predefined healing criteria. Symptoms were assessed by patients on a scale from 0 to 3 and the quality of life on a rating scale from 1 to 10.

RESULTS

Forty-five percent of patients fulfilled the healing criteria after 4 weeks of treatment, and 70% of patients after 8 weeks of treatment. Patients who failed to reach the healing criteria reported significant reduction of symptoms severity. The response to 8-week treatment was significantly higher in patients with ERD (76%) when compared to patients with NERD (64%). Discontinuation of treatment after 4 weeks was not associated with worsening of symptoms and did not affect quality of life. Pantoprazole treatment was associated with improvement of symptoms and the quality of life of GERD patients over 8 weeks of treatment and showed that GERD patients with persisting symptoms benefit from prolonging treatment to 8 weeks. Treatment with pantoprazole 40 mg was very well tolerated - more than 90% of patients were without adverse events throughout the whole study and only 4 patients discontinued the treatment due to adverse events related to pantoprazole treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Pantoprazole 40 mg was associated with complete relief of GERD-related symptoms in the majority of patients with ERD and NERD. Furthermore, the severity of symptoms was significantly reduced in patients without complete relief of symptoms. Pantoprazole also continuously improved the quality of life of GERD patients over 8 weeks of treatment and was very well tolerated throughout the whole study. Therefore, this meta-analysis suggests that pantoprazole 40 mg once daily is an effective and well-tolerated choice for providing symptom relief of patients with GERD.

Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) characterized by heartburn and/or regurgitation symptoms is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders managed by gastroenterologists and primary care physicians. There has been an increase in GERD prevalence, particularly in North America and East Asia. Over the past three decades proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been the mainstay of medical therapy for GERD. However, recently there has been an increasing awareness amongst physicians and patients regarding the side effects of the PPI class of drugs. In addition, there has been a marked decline in the utilization of surgical fundoplication as well as a rise in the development of nonmedical therapeutic modalities for GERD. This review focuses on different management strategies for GERD, optimal management of refractory GERD with special focus on available endoluminal therapies and the future directions.

A Comparison of Alkaline Water and Mediterranean Diet vs Proton Pump Inhibition for Treatment of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux

Importance

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a common disorder with protean manifestations in the head and neck. In this retrospective study, we report the efficacy of a wholly dietary approach using alkaline water, a plant-based, Mediterranean-style diet, and standard reflux precautions compared with that of the traditional treatment approach of proton pump inhibition (PPI) and standard reflux precautions.

Objective

To determine whether treatment with a diet-based approach with standard reflux precautions alone can improve symptoms of LPR compared with treatment with PPI and standard reflux precautions.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective medical chart review of 2 treatment cohorts. From 2010 to 2012, 85 patients with LPR that were treated with PPI and standard reflux precautions (PS) were identified. From 2013 to 2015, 99 patients treated with alkaline water (pH >8.0), 90% plant-based, Mediterranean-style diet, and standard reflux precautions (AMS) were identified. The outcome was based on change in Reflux Symptom Index (RSI).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Recorded change in the RSI after 6 weeks of treatment.

Results

Of the 184 patients identified in the PS and AMS cohorts, the median age of participants in each cohort was 60 years (95% CI, 18-82) and 57 years (95% CI, 18-93), respectively (47 [56.3%] and 61 [61.7%] were women, respectively). The percentage of patients achieving a clinically meaningful (≥6 points) reduction in RSI was 54.1% in PS-treated patients and 62.6% in AMS-treated patients (difference between the groups, 8.05; 95% CI, -5.74 to 22.76). The mean reduction in RSI was 27.2% for the PS group and 39.8% in the AMS group (difference, 12.10; 95% CI, 1.53 to 22.68).

Conclusions and Relevance

Our data suggest that the effect of PPI on the RSI based on proportion reaching a 6-point reduction in RSI is not significantly better than that of alkaline water, a plant-based, Mediterranean-style diet, and standard reflux precautions, although the difference in the 2 treatments could be clinically meaningful in favor of the dietary approach. The percent reduction in RSI was significantly greater with the dietary approach. Because the relationship between percent change and response to treatment has not been studied, the clinical significance of this difference requires further study. Nevertheless, this study suggests that a plant-based diet and alkaline water should be considered in the treatment of LPR. This approach may effectively improve symptoms and could avoid the costs and adverse effects of pharmacological intervention as well as afford the additional health benefits associated with a healthy, plant-based diet.

Adenosine: Direct and Indirect Actions on Gastric Acid Secretion

Composed by a molecule of adenine and a molecule of ribose, adenosine is a paradigm of recyclable nucleoside with a multiplicity of functions that occupies a privileged position in the metabolic and regulatory contexts. Adenosine is formed continuously in intracellular and extracellular locations of all tissues. Extracellular adenosine is a signaling molecule, able to modulate a vast range of physiologic responses in many cells and organs, including digestive organs. The adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors are P1 purinergic receptors, G protein-coupled proteins implicated in tissue protection. This review is focused on gastric acid secretion, a process centered on the parietal cell of the stomach, which contains large amounts of H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, the proton pump responsible for proton extrusion during acid secretion. Gastric acid secretion is regulated by an extensive collection of neural stimuli and endocrine and paracrine agents, which act either directly at membrane receptors of the parietal cell or indirectly through other regulatory cells of the gastric mucosa, as well as mechanic and chemic stimuli. In this review, after briefly introducing these points, we condense the current body of knowledge about the modulating action of adenosine on the pathophysiology of gastric acid secretion and update its significance based on recent findings in gastric mucosa and parietal cells in humans and animal models.

25 Years of Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were clinically introduced more than 25 years ago and have since proven to be invaluable, safe, and effective agents for the management of a variety of acid-related disorders. Although all members in this class act in a similar fashion, inhibiting active parietal cell acid secretion, there are slight differences among PPIs relating to their pharmacokinetic properties, metabolism, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical indications. Nevertheless, each is effective in managing gastroesophageal reflux disease and uncomplicated or complicated peptic ulcer disease. Despite their overall efficacy, PPIs do have some limitations related to their short plasma half-lives and requirement for meal-associated dosing, which can lead to breakthrough symptoms in some individuals, especially at night. Longer-acting PPIs and technology to prolong conventional PPI activity have been developed to specifically address these limitations and may improve clinical outcomes.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a normal physiologic process. It is important to distinguish GER from GER disease (GERD) since GER does not require treatment. Although a diagnosis of GERD can largely be based on history and physical alone, endoscopy and pH impedance studies can help make the diagnosis when there in atypical presentation. In children and adolescents, lifestyle changes and acid suppression are first-line treatments for GERD. In infants, acid suppression is not effective, but a trial of hydrolyzed formula can be considered, as milk protein sensitivity can be difficult to differentiate from GER symptoms.

Omeprazole-Domperidone Fixed Dose Combination vs Omeprazole Monotherapy: A Phase 4, Open-Label, Comparative, Parallel Randomized Controlled Study in Mild to Moderate Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

AIM

To compare the efficacy and safety of omeprazole-domperidone combination vs omeprazole monotherapy in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

METHODS

In a comparative, randomized controlled, phase 4 study, outpatients with GERD were randomly allocated to either group 1 (omeprazole 20 mg + domperidone 30 mg) or group 2 (omeprazole 20 mg) in an equal ratio; 2 capsules daily in the morning were administered for 8 weeks.

RESULTS

Sixty patients were enrolled. Esophagitis reversal was observed in 92% patients in group 1 vs 65.2% in group 2. Approximately, 83.3% patients in group 1 vs 43.3% patients in group 2 demonstrated full cupping of reflux symptoms at 8 weeks. Combined therapy resulted in significantly longer period of heartburn-free days (23 vs 12 days on omeprazole). There were no safety concerns.

CONCLUSIONS

Omeprazole-domperidone combination was more effective than omeprazole alone in providing complete cupping of reflux symptoms and healing of esophagitis in patients with GERD. Both the treatments were well tolerated with few reports of adverse events.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This trial is registered with http://clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT02140073.

Associations of Acid Suppressive Therapy With Cardiac Mortality in Heart Failure Patients

Background

It has been recently reported that histamine H₂ receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are associated with impairment of ventricular remodeling and incident heart failure. In addition, favorable pleiotropic effects and adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on cardiovascular disease have also been reported. We examined the associations of acid suppressive therapy using H2RAs or PPIs with cardiac mortality in patients with heart failure.

Methods and Results

In total, 1191 consecutive heart failure patients were divided into 3 groups: a non–acid suppressive therapy group (n=363), an H2RA group (n=164), and a PPI group (n=664). In the follow‐up period (mean 995 days), 169 cardiac deaths occurred. In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, cardiac mortality was significantly lower in the PPI group than in the H2RA and non–acid suppressive therapy groups (11.0% versus 21.3% and 16.8%, respectively; log‐rank P=0.004). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, use of PPIs, but not H2RAs, was found to be an independent predictor of cardiac mortality (PPIs: hazard ratio 0.488, P=0.002; H2RAs: hazard ratio 0.855, P=0.579). The propensity‐matched 1:1 cohort was assessed based on propensity score (H2RAs, n=164; PPIs, n=164). Cardiac mortality was significantly lower in the PPI group than in the H2RA group in the postmatched cohort (log‐rank P=0.025). In the Cox proportional hazards analysis, the use of PPIs was a predictor of cardiac mortality in the postmatched cohort (hazard ratio 0.528, P=0.028).

Conclusions

PPIs may be associated with better outcome in patients with heart failure.

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for gastroesophageal reflux disease 2015

As an increase in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been reported in Japan, and public interest in GERD has been increasing, the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology published the Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for GERD (1st edition) in 2009. Six years have passed since its publication, and there have been a large number of reports in Japan concerning the epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and Barrett's esophagus during this period. By incorporating the contents of these reports, the guidelines were completely revised, and a new edition was published in October 2015. The revised edition consists of eight items: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, internal treatment, surgical treatment, esophagitis after surgery of the upper gastrointestinal tract, extraesophageal symptoms, and Barrett's esophagus. This paper summarizes these guidelines, particularly the parts related to the treatment for GERD. In the present revision, aggressive proton pump inhibitor (PPI) maintenance therapy is recommended for severe erosive GERD, and on-demand therapy or continuous maintenance therapy is recommended for mild erosive GERD or PPI-responsive non-erosive GERD. Moreover, PPI-resistant GERD (insufficient symptomatic improvement and/or esophageal mucosal break persisting despite the administration of PPI at a standard dose for 8 weeks) is defined, and a standard-dose PPI twice a day, change in PPI, change in the PPI timing of dosing, addition of a prokinetic drug, addition of rikkunshito (traditional Japanese herbal medicine), and addition of histamine H2-receptor antagonist are recommended for its treatment. If no improvement is observed even after these treatments, pathophysiological evaluation with esophageal impedance-pH monitoring or esophageal manometry at an expert facility for diseases of the esophagus is recommended.

The Indications, Applications, and Risks of Proton Pump Inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the most effective drugs for inhibiting gastric acid secretion. They have been in clinical use for more than 25 years, In 2014, 3.475 billion daily defined doses (DDD) of PPI were prescribed in Germany. This high number alone calls for a critical analysis of the spectrum of indications for PPI and their potential adverse effects.

METHODS

This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search in the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases, with particular emphasis on randomized, prospective multicenter trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and meta-analyses.

RESULTS

The inhibition of gastric acid secretion with PPI is successfully used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and of gastric and duodenal ulcers, for the secondary prevention of gastroduodenal lesions that have arisen under treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetylsalicylic acid, and for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage from ulcers after successful endoscopic hemostasis. PPI are given along with practically all antibiotic regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. The number of prescriptions for PPI has risen linearly over the past 25 years. As there has been no broadening of indications, one may well ask whether the current, extensive use of PPI is justified. There is evidence that patients taking PPI are at greater risk for fractures. Moreover, the vitamin B12 level should be checked occasionally in all patients taking PPI.

CONCLUSION

PPI are among the more effective drugs for the treatment of diseases associated with gastric acid. In view of their cost and potential adverse effects, they should only be prescribed for scientifically validated indications.

How effective are common medications: a perspective based on meta-analyses of major drugs

The vastness of clinical data and the progressing specialization of medical knowledge may lead to misinterpretation of medication efficacy. To show a realistic perspective on drug efficacy we present meta-analyses on some of the most commonly used pharmacological interventions. For each pharmacological intervention we present statistical indexes (absolute risk or response difference, percentage response ratio, mean difference, standardized mean difference) that are often used to represent efficacy. We found that some of the medications have relatively low effect sizes with only 11 out of 17 of them showing a minimal clinically important difference. Efficacy was often established based on surrogate outcomes and not the more relevant patient-oriented outcomes. As the interpretation of the efficacy of medication is complex, more training for physicians might be needed to get a more realistic view of drug efficacy. That could help prevent harmful overtreatment and reinforce an evidence-based, but personalized medicine.

More severe upper gastrointestinal symptoms associated with non-erosive reflux disease than with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease during maintenance proton pump inhibitor therapy

BACKGROUND

During maintenance proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) sometimes complain of upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

AIM

To evaluate upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients on maintenance PPI therapy for erosive GERD or non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) without endoscopic mucosal breaks by using a new questionnaire.

METHODS

At Gunma University Hospital over a 12-month period during 2011-2012, we enrolled 30 consecutive patients with erosive GERD and 46 patients with NERD. All patients had been on maintenance PPI therapy for more than 1 year. We used the modified frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (mFSSG) questionnaire to assess upper gastrointestinal symptoms. We also asked patients about their satisfaction with maintenance therapy and whether they wished to change their current PPI.

RESULTS

The NERD patients had significantly higher symptom scores than the erosive GERD patients. There was no difference in the treatment satisfaction rate between patients with erosive GERD and NERD, but more patients with NERD wanted to change their PPI therapy. There was no difference in the mFSSG score between NERD patients who wished to change their current PPI therapy and those who were satisfied with it.

CONCLUSIONS

During maintenance PPI therapy, upper gastrointestinal symptoms were more severe in NERD patients than in patients with erosive GERD. NERD patients often wished to change their PPI therapy, but this was not dependent on the severity of their upper GI symptoms.

The changing patterns of dispensing branded and generic drugs for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease between 2006 and 2011 in Japan: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Despite rising healthcare costs, generic drugs are less frequently dispensed in Japan compared with other developed countries. This study aimed to describe changes in dispensing of branded and generic drugs and to explore possible factors that promote the use of generic drugs.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a Japanese medical and pharmacy claims database. All proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) with indications for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) described on Japanese labels were included. Patterns of dispensing branded and generic drugs for the treatment of GERD between 2006 and 2011 were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate factors associated with receiving generic drugs.

RESULTS

The study cohort included 14,590 patients (male: 50.2%, mean age: 43.1 years). Branded drugs for GERD were still frequently dispensed despite an increase in the share of generic drugs. Only 4.3% of patients who initially received branded drugs switched to generic drugs. The percentage of patients who received only generic drugs increased over time (6.5% to 22.1%). The frequency of generic drug dispensing was the highest in the setting where both prescription and dispensing were implemented in clinics (43.3%), while the lowest in the setting where both prescription and dispensing were implemented in hospitals (11.5%). Factors associated with receiving generic drugs included year of dispensing (adjusted OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.94 to 2.55 for 2009-11 v 2006-8), prescription and dispensing setting (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.44 to 2.26 for prescription in hospitals and dispensing in community pharmacies; OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.80 to 2.72 for prescription in clinics and dispensing in community pharmacies; and OR 4.55, 95% CI 3.68 to 5.62 for prescription and dispensing in clinics v prescription and dispensing in hospitals) and H2RAs (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.81 compared to PPIs).

CONCLUSIONS

The share of generic drugs for the treatment of GERD increased over time although branded drugs for GERD were still dispensed frequently. The use of generic drugs for GERD was influenced not only by government policies but also by changes in treatment approach and the setting of prescription and dispensing.

Refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition that develops when the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus causes troublesome symptoms, esophageal injury, and/or complications. Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) remains the standard therapy for GERD and is effective in most patients. Those whose symptoms are refractory to PPIs should be evaluated further and other treatment options should be considered, according to individual patient characteristics. Response to PPIs could be total (no symptoms), partial (residual breakthrough symptoms), or absent (no change in symptoms). Patients experiencing complete response do not usually need further management. Patients with partial response can be treated surgically or by using emerging endoscopic therapies. Patients who exhibit no response to PPI need further evaluation to rule out other causes.

A multicentre randomised trial to compare the efficacy of omeprazole versus rabeprazole in early symptom relief in patients with reflux esophagitis

BACKGROUND

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are affected by cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) polymorphisms. This study compared the effect of two PPIs on early symptom relief in Japanese patients with reflux esophagitis, classified by the CYP2C19 phenotype.

METHODS

Patients with reflux esophagitis were randomised to treatment with omeprazole 20 mg or rabeprazole 10 mg once daily. The CYP2C19 phenotype [homozygous extensive metaboliser (homoEM), heterozygous extensive metaboliser (heteroEM) or poor metaboliser (PM)] of each patient was determined. The primary efficacy endpoint was early, sufficient (Global Overall Symptom scale score 1 or 2), sustained (maintained for ≥7 days) reflux symptom relief.

RESULTS

Of the 199 patients included in this analysis, the proportion achieving sufficient, sustained reflux symptom relief was higher with omeprazole than with rabeprazole on day 1 (35.6 vs. 22.4%; p = 0.041) and day 2 (43.6 vs. 28.6%; p = 0.028); there was no significant difference between the two groups on days 3-7. Among patients with the CYP2C19 PM phenotype, sufficient, sustained reflux symptom relief was higher with omeprazole than with rabeprazole on days 4-7 (62.5-66.9 vs. 31.6%; p ≤ 0.03); differences were not significant on days 1-3, or among those with the homoEM or heteroEM phenotypes on days 1-7.

CONCLUSIONS

In Japanese patients with reflux esophagitis, omeprazole 20 mg is more effective than rabeprazole 10 mg at achieving early, sufficient, sustained reflux symptom relief in individuals with the CYP2C19 PM phenotype, and is similarly effective to rabeprazole 10 mg in those with heteroEM or homoEM phenotypes.

Electrical stimulation therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease

Electrical stimulation therapy (EST) of the lower esophageal sphincter is a relatively new technique for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that may address the need of GERD patients, unsatisfied with acid suppressive medication and concerned with the potential risks of surgical fundoplication. In this paper we review available data about EST for GERD, including the development of the technique, implant procedure, safety and results from open-label trials. Two short-term temporary stimulation and long-term open-label human trials each were initiated to investigate the safety and efficacy of EST for the treatment of GERD and currently up to 2 years follow-up results are available. The results of EST are promising as the open-label studies have shown that EST is a safe technique with a significant improvement in both subjective outcomes of symptoms and objective outcomes of esophageal acid exposure in patients with GERD. However, long-term data from larger number of patients and a sham-controlled trial are required before EST can be conclusively advised as a viable treatment option for GERD patients.

A Treatment Option for Esophageal Intramural Pseudodiverticulosis

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) is a rare condition often presenting with esophageal strictures. Treatment is often limited to endoscopic dilatation and treatment of the underlying esophageal pathology. We present a case of a patient with longstanding GERD on famotidine (she experienced anaphylaxis with proton pump inhibitors [PPIs]) who presented with dysphagia and weight loss. Work-up revealed a diagnosis of EIPD with a 5-mm mid-esophageal stricture. Therapy with dilatation was unsuccessful until the addition of sucralfate, after which dilatation was successful and symptoms resolved. In patients who are unable to take PPIs, the addition of sucralfate may enhance the success of dilatations of esophageal strictures and EIPD.

Acid peptic diseases: pharmacological approach to treatment

Acid peptic disorders are the result of distinctive, but overlapping pathogenic mechanisms leading to either excessive acid secretion or diminished mucosal defense. They are common entities present in daily clinical practice that, owing to their chronicity, represent a significant cost to healthcare. Key elements in the success of controlling these entities have been the development of potent and safe drugs based on physiological targets. The histamine-2 receptor antagonists revolutionized the treatment of acid peptic disorders owing to their safety and efficacy profile. The proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) represent a further therapeutic advance due to more potent inhibition of acid secretion. Ample data from clinical trials and observational experience have confirmed the utility of these agents in the treatment of acid peptic diseases, with differential efficacy and safety characteristics between and within drug classes. Paradigms in their speed and duration of action have underscored the need for new chemical entities that, from a single dose, would provide reliable duration of acid control, particularly at night. Moreover, PPIs reduce, but do not eliminate, the risk of ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs, reflecting untargeted physiopathologic pathways and a breach in the ability to sustain an intragastric pH of more than 4. This review provides an assessment of the current understanding of the physiology of acid production, a discussion of medications targeting gastric acid production and a review of efficacy in specific acid peptic diseases, as well as current challenges and future directions in the treatment of acid-mediated diseases.

New and future drug development for gastroesophageal reflux disease

Medical therapy remains the most popular treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Whilst interest in drug development for GERD has declined over the last few years primarily due to the conversion of most proton pump inhibitor (PPI)'s to generic and over the counter compounds, there are still numerous areas of unmet needs in GERD. Drug development has been focused on potent histamine type 2 receptor antagonist's, extended release PPI's, PPI combination, potassium-competitive acid blockers, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation reducers, prokinetics, mucosal protectants and esophageal pain modulators. It is likely that the aforementioned compounds will be niched for specific areas of unmet need in GERD, rather than compete with the presently available anti-reflux therapies.