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Eckstein F, Walter-Rittel TC, Chaudhari AS, Brisson NM, Maleitzke T, Duda GN, Wisser A, Wirth W, Winkler T. The design of a sample rapid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition protocol supporting assessment of multiple articular tissues and pathologies in knee osteoarthritis. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2024; 6:100505. [PMID: 39183946 PMCID: PMC11342198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2024.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This expert opinion paper proposes a design for a state-of-the-art magnetic resonance image (MRI) acquisition protocol for knee osteoarthritis clinical trials in early and advanced disease. Semi-quantitative and quantitative imaging endpoints are supported, partly amendable to automated analysis. Several (peri-) articular tissues and pathologies are covered, including synovitis. Method A PubMed literature search was conducted, with focus on the past 5 years. Further, osteoarthritis imaging experts provided input. Specific MRI sequences, orientations, spatial resolutions and parameter settings were identified to align with study goals. We strived for implementation on standard clinical scanner hardware, with a net acquisition time ≤30 min. Results Short- and long-term longitudinal MRIs should be obtained at ≥1.5T, if possible without hardware changes during the study. We suggest a series of gradient- and spin-echo-sequences, supporting MOAKS, quantitative analysis of cartilage morphology and T2, and non-contrast-enhanced depiction of synovitis. These sequences should be properly aligned and positioned using localizer images. One of the sequences may be repeated in each participant (re-test), optimally at baseline and follow-up, to estimate within-study precision. All images should be checked for quality and protocol-adherence as soon as possible after acquisition. Alternative approaches are suggested that expand on the structural endpoints presented. Conclusions We aim to bridge the gap between technical MRI acquisition guides and the wealth of imaging literature, proposing a balance between image acquisition efficiency (time), safety, and technical/methodological diversity. This approach may entertain scientific innovation on tissue structure and composition assessment in clinical trials on disease modification of knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Eckstein
- Research Program for Musculoskeletal Imaging, Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation (LBIAR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Chondrometrics GmbH, Freilassing, Germany
| | - Thula Cannon Walter-Rittel
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas M. Brisson
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Movement Diagnostics (BeMoveD), Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tazio Maleitzke
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Trauma Orthopaedic Research Copenhagen Hvidovre (TORCH), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Movement Diagnostics (BeMoveD), Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Wisser
- Research Program for Musculoskeletal Imaging, Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation (LBIAR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Chondrometrics GmbH, Freilassing, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wirth
- Research Program for Musculoskeletal Imaging, Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation (LBIAR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Chondrometrics GmbH, Freilassing, Germany
| | - Tobias Winkler
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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Li X, Chen W, Liu D, Chen P, Li P, Li F, Yuan W, Wang S, Chen C, Chen Q, Li F, Guo S, Hu Z. Radiomics analysis using magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow edema for diagnosing knee osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1368188. [PMID: 38933540 PMCID: PMC11199411 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1368188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a bone marrow edema model using a magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomics nomogram for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 302 patients with and without osteoarthritis were retrospectively collected from April 2022 to October 2023 at Longhua Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The participants were randomly divided into two groups (a training group, n = 211 and a testing group, n = 91). We used logistic regression to analyze clinical characteristics and established a clinical model. Radiomics signatures were developed by extracting radiomic features from the bone marrow edema area using MRI. A nomogram was developed based on the rad-score and clinical characteristics. The diagnostic performance of the three models was compared using the receiver operating characteristic curve and Delong's test. The accuracy and clinical application value of the nomogram were evaluated using calibration curve and decision curve analysis. Clinical characteristics such as age, radiographic grading, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index score, and radiological features were significantly correlated with the diagnosis of osteoarthritis. The Rad score was constructed from 11 radiological features. A clinical model was developed to diagnose osteoarthritis (training group: area under the curve [AUC], 0.819; testing group: AUC, 0.815). Radiomics models were used to effectively diagnose osteoarthritis (training group,: AUC, 0.901; testing group: AUC, 0.841). The nomogram model composed of Rad score and clinical characteristics had better diagnostic performance than a simple clinical model (training group: AUC, 0.906; testing group: AUC, 0.845; p < 0.01). Based on DCA, the nomogram model can provide better diagnostic performance in most cases. In conclusion, the MRI-bone marrow edema-based radiomics-clinical nomogram model showed good performance in diagnosing early osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Li
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinghua Chen
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Li
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Yuan
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyun Wang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Li
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Suxia Guo
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Hu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Collins JE, Roemer FW, Guermazi A. Approaches to optimize analyses of multidimensional ordinal MRI data in osteoarthritis research: A perspective. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2024; 6:100465. [PMID: 38601258 PMCID: PMC11004399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2024.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of the whole joint involving multiple tissue types. MRI-based semi-quantitative (SQ) scoring of knee OA is a method to perform multi-tissue joint assessment and has been shown to be a valid and reliable way to measure structural multi-tissue involvement and progression of the disease. While recent work has described how SQ scoring may be used for clinical trial enrichment and disease phenotyping in OA, less guidance is available for how these parameters may be used to assess study outcomes. Design Here we present recommendations for summarizing disease progression within specific tissue types. We illustrate how various methods may be used to quantify longitudinal change using SQ scoring and review examples from the literature. Results Approaches to quantify longitudinal change across subregions include the count of number of subregions, delta-subregion, delta-sum, and maximum grade changes. Careful attention should be paid to features that may fluctuate, such as bone marrow lesions, or with certain interventions, for example pharmacologic interventions with anticipated cartilage anabolic effects. The statistical approach must align with the nature of the outcome. Conclusions SQ scoring presents a way to understand disease progression across the whole joint. As OA is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes a better understanding of longitudinal progression across tissue types may present an opportunity to match study outcome to patient phenotype or to treatment mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E. Collins
- Orthopaedics and Arthritis Center of Outcomes Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, BTM Suite 5016, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frank W. Roemer
- Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 820 Harrison Avenue, FGH Building, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 820 Harrison Avenue, FGH Building, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Radiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
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Richard MJ, Lo GH, Driban JB, Canavatchel AR, LaValley M, Zhang M, Price LL, Miller E, Eaton CB, McAlindon TE. Knee cartilage change on magnetic resonance imaging: Should we lump or split topographical regions? A 2-year study of data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Clin Anat 2024; 37:210-217. [PMID: 38058252 PMCID: PMC10922267 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We challenge the paradigm that a simplistic approach evaluating anatomic regions (e.g., medial femur or tibia) is ideal for assessing articular cartilage loss on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We used a data-driven approach to explore whether specific topographical locations of knee cartilage loss may identify novel patterns of cartilage loss over time that current assessment strategies miss. DESIGN We assessed 60 location-specific measures of articular cartilage on a sample of 99 knees with baseline and 24-month MR images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, selected as a group with a high likelihood to change. We performed factor analyses of the change in these measures in two ways: (1) summing the measures to create one measure for each of the six anatomically regional-based summary (anatomic regions; e.g., medial tibia) and (2) treating each location separately for a total of 60 measures (location-specific measures). RESULTS The first analysis produced three factors accounting for 66% of the variation in the articular cartilage changes that occur over 24 months of follow-up: (1) medial tibiofemoral, (2) medial and lateral patellar, and (3) lateral tibiofemoral. The second produced 20 factors accounting for 75% of the variance in cartilage changes. Twelve factors only involved one anatomic region. Five factors included locations from adjoining regions (defined by the first analysis; e.g., medial tibiofemoral). Three factors included articular cartilage loss from disparate locations. CONCLUSIONS Novel patterns of cartilage loss occur within each anatomic region and across these regions, including in disparate regions. The traditional anatomic regional approach is simpler to implement and interpret but may obscure meaningful patterns of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Richard
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace H. Lo
- Medical Care Line and Research Care Line; Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Driban
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda R. Canavatchel
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ming Zhang
- Boston University, School of Computer Science, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori Lyn Price
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute and The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Charles B. Eaton
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Family Medicine, Providence, RI and School of Public Health of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Timothy E. McAlindon
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
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Hayashi D, Roemer FW, Jarraya M, Guermazi A. Update on recent developments in imaging of inflammation in osteoarthritis: a narrative review. Skeletal Radiol 2023; 52:2057-2067. [PMID: 36542129 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-022-04267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synovitis is an important component of the osteoarthritis (OA) disease process, particularly regarding the "inflammatory phenotype" of OA. Imaging plays an important role in the assessment of synovitis in OA with MRI and ultrasound being the most deployed imaging modalities. Contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI, particularly dynamic CEMRI (DCEMRI) is the ideal method for synovitis assessment, but for several reasons CEMRI is not commonly performed for OA imaging in general. Effusion-synovitis and Hoffa-synovitis are commonly used as surrogate markers of synovitis on non-contrast-enhanced (NCE) MRI and have been used in many epidemiological observational studies of knee OA. Several semiquantitative MRI scoring systems are available for the evaluation of synovitis in knee OA. Synovitis can be a target tissue for disease-modifying OA drug (DMOAD) clinical trials. Both MRI and ultrasound may be used to determine the eligibility and assess the therapeutic efficacy of DMOAD approaches. Ultrasound is mostly used for evaluation of synovitis in hand OA, while MRI is typically used for larger joints, namely knees and hips. The role of other modalities such as CT (including dual-energy CT) and nuclear medicine imaging (such as positron-emission tomography (PET) and its hybrid imaging) is limited in the context of synovitis assessment in OA. Despite research efforts to develop NCEMRI-based synovitis evaluation methods, these typically underestimate the severity of synovitis compared to CEMRI, and thus more research is needed before we can rely only on NCEMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Hayashi
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, HSc Level 4, Room 120, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Frank W Roemer
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen & Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Jarraya
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Boston, MA, USA
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Smith SE, Bahouth SM, Duryea J. Quantitative bone marrow lesion, meniscus, and synovitis measurement: current status. Skeletal Radiol 2023; 52:2123-2135. [PMID: 36928478 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-023-04311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging plays a pivotal role in osteoarthritis research, particularly in epidemiological and clinical trials of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), with the ultimate goal being the development of an effective drug treatment for future prevention or cessation of disease. Imaging assessment methods can be semi-quantitative, quantitative, or a combination, with quantitative methods usually relying on software to assist. The software generally attempts image segmentation (outlining of relevant structures). New techniques using artificial intelligence (AI) or deep learning (DL) are currently a frequent topic of research. This review article provides an overview of the literature to date, focusing primarily on the current status of quantitative software-based assessment techniques of KOA using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We will concentrate on the imaging evaluation of three specific structural imaging biomarkers: bone marrow lesions (BMLs), meniscus, and synovitis consisting of effusion synovitis (ES) and Hoffa's synovitis (HS). A brief clinical and imaging background review of osteoarthritis evaluation, particularly relating to these three structural markers, is provided as well as a general summary of the software methods. A summary of the literature with respect to each KOA assessment method will be presented overall as well as with respect to each specific biomarker individually. Novel techniques, as well as future goals and directions using quantitative imaging assessment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy E Smith
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neil and Elise Wallace STRATUS Center for Medical Simulation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara M Bahouth
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Duryea
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zeng X, Lin S, Li Y. Effects of Modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction Combined with Arthroscopic Surgery on Bone Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Serum TLR4 and TGF- β1 in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:1933504. [PMID: 36267557 PMCID: PMC9578898 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1933504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the effects of modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction combined with arthroscopic surgery on bone metabolism, oxidative stress, and serum TLR4 and TGF-β1 in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods Prospectively select 82 patients with KOA from January 2020 to January 2022 in our hospital and divide them into the control group and observation group according to the random number table method, with 41 patients in each group. The control group was treated with arthroscopic surgery alone and routine anti-infection after operation. The observation group was treated with Duhuo Jisheng Decoction on the basis of the treatment of the control group. The patients in the two groups were treated continuously for 4 weeks. The improvement of patients' symptoms was evaluated by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Before treatment and 4 weeks after treatment, the scores of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms, bone metabolism indicators (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), collagen type II carboxy terminal peptide (ctx-II), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3)), oxidative stress indicators (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO)), serum Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) level were compared between the two groups. Results After treatment, the WOMAC score of the two groups decreased (42.45 ± 10.83) in the observation group and (67.81 ± 14.63) in the control group. The WOMAC score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of COMP, CTX-II, and MMP-3 in the two groups decreased, and the levels of COMP, CTX-II, and MMP-3 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of SOD and GSHPx increased, while the levels of MDA and NO decreased in the two groups. The levels of SOD and GSHPx in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, while the levels of MDA and NO were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the TLR4 level in the observation group was lower than that of the control group, and the level of TGF-β in the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with arthroscopic surgery alone, combined with modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction can better alleviate the clinical symptoms of patients with KOA, improve their bone metabolism, oxidative stress indicators, and serum TLR4 and TGF-β 1 level, and reduce the inflammatory injury of knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjing Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Shaoru Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Yiliang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
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