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Liu J, Ren J, Li Y, Wang Y, Li C, Wu Z, Lai J, Yang Y, Wang L. Construction of ultrathin solid electrolyte interface on Zn anode within 1 min for high current operating condition. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 673:153-162. [PMID: 38875786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Organic acid treatment can facilitate the in-situ formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on Zn foil protecting the anode from corrosion. However, the generation of hydrogen (H2) during this process is inevitable, which is often considered detrimental to getting compact SEI. Herein, a H2 film-assisted method is proposed under concentrated Amino-Trimethylene-Phosphonic-Acid to construct ultrathin and dense SEI within 1 min. Specifically, the (002) crystal planes survive from the etching process of 1 min due to the adhered H2, inducing uniform deposition and enhanced corrosion-resistance. Moreover, the H2 can effectively regulate the reaction rate, leading to ultrathin SEI and initiating a morphology preservation behavior, which has been neglected by the previous reports. The quick-formed SEI has excellent compatibility, low resistance and effective isolation of electrolyte/anode, whose advantages work together with exposed (002) planes to get accustomed to high-current surge, leading to the ZAC1@Zn//ZAC1@Zn consistently cycling over 800 h at 15 mA cm-2 and 15 mAh cm-2, the ZAC1@Zn//Cu preserves high reversibility (CE 99.7 %), and the ZAC1@Zn//MVO exhibits notable capacity retention at 191.7 mAh/g after 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Junfeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; Shandong Haihua Co., Ltd., Weifang, Shandong 262737, China
| | - Yongkang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Caixia Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Zexing Wu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jianping Lai
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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Bai M, Chen J, Li Q, Wang X, Li J, Lin X, Shao S, Li D, Wang Z. A "Zn 2+ in Salt" Interphase Enabling High-Performance Zn Metal Anodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403380. [PMID: 38837583 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Zinc metal is a promising anode candidate for aqueous zinc ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, low cost, and high safety. However, its application is currently restricted by hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), by-product formation, and Zn dendrite growth. Herein, a "Zn2+ in salt" (ZIS) interphase is in situ constructed on the surface of the anode (ZIS@Zn). Unlike the conventional "Zn2+ in water" working environment of Zn anodes, the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the ZIS interphase isolates the anode from direct contact with the aqueous electrolyte, thereby protecting it from HER, and the accompanying side reactions. More importantly, it works as an ordered water-free ion-conducting medium, which guides uniform Zn deposition and facilitates rapid Zn2+ migration at the interface. As a result, the symmetric cells assembled with ZIS@Zn exhibit dendrite-free plating/striping at 4500 h and a high critical current of 14 mA cm-2. When matched with a vanadium-based (NVO) cathode, the full battery exhibits excellent long-term cycling stability, with 88% capacity retention after 1600 cycles. This work provides an effective strategy to promote the stability and reversibility of Zn anodes in aqueous electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Qiufen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Jiashuai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Shao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Dongze Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
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3
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Liu J, Li C, Zhang K, Zhang S, Zhang C, Yang Y, Wang L. Controllable Solid Electrolyte Interphase by Ionic Environment Regulation for Stable Zn-Ion Battery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309057. [PMID: 38072772 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Artificial solid electrolyte interphase in organic solutions is effective and facile for long-cycling aqueous zinc ion batteries. However, the specific effects on different ionic environments have not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, pyromellitic acid (PA) are employed as organic ligand to coordinate with Zn2+ under various ionic environments. The connection between the ionic environment and reaction spontaneity is analyzed to provide insights into the reasons behind the effectiveness of the SEI layer and to characterize its protective impact on the zinc anode. Notably, the PA solution (pH4) lacking OH- contributes to the formation of a dense and ultrathin SEI with Zn-PA coordination, preventing direct contact between the anode and electrolyte. Moreover, the presence of organic functional groups facilitates a uniform flux of Zn2+. These advantages enable stable cycling of the PA4-Zn symmetric cell at a current density of 3 mA cm-2 for over 3500 h. The PA4-Zn//MVO full cell demonstrates excellent electrochemical reversibility. Investigating the influence of the ionic environment on SEI generation informs the development of novel SEI strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Shenghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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4
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Shi F, Jiang J, Wang X, Gao Y, Chen C, Chen G, Dudko N, Nevar AA, Zhang D. Development of plasma technology for the preparation and modification of energy storage materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2700-2715. [PMID: 38352985 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of energy storage material technologies stands as a decisive measure in optimizing the structure of clean and low-carbon energy systems. The remarkable activity inherent in plasma technology imbues it with distinct advantages in surface modification, functionalization, synthesis, and interface engineering of materials. This review systematically expounds upon the principles, classifications, and application scenarios of plasma technology, while thoroughly discussing its unique merits in the realm of modifying electrode materials, solid-state electrolytes, and conductive carbon materials, which are widely used in lithium-ion batteries, sodium ion batteries, metal air batteries and other fields. Finally, considering the existing constraints associated with lithium-ion batteries, some application prospects of plasma technology in the energy storage field are suggested. This work is of great significance for the development of clean plasma technology in the field of energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchun Shi
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jiaqi Jiang
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yan Gao
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Guorong Chen
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Natallia Dudko
- Head of the Inter-University R&D Marketing Centre Science and Technology Park of BNTU, Minsk 220013, Belarus
| | - Alena A Nevar
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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5
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Lu W, Jiang H, Wei Z, Chen N, Wang Y, Zhang D, Du F. Concentration-Driven Interfacial Amorphization toward Highly Stable and High-Rate Zn Metal Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2337-2344. [PMID: 38341874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The interfacial structure holds great promise in suppressing dendrite growth and parasitic reactions of zinc metal in aqueous media. Current advancements prioritize novel component fabrication, yet the local crystal structure significantly impacts the interfacial properties. In addition, there is still a critical need for scalable synthesis methods for expediting the commercialization of aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs). Herein, we propose a scalable concentration-controlled method for realizing crystalline to amorphous transformation of the Zn metal interface with exceptional scalability (>1 m2) and processing consistency (>30 trials). Theoretical and experimental analyses highlight the advantages of amorphous ZnO, which exhibits moderate adsorption energy, strong desolvation ability, and hydrophilicity. Employing the amorphous ZnO-coated zinc metal anode (AZO-Zn) significantly enhances the cycling performance, impressively maintaining 1000 cycles at 100 mA cm-2. The prototype AZO-Zn||MnO2@CNT pouch cell demonstrates a capacity of 15.7 mAh and maintains 91% of its highest capacity over 100 cycles, presenting promising avenues for the future commercialization of AZMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Heng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhixuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Fei Du
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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6
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Ma H, Tian X, Wang T, Hou S, Jin H. Multi-Channel Engineering of 3D Printed Zincophilic Anodes for Ultrahigh-Capacity and Dendrite-Free Quasi-Solid-State Zinc-Ion Microbatteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38041640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-ion microbatteries (ZIMBs) are regarded as one of most promising miniaturized energy storage candidates owing to their high safety, compatible device size, superior energy density, and cost efficiency. Nevertheless, the zinc dendrite growth during charging/discharging and the inflexible device manufacturing approach seriously restrict practical applications of ZIMBs. Herein, we report a unique material extrusion 3D printing approach with reinforced zincophilic anodes for ultrahigh-capacity and dendrite-free quasi-solid-state ZIMBs. A 3D printed N-doped hollow carbon nanotube (3DP-NHC) multichannel host is rationally designed for desirable dendrite-free zinc anodes. Favorable structural metrics of 3DP-NHC hosts with abundant porous channels and high zincophilic active sites enhance the ion diffusion rate and facilitate uniform zinc deposition behavior. Rapid zinc-ion migration is predicted through molecular dynamics, and zinc dendrite growth is significantly suppressed with homogeneous zinc-ion deposition, as observed by in situ optical microscopy. 3D printed symmetric zinc cells exhibit an ultralow polarization potential, a glorious rate performance, and a stable charging/discharging process. Accordingly, 3D printed quasi-solid-state ZIMBs achieve an outstanding device capacity of 11.9 mA h cm-2 at 0.3 mA cm-2 and superior cycling stability. These results reveal a feasible approach to effectively restrain zinc dendrite growth and achieve high performance for state-of-the-art miniaturized energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocong Tian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shuen Hou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hongyun Jin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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7
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Sun C, Zhang W, Qiu D, Tong M, Chen Z, Sun S, Lai C, Hou Y. Practicable Zn metal batteries enabled by ultrastable ferromagnetic interface. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2750-2759. [PMID: 37770327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable zinc (Zn) metal batteries (RZMBs) are demonstrated as sustainable and low-cost alternative in the energy storage industry of the future. However, the elusive Zn deposition behavior and water-originated parasitic reactions bring significant challenges to the fabrication and commercialization of Zn anodes, especially under high plating/stripping capacity. In this work, the ferromagnetic interface in conjunction with the magnetic field (MF) to effectively address these fabrication hurdles is proposed. The introduction of ferromagnetic layer with high chemical durability not only maintains the long-term regulating deposition steadily by magnetic field, but also plays a significant role in preventing side reactions, hence reducing gas production. These merits allow Zn-anode to achieve over 350 h steady Zn-deposition with a depth of discharge (DODZn) up to 82% and translates well to ZnFe-MF||V2O5 full cells, supporting stable cycling at high mass loading of 13.1 mg/cm2, which makes RZMBs configurations promising for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 201116, China
| | - Wenduo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 201116, China
| | - Daping Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minman Tong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 201116, China
| | - Zhangsen Chen
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Center Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Center Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Chao Lai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 201116, China.
| | - Yanglong Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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8
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Dong H, Hu X, Liu R, Ouyang M, He H, Wang T, Gao X, Dai Y, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Brett DJL, Parkin IP, Shearing PR, He G. Bio-Inspired Polyanionic Electrolytes for Highly Stable Zinc-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311268. [PMID: 37615518 PMCID: PMC10962557 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
For zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), the non-uniform Zn plating/stripping results in a high polarization and low Coulombic efficiency (CE), hindering the large-scale application of ZIBs. Here, inspired by biomass seaweed plants, an anionic polyelectrolyte alginate acid (SA) was used to initiate the in situ formation of the high-performance solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the Zn anode. Attribute to the anionic groups of -COO- , the affinity of Zn2+ ions to alginate acid induces a well-aligned accelerating channel for uniform plating. This SEI regulates the desolvation structure of Zn2+ and facilitates the formation of compact Zn (002) crystal planes. Even under high depth of discharge conditions (DOD), the SA-coated Zn anode still maintains a stable Zn stripping/plating behavior with a low potential difference (0.114 V). According to the classical nucleation theory, the nucleation energy for SA-coated Zn is 97 % less than that of bare Zn, resulting in a faster nucleation rate. The Zn||Cu cell assembled with the SA-coated electrode exhibits an outstanding average CE of 99.8 % over 1,400 cycles. The design is successfully demonstrated in pouch cells, where the SA-coated Zn exhibits capacity retention of 96.9 % compared to 59.1 % for bare Zn anode, even under the high cathode mass loading (>10 mg/cm2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Dong
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Xueying Hu
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Ruirui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient UtilLaboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai ProvinceChinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghai810008China
| | - Mengzheng Ouyang
- Department of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial CollegeLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Hongzhen He
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Tianlei Wang
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Xuan Gao
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Yuhang Dai
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Wei Zhang
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Yongquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient UtilLaboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai ProvinceChinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghai810008China
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Guanjie He
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
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9
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He Q, Sheng B, Zhu K, Zhou Y, Qiao S, Wang Z, Song L. Phase Engineering and Synchrotron-Based Study on Two-Dimensional Energy Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10750-10807. [PMID: 37581572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant interest in the development of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties for various energy applications. These properties are often derived from the phase structures established through a range of physical and chemical design strategies. A concrete analysis of the phase structures and real reaction mechanisms of 2D energy nanomaterials requires advanced characterization methods that offer valuable information as much as possible. Here, we present a comprehensive review on the phase engineering of typical 2D nanomaterials with the focus of synchrotron radiation characterizations. In particular, the intrinsic defects, atomic doping, intercalation, and heterogeneous interfaces on 2D nanomaterials are introduced, together with their applications in energy-related fields. Among them, synchrotron-based multiple spectroscopic techniques are emphasized to reveal their intrinsic phases and structures. More importantly, various in situ methods are employed to provide deep insights into their structural evolutions under working conditions or reaction processes of 2D energy nanomaterials. Finally, conclusions and research perspectives on the future outlook for the further development of 2D energy nanomaterials and synchrotron radiation light sources and integrated techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun He
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Beibei Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Kefu Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Yuzhu Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Sicong Qiao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Zhouxin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Li Song
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Photonelectronics, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
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10
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Yang Z, Hu C, Zhang Q, Wu T, Xie C, Wang H, Tang Y, Ji X, Wang H. Bulk-Phase Reconstruction Enables Robust Zinc Metal Anodes for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308017. [PMID: 37409886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are inherently safe, but the severe dendrite growth and corrosion reaction on zinc anodes greatly hinder their practical applications. Most of the strategies for zinc anode modification refer to the research of lithium metal anodes on surface regulation without considering the intrinsic mechanisms of zinc anode. Herein, we first point out that surface modification cannot permanently protect zinc anodes due to the unavoidable surface damage during the stripping process by solid-liquid conversion. A bulk-phase reconstruction strategy is proposed to introduce abundant zincophilic sites both on the surface and inside the commercial zinc foils. The bulk-phase reconstructed zinc foil anodes exhibit uniform surfaces with high zincophilicity even after deep stripping, significantly improving the resistance to dendrite growth and side reactions. Our proposed strategy suggests a promising direction for the development of dendrite-free metal anodes for practical rechargeable batteries with high sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefang Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chao Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Tingqing Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yougen Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
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11
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Xiong L, Kim Y, Fu H, Han W, Yang W, Liu G. F-Doped Carbon Nanoparticles-Based Nucleation Assistance for Fast and Uniform Three-Dimensional Zn Deposition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300398. [PMID: 37068177 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn metal-based batteries have considerable potential as energy storage system; however, their application is extremely limited by dendrite development and poor reversibility. In this study, to overcome both challenges, F-doped carbon nanoparticles (FCNPs) are uniformly constructed on substrates (Ti, Zn, Cu, and steel) by a plasma-assisted surface modification, which endows reversible and uniform deposition of Zn metal. FCNPs with high surface charge density act as nucleation assistors and form numerous homogenous Zn nucleation sites toward Zn 3D growth, which improves Zn plating kinetic and results in uniform Zn deposition. Furthermore, the ZnF2 solid electrolyte interface generated during cycling contributes to rapid mass transfer and enhances Zn reversibility, but also suppresses the side reaction. Accordingly, the half-cell of P-Ti coupled with Zn exhibits an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.47% with 500 cycles. The symmetric cell of the P-Zn anode presents a lifespan of over 1500 h at the current density of 5 mA cm-2 . Notably, the cell works for 100 h at 50 mA cm-2 . It is believed that this ingenious surface modification broadens revolutionary methods for uniform metallic deposition, as well as the dendrite-free rechargeable batteries system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Xiong
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjoong Kim
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Weiwei Han
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochul Yang
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Guicheng Liu
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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12
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Gao J, Zhang X, Wang M, Qiu J, Zhang H, Chen X, Wang Y, Wei Y. Uniform Zinc Deposition Regulated by a Nitrogen-Doped MXene Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interlayer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300633. [PMID: 37035986 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The dendrite growth and side reactions of zinc metal anode in mildly acidic electrolytes seriously hinder the practical application of aqueous zinc-ion battery. To address these issues, an artificial protective layer of nitrogen-doped MXene (NMX) is used to protect the zinc anode. The NMX protective layer has high conductivity and uniformly distributed zincophilic sites, which can not only homogenize the local electric field on the electrode interface but also accelerate the kinetics for Zn deposition. As a result, the NMX protective layer induces uniform zinc deposition and reduces the overpotential of the electrode. Encouragingly, this NMX-protected Zn anode can cycle stably for 1900 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2 . In asymmetric cells, it achieves high cycle reversibility with an average Coulomb efficiency of 99.79% for 4800 cycles at 5 mA cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xibang Chen
- Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yizhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, 401123, P. R. China
| | - Yingjin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, 401123, P. R. China
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13
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Sun H, Huyan Y, Li N, Lei D, Liu H, Hua W, Wei C, Kang F, Wang JG. A Seamless Metal-Organic Framework Interphase with Boosted Zn 2+ Flux and Deposition Kinetics for Long-Living Rechargeable Zn Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1726-1734. [PMID: 36794942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Zn metal has received immense interest as a promising anode of rechargeable aqueous batteries for grid-scale energy storage. Nevertheless, the uncontrollable dendrite growth and surface parasitic reactions greatly retard its practical implementation. Herein, we demonstrate a seamless and multifunctional metal-organic framework (MOF) interphase for building corrosion-free and dendrite-free Zn anodes. The on-site coordinated MOF interphase with 3D open framework structure could function as a highly zincophilic mediator and ion sifter that synergistically induces fast and uniform Zn nucleation/deposition. In addition, the surface corrosion and hydrogen evolution are significantly suppressed by the interface shielding of the seamless interphase. An ultrastable Zn plating/stripping is achieved with elevated Coulombic efficiency of 99.2% over 1000 cycles and prolonged lifetime of 1100 h at 10 mA cm-2 with a high cumulative plated capacity of 5.5 Ah cm-2. Moreover, the modified Zn anode assures the MnO2-based full cells with superior rate and cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene (NPU), No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yu Huyan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene (NPU), No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene (NPU), No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Da Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene (NPU), No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huanyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene (NPU), No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene (NPU), No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chunguang Wei
- Shenzhen Cubic-Science Co., Ltd. Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Graphene-based Materials, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian-Gan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene (NPU), No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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14
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Wu Y, Wang N, Liu H, Cui R, Gu J, Sun R, Zhu Y, Gou L, Fan X, Li D, Wang D. Self-healing of surface defects on Zn electrode for stable aqueous zinc-ion batteries via manipulating the electrode/electrolyte interphases. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:916-925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Jin S, Duan F, Wu X, Li J, Dan X, Yin X, Zhao K, Wei Y, Sui Y, Du F, Wang Y. Stabilizing Interface pH by Mixing Electrolytes for High-Performance Aqueous Zn Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205462. [PMID: 36333124 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc metal batteries with mild acidic electrolytes are considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage. However, the Zn anode suffers from severe Zn dendrite growth and side reactions due to the unstable interfacial pH and the absence of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) protective layer. Herein, a novel and simple mixed electrolyte strategy is proposed to address these problems. The mixed electrolytes of 2 M ZnSO4 and 2 M Zn (CF3 SO3 )2 can efficiently buffer the interfacial pH and induce the in situ formation of the organic-inorganic SEI layer, which eliminates dendrite growth and prevents side reactions. As a result, Zn anodes in mixed electrolyte exhibit a lifespan enhancement over 400 times, endure stable cycling over 270 h at a high DOD of 62% and achieve high Zn plating/stripping reversibility with an average CE of 99.5% for 1000 cycles at 1 mA cm-2 . The findings pave the way for developing practical electrolyte systems for Zn batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Fengxue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Junpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxing Dan
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuxiu Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Kangning Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yingjin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yongming Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Du
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yizhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, 401123, Chongqing, China
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16
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Qiu M, Liu H, Luo J, Tawiah B, Fu S, Jia H. Long-life zinc electrodes achieved by oxygen plasma functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:993-996. [PMID: 34935792 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A facile oxygen plasma treatment strategy is proposed to promote zinc dendrite inhibition by modifying the surface oxygen functional groups. The plasma-treated zinc electrodes achieved an extended working lifespan of 3800 h with an average Coulombic efficiency of over 99% for 1000 cycles when applied in full batteries. This work provides great prospects for the fabrication of long-life zinc batteries for grid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Hongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Jinbin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Benjamin Tawiah
- Department of Industrial Art (Textiles), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Shaohai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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