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Kiani Z, Khorsand N, Beigi F, Askari G, Sharma M, Bagherniya M. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in burn patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Trials 2024; 25:160. [PMID: 38431600 PMCID: PMC10908042 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injuries are important medical problems that, aside from skin damage, cause a systemic response including inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disorders, immune response, and hypermetabolic and catabolic responses which affect all the organs in the body. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in burn patients. METHODS In a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 60 burn patients were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg CoQ10 three times a day (total 300 mg/day) or a placebo for 10 days. Inflammatory markers including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidative stress markers including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, white blood cells (WBC), and body temperature were assessed as primary outcomes and albumin, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalized ratio (INR), other hematological parameters, blood pressure, O2 saturation, ICU duration, and 28-mortality rate were assessed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-two participants completed the trial. CRP and ESR levels were not significantly different between CoQ10 and placebo groups at the end of the study (P = 0.550 and P = 0.306, respectively). No significant differences between groups were observed for TAC (P = 0.865), MDA (P = 0.692), and SOD activity (P = 0.633) as well. Administration of CoQ10 resulted in a significant increase in albumin levels compared to placebo (P = 0.031). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in other measured outcomes (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Results showed that in patients with burn injury, CoQ10 administration had no effect on inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, although serum albumin levels were improved after supplementation. Further studies with albumin as the primary outcome are needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kiani
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nadereh Khorsand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Musa Kazem Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Beigi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
- Research and Development Unit, Imam Muss Kazim Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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2
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Seton KA, Espejo-Oltra JA, Giménez-Orenga K, Haagmans R, Ramadan DJ, Mehlsen J. Advancing Research and Treatment: An Overview of Clinical Trials in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med 2024; 13:325. [PMID: 38256459 PMCID: PMC10816159 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic, debilitating, and multi-faceted illness. Heterogenous onset and clinical presentation with additional comorbidities make it difficult to diagnose, characterize, and successfully treat. Current treatment guidelines focus on symptom management, but with no clear target or causative mechanism, remission rates are low, and fewer than 5% of patients return to their pre-morbid activity levels. Therefore, there is an urgent need to undertake robust clinical trials to identify effective treatments. This review synthesizes insights from clinical trials exploring pharmacological interventions and dietary supplements targeting immunological, metabolic, gastrointestinal, neurological, and neuroendocrine dysfunction in ME/CFS patients which require further exploration. Additionally, the trialling of alternative interventions in ME/CFS based on reported efficacy in the treatment of illnesses with overlapping symptomology is also discussed. Finally, we provide important considerations and make recommendations, focusing on outcome measures, to ensure the execution of future high-quality clinical trials to establish clinical efficacy of evidence-based interventions that are needed for adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A. Seton
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - José A. Espejo-Oltra
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia, San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Karen Giménez-Orenga
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia, San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Rik Haagmans
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Donia J. Ramadan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jesper Mehlsen
- Surgical Pathophysiology Unit, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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3
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Mantle D, Hargreaves IP, Domingo JC, Castro-Marrero J. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Post-Viral Fatigue Syndrome: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:574. [PMID: 38203745 PMCID: PMC10779395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) encompasses a wide range of complex neuroimmune disorders of unknown causes characterised by disabling post-exertional fatigue, myalgia and joint pain, cognitive impairments, unrefreshing sleep, autonomic dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. It includes myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS); fibromyalgia (FM); and more recently post-COVID-19 condition (long COVID). To date, there are no definitive clinical case criteria and no FDA-approved pharmacological therapies for PVFS. Given the current lack of effective treatments, there is a need to develop novel therapeutic strategies for these disorders. Mitochondria, the cellular organelles responsible for tissue energy production, have recently garnered attention in research into PVFS due to their crucial role in cellular bioenergetic metabolism in these conditions. The accumulating literature has identified a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and low-grade systemic inflammation in ME/CFS, FM, and long COVID. To address this issue, this article aims to critically review the evidence relating to mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of these disorders; in particular, it aims to evaluate the effectiveness of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on chronic fatigue and pain symptoms as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PVFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mantle
- Pharma Nord (UK) Ltd., Morpeth, Northumberland NE61 2DB, UK
| | - Iain Parry Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
| | - Joan Carles Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jesus Castro-Marrero
- Research Unit in ME/CFS and Long COVID, Rheumatology Division, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Ludwig B, Olbert E, Trimmel K, Seidel S, Rommer PS, Müller C, Struhal W, Berger T. [Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: an overview of current evidence]. DER NERVENARZT 2023; 94:725-733. [PMID: 36695893 PMCID: PMC9875188 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-022-01431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years both media and scientific interest has surged regarding the disorder myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), not least because of the clinically similar manifestation in long COVID or post-COVID. In this review we discuss the process of clinical diagnosis and randomized controlled therapeutic studies on ME/CFS, and the similarities or differences to long COVID and post-COVID. So far, neither clear pathophysiologically causal nor therapeutic evidence-based results on ME/CFS have been identified in the many years of scientific research. Given the evident psychiatric comorbidity rates in patients with a diagnosis of ME/CFS, a psychosomatic etiology of this syndrome should be considered. Furthermore, a precise and reliable diagnostic classification based on stricter criteria would benefit both pathophysiological and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Ludwig
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Elisabeth Olbert
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Tulln, Österreich
| | - Karin Trimmel
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Stefan Seidel
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich.
| | - Christian Müller
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Walter Struhal
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Tulln, Österreich
| | - Thomas Berger
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
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5
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Barnish M, Sheikh M, Scholey A. Nutrient Therapy for the Improvement of Fatigue Symptoms. Nutrients 2023; 15:2154. [PMID: 37432282 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue, characterised by lack of energy, mental exhaustion and poor muscle endurance which do not recover following a period of rest, is a common characteristic symptom of several conditions and negatively impacts the quality of life of those affected. Fatigue is often a symptom of concern for people suffering from conditions such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. Vitamins and minerals, playing essential roles in a variety of basic metabolic pathways that support fundamental cellular functions, may be important in mitigating physical and mental fatigue. Several studies have examined the potential benefits of nutrients on fatigue in various populations. The current review aimed to gather the existing literature exploring different nutrients' effects on fatigue. From the searches of the literature conducted in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Google scholar, 60 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Among the included studies, 50 showed significant beneficial effects (p < 0.05) of vitamin and mineral supplementation on fatigue. Altogether, the included studies investigated oral or parenteral administration of nutrients including Coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, zinc, methionine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and vitamins C, D and B. In conclusion, the results of the literature review suggest that these nutrients have potentially significant benefits in reducing fatigue in healthy individuals as well as those with chronic illness, both when taken orally and parenterally. Further studies should explore these novel therapies, both as adjunctive treatments and as sole interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Barnish
- REVIV Life Science Research, REVIV Global Ltd., Manchester M15 4PS, UK
| | - Mahsa Sheikh
- REVIV Life Science Research, REVIV Global Ltd., Manchester M15 4PS, UK
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
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6
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Gain C, Song S, Angtuaco T, Satta S, Kelesidis T. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of infections with coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111930. [PMID: 36713204 PMCID: PMC9880066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses can cause serious respiratory tract infections and may also impact other end organs such as the central nervous system, the lung and the heart. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a devastating impact on humanity. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of coronavirus infections, will set the foundation for development of new treatments to attenuate the impact of infections with coronaviruses on host cells and tissues. During infection of host cells, coronaviruses trigger an imbalance between increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidant host responses that leads to increased redox stress. Subsequently, increased redox stress contributes to reduced antiviral host responses and increased virus-induced inflammation and apoptosis that ultimately drive cell and tissue damage and end organ disease. However, there is limited understanding how different coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, manipulate cellular machinery that drives redox responses. This review aims to elucidate the redox mechanisms involved in the replication of coronaviruses and associated inflammation, apoptotic pathways, autoimmunity, vascular dysfunction and tissue damage that collectively contribute to multiorgan damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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7
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He S, Wu K, Cheng Z, He M, Hu R, Fan N, Shen L, Li Q, Fan H, Tong Y. Long COVID: The latest manifestations, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e196. [PMID: 36514781 PMCID: PMC9732402 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection affects humans not only during the acute phase of the infection, but also several weeks to 2 years after the recovery. SARS-CoV-2 infects a variety of cells in the human body, including lung cells, intestinal cells, vascular endothelial cells, olfactory epithelial cells, etc. The damages caused by the infections of these cells and enduring immune response are the basis of long COVID. Notably, the changes in gene expression caused by viral infection can also indirectly contribute to long COVID. We summarized the occurrences of both common and uncommon long COVID, including damages to lung and respiratory system, olfactory and taste deficiency, damages to myocardial, renal, muscle, and enduring inflammation. Moreover, we provided potential treatments for long COVID symptoms manifested in different organs and systems, which were based on the pathogenesis and the associations between symptoms in different organs. Importantly, we compared the differences in symptoms and frequency of long COVID caused by breakthrough infection after vaccination and infection with different variants of concern, in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of long COVID and propose improvement for tackling COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi‐ting He
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Kexin Wu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Zixuan Cheng
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Mengjie He
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Ruolan Hu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Ning Fan
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Qirui Li
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
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8
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Redox Status Is the Mainstay of SARS-CoV-2 and Host for Producing Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102061. [PMID: 36290783 PMCID: PMC9598460 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over hundreds of years, humans have faced multiple pandemics and have overcome many of them with scientific advancements. However, the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has challenged the physical, mental, and socioeconomic aspects of human life, which has introduced a general sense of uncertainty among everyone. Although several risk profiles, such as the severity of the disease, infection rate, and treatment strategy, have been investigated, new variants from different parts of the world put humans at risk and require multiple strategies simultaneously to control the spread. Understanding the entire system with respect to the commonly involved or essential mechanisms may be an effective strategy for successful treatment, particularly for COVID-19. Any treatment for COVID-19 may alter the redox profile, which can be an effective complementary method for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry and further replication. Indeed, redox profiles are one of the main barriers that suddenly shift the immune response in favor of COVID-19. Fortunately, several redox components exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. However, access to these components as support elements against COVID-19 is limited. Therefore, understanding redox-derived species and their nodes as a common interactome in the system will facilitate the treatment of COVID-19. This review discusses the redox-based perspectives of the entire system during COVID-19 infection, including how redox-based molecules impact the accessibility of SARS-CoV-2 to the host and further replication. Additionally, to demonstrate its feasibility as a viable approach, we discuss the current challenges in redox-based treatment options for COVID-19.
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9
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Tsai IC, Hsu CW, Chang CH, Tseng PT, Chang KV. Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Reducing Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:883251. [PMID: 36091835 PMCID: PMC9449413 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.883251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a popular nutritional supplement, an antioxidant and an essential component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Several clinical studies have suggested that fatigue can be reduced by antioxidant supplementation. However, the data on this topic has been sparse to date. Hence, we conducted this meta-analysis with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of fatigue reduction via CoQ10 supplementation. More specifically, we searched electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from the database inception to January 2022. A random effects model was implemented to conduct the meta-analysis among 13 RCTs (with a total of 1,126 participants). As compared with the placebo groups evaluated in each RCT, the CoQ10 group showed a statistically significant reduction in fatigue scores (Hedges' g = -0.398, 95% confidence interval = -0.641 to -0.155, p = 0.001). The directions of the treatment effects were consistent between the healthy and diseased participants. Compared with the placebo group, the effect of reducing fatigue was statistically significant in the subgroup using the CoQ10-only formulation but not in the subgroup using CoQ10 compounds. The results of our meta-regression demonstrate that increases in the daily dose (coefficient = -0.0017 per mg, p < 0.001) and treatment duration (coefficient = -0.0042 per day, p = 0.007) of CoQ10 supplementation were correlated with greater fatigue reduction. There was only one adverse (gastrointestinal) event in the 602 participants who underwent the CoQ10 intervention. Based on the results of this meta-analysis, we conclude that CoQ10 is an effective and safe supplement for reducing fatigue symptoms. Systematic Review Registration: https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-1-0113/, identifier INPLASY202210113.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Congenital Heart Disease Study Group, Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging, Seoul, Korea
- InnovaRad Inc., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Neurology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Vin Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wang-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kuriyama N, Nakamura T, Nakazawa H, Wen T, Berra L, Bittner EA, Goverman J, Kaneki M. Bioavailability of Reduced Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinol-10) in Burn Patients. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070613. [PMID: 35888737 PMCID: PMC9321044 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction in major trauma, including burn injury. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a metabolite of the mevalonate pathway and an essential cofactor for the electron transport in the mitochondria. In addition, its reduced form (ubiquinol) functions as an antioxidant. Little is known as to whether oral CoQ10 supplementation effectively increases intracellular CoQ10 levels in humans. To study the bioavailability of CoQ10 supplementation, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of reduced CoQ10 (ubiquinol-10) (1800 mg/day, t.i.d.) in burn patients at a single, tertiary-care hospital. Baseline plasma CoQ10 levels were significantly lower in burn patients than in healthy volunteers, although plasma CoQ10/cholesterol ratio did not differ between the groups. CoQ10 supplementation increased plasma concentrations of total and reduced CoQ10 and total CoQ10 content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in burn patients compared with the placebo group. CoQ10 supplementation did not significantly change circulating levels of mitochondrial DNA, inflammatory markers (e.g., interleukins, TNF-α, IFN-γ), or Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores compared with the placebo group. This study showed that a relatively high dose of reduced CoQ10 supplementation increased the intracellular CoQ10 content in PBMCs as well as plasma concentrations in burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Kuriyama
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.K.); (T.N.); (H.N.); (T.W.); (L.B.); (E.A.B.)
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom Steet, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.K.); (T.N.); (H.N.); (T.W.); (L.B.); (E.A.B.)
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom Steet, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Harumasa Nakazawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.K.); (T.N.); (H.N.); (T.W.); (L.B.); (E.A.B.)
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom Steet, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tyler Wen
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.K.); (T.N.); (H.N.); (T.W.); (L.B.); (E.A.B.)
- Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Lorenzo Berra
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.K.); (T.N.); (H.N.); (T.W.); (L.B.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Edward A. Bittner
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.K.); (T.N.); (H.N.); (T.W.); (L.B.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Jeremy Goverman
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Masao Kaneki
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.K.); (T.N.); (H.N.); (T.W.); (L.B.); (E.A.B.)
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom Steet, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-726-8122; Fax: 617-726-8134
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11
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Umeda K, Shindo D, Somekawa S, Nishitani S, Sato W, Toyoda S, Karakawa S, Kawasaki M, Mine T, Suzuki K. Effects of Five Amino Acids (Serine, Alanine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Tyrosine) on Mental Health in Healthy Office Workers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Exploratory Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112357. [PMID: 35684157 PMCID: PMC9183184 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The importance of maintaining good mental health with overall well-being has recently drawn attention from various spheres of academics and the working population. Amino acid intake has been reported to reduce depression symptoms and other mental health problems. However, the effectiveness of amino acid intake (i.e., single or combined) remains unknown. In this study, we assessed a combination of five amino acids (serine, alanine, glutamate, aspartate, and tyrosine; SAGAT) reported to regulate mental health. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial was conducted. Participants, aged between 20 and 65 years with fatigue sensation, were randomized to receive either SAGAT or the placebo and ingested them for four weeks. A transient mental work was loaded at day 0 and after four weeks of intervention. As the primary outcomes, the fatigue sensation was assessed. The mood status, cognitive function, work efficiency, and blood marker were also measured as secondary outcomes. Results: The number of participants analyzed for the efficacy evaluation were 20 in SAGAT and 22 in the placebo. There were no significant differences in the primary outcomes. However, as the secondary outcomes, the SAGAT group showed a significant improvement in motivation and cognitive function in the recovery period after mental work loaded in a four-week intervention compared to the placebo. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that SAGAT contributes to maintaining proper motivation and cognitive function. Clinical Trial Registration: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (ID: UMIN 000041221).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Umeda
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: (K.U.); (K.S.)
| | - Daichi Shindo
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Shinji Somekawa
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Shinobu Nishitani
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Wataru Sato
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.S.); (S.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Sakiko Toyoda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.S.); (S.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Sachise Karakawa
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.S.); (S.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Mika Kawasaki
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.S.); (S.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Tomoyuki Mine
- Research & Business Planning Department, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo 104-8315, Japan;
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: (K.U.); (K.S.)
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12
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Paul BD, Lemle MD, Komaroff AL, Snyder SH. Redox imbalance links COVID-19 and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024358118. [PMID: 34400495 PMCID: PMC8403932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024358118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most patients recover from acute COVID-19, some experience postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC). One subgroup of PASC is a syndrome called "long COVID-19," reminiscent of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). ME/CFS is a debilitating condition, often triggered by viral and bacterial infections, leading to years-long debilitating symptoms including profound fatigue, postexertional malaise, unrefreshing sleep, cognitive deficits, and orthostatic intolerance. Some are skeptical that either ME/CFS or long COVID-19 involves underlying biological abnormalities. However, in this review, we summarize the evidence that people with acute COVID-19 and with ME/CFS have biological abnormalities including redox imbalance, systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, an impaired ability to generate adenosine triphosphate, and a general hypometabolic state. These phenomena have not yet been well studied in people with long COVID-19, and each of them has been reported in other diseases as well, particularly neurological diseases. We also examine the bidirectional relationship between redox imbalance, inflammation, energy metabolic deficits, and a hypometabolic state. We speculate as to what may be causing these abnormalities. Thus, understanding the molecular underpinnings of both PASC and ME/CFS may lead to the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Anthony L Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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13
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Effect of Dietary Coenzyme Q10 Plus NADH Supplementation on Fatigue Perception and Health-Related Quality of Life in Individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082658. [PMID: 34444817 PMCID: PMC8399248 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex, multisystem, and profoundly debilitating neuroimmune disease, probably of post-viral multifactorial etiology. Unfortunately, no accurate diagnostic or laboratory tests have been established, nor are any universally effective approved drugs currently available for its treatment. This study aimed to examine whether oral coenzyme Q10 and NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) co-supplementation could improve perceived fatigue, unrefreshing sleep, and health-related quality of life in ME/CFS patients. A 12-week prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 207 patients with ME/CFS, who were randomly allocated to one of two groups to receive either 200 mg of CoQ10 and 20 mg of NADH (n = 104) or matching placebo (n = 103) once daily. Endpoints were simultaneously evaluated at baseline, and then reassessed at 4- and 8-week treatment visits and four weeks after treatment cessation, using validated patient-reported outcome measures. A significant reduction in cognitive fatigue perception and overall FIS-40 score (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022, respectively) and an improvement in HRQoL (health-related quality of life (SF-36)) (p < 0.05) from baseline were observed within the experimental group over time. Statistically significant differences were also shown for sleep duration at 4 weeks and habitual sleep efficiency at 8 weeks in follow-up visits from baseline within the experimental group (p = 0.018 and p = 0.038, respectively). Overall, these findings support the use of CoQ10 plus NADH supplementation as a potentially safe therapeutic option for reducing perceived cognitive fatigue and improving the health-related quality of life in ME/CFS patients. Future interventions are needed to corroborate these clinical benefits and also explore the underlying pathomechanisms of CoQ10 and NADH administration in ME/CFS.
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14
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Weigel B, Eaton-Fitch N, Passmore R, Cabanas H, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. A preliminary investigation of nutritional intake and supplement use in Australians with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and the implications on health-related quality of life. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:5730. [PMID: 34262415 PMCID: PMC8254462 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.5730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex, multisystem illness without a currently recognized pharmacological treatment. Dietary supplementation and modification have been posited as potential management strategies; however, their efficacy is controversial. Objective This study aimed to assess the nutritional intake and supplement use of Australian ME/CFS patients and the perceived effect on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for the first time in an Australian patient population. Design Between February 2019 and January 2020, ME/CFS patients across Australia volunteered in this cross-sectional study in response to online advertisements. Eligible respondents were invited to complete three online self-administered questionnaires investigating their supplement use, nutritional intake, and HRQoL. The study participants’ supplement use and nutritional intake were summarized and compared with the population data returned from the Australian Health Survey (2011–2012). Multiple linear regression analysis was also performed to determine the effect of participants’ supplement use and nutrient intake on HRQoL. Results Twenty-four eligible ME/CFS patients (54.2% meeting the International Consensus Criteria, 79.2% female, mean age = 43.4 ± 10.5 years) completed the online questionnaires. Supplement use was highly prevalent among the study sample (87.5%) and considerably more common when compared with population data (31.9%). Daily total fats and caffeine intakes were significantly higher among ME/CFS patients when compared with the Australian population (P = 0.009 and P = 0.033, respectively), whereas daily intakes of total carbohydrates and alcohol were significantly lower (both P < 0.001). No consistent trends between nutrition and supplement use with patients’ HRQoL could be identified. Conclusions The daily diet and supplement use of ME/CFS patients appear to vary considerably from those of the general Australian population. Although the role of nutritional intake and supplement use on ME/CFS patients’ HRQoL remains unclear, dietary changes and the use of supplements appear to be of value to ME/CFS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Weigel
- The National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Natalie Eaton-Fitch
- The National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Rachel Passmore
- The National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Hélène Cabanas
- The National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Donald Staines
- The National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
- The National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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15
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Testai L, Martelli A, Flori L, Cicero AFG, Colletti A. Coenzyme Q 10: Clinical Applications beyond Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:1697. [PMID: 34067632 PMCID: PMC8156424 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential cofactor in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), present in mitochondria and cell membranes in reduced and oxidized forms. Acting as an energy transfer molecule, it occurs in particularly high levels in the liver, heart, and kidneys. CoQ10 is also an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent able to prevent the damage induced by free radicals and the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. In this context, several studies have shown the possible inverse correlation between the blood levels of CoQ10 and some disease conditions. Interestingly, beyond cardiovascular diseases, CoQ10 is involved also in neuronal and muscular degenerative diseases, in migraine and in cancer; therefore, the supplementation with CoQ10 could represent a viable option to prevent these and in some cases might be used as an adjuvant to conventional treatments. This review is aimed to summarize the clinical applications regarding the use of CoQ10 in migraine, neurodegenerative diseases (including Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases), cancer, or degenerative muscle disorders (such as multiple sclerosis and chronic fatigue syndrome), analyzing its effect on patients' health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56120 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.F.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre ‘‘Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD)’’, University of Pisa, 56120 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing, Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56120 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56120 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.F.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre ‘‘Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD)’’, University of Pisa, 56120 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing, Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56120 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56120 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut), 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Colletti
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut), 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
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16
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Maksoud R, Balinas C, Holden S, Cabanas H, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. A systematic review of nutraceutical interventions for mitochondrial dysfunctions in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. J Transl Med 2021; 19:81. [PMID: 33596913 PMCID: PMC7890871 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating illness, characterised by persistent fatigue that is unrelieved by rest, in combination with a range of other disabling symptoms. There is no diagnostic test nor targeted treatment available for this illness. The pathomechanism also remains unclear. Mitochondrial dysfunctions have been considered a possible underlying pathology based on reported differences including structural and functional changes in ME/CFS patients compared to healthy controls. Due to the potential role that mitochondria may play in ME/CFS, mitochondrial-targeting nutraceutical interventions have been used to potentially assist in improving patient outcomes such as fatigue. The aim of this systematic review is to appraise literature assessing these nutraceuticals as a possible intervention for treating ME/CFS. METHODS A systematic search of Pubmed, Embase, Medline (EBSCO host) and Web of Science (via Clarivate Analytics) for journal articles published between January 1995 and 10th November 2020 was conducted. Articles assessing nutraceutical interventions and ME/CFS patient outcomes were retrieved. Using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, the list of articles was further refined. Quality was measured using the Rosendal scale. RESULTS Nine intervention studies were included in this review. The studies investigated patient symptom severity changes such as altered fatigue levels in response to mitochondrial-targeting nutraceuticals. Improvements in fatigue levels were observed in six of the nine studies. Secondary outcomes assessed include biochemical, psychological, and quality of life parameters. CONCLUSION There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of mitochondria- targeting nutraceuticals in ME/CFS patients. Future well-designed studies are required to elucidate both the involvement of mitochondria in the pathomechanism of ME/CFS and the effect of mitochondrial-modifying agents on illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Maksoud
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases (NCNED), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Cassandra Balinas
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases (NCNED), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Sean Holden
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases (NCNED), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Hélène Cabanas
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases (NCNED), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Donald Staines
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases (NCNED), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases (NCNED), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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17
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Role of mitochondria, oxidative stress and the response to antioxidants in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A possible approach to SARS-CoV-2 'long-haulers'? Chronic Dis Transl Med 2020; 7:14-26. [PMID: 33251031 PMCID: PMC7680046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic patients have developed chronic symptoms lasting weeks or months which are very similar to those described for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. This study reviews the current literature and understanding of the role that mitochondria, oxidative stress and antioxidants may play in the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic fatigue. It describes what is known about the dysfunctional pathways which can develop in mitochondria and their relationship to chronic fatigue. It also reviews what is known about oxidative stress and how this can be related to the pathophysiology of fatigue, as well as examining the potential for specific therapy directed at mitochondria for the treatment of chronic fatigue in the form of antioxidants. This study identifies areas which require urgent, further research in order to fully elucidate the clinical and therapeutic potential of these approaches.
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18
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Ubiquinol-10 Intake Is Effective in Relieving Mild Fatigue in Healthy Individuals. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061640. [PMID: 32498248 PMCID: PMC7352232 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated effects of ubiquinol, the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, on mild fatigue in healthy individuals experiencing fatigue in daily life that had continued for more than 1 and less than 6 months. The participants received 100-mg/day (Ubq100; age 44.0 ± 9.8 years; 14 females and 6 males) or 150-mg/day ubiquinol (Ubq150; age 40.4 ± 11.8 years; 14 females and 8 males) or placebo (Plc; age 41.3 ± 13.4 years; 13 females and 7 males) daily for 12 weeks. Measurements of subjective and objective fatigue were conducted by using questionnaires-based fatigue scales/visual analogue scales and autonomic nerve function/biological oxidation index, respectively, prior to the first dosing and every 4 weeks thereafter. Serum ubiquinol level increased three- to four-fold after 4 weeks and remained significantly higher than that after Plc administration throughout the intake period. Although a higher blood level of ubiquinol was observed with Ubq150 than with Ubq100, the difference was not statistically significant. In both Ubq100 and Ubq150 groups, subjective levels of fatigue sensation and sleepiness after cognitive tasks, which consisted of the modified Advanced Trail Making Test, the modified Stroop Color-Word Test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, improved significantly compared with those in the placebo group, suggesting an anti-fatigue effect. The Ubq150 group demonstrated significant improvement compared with the Plc group regarding subjective level of relaxation after task, sleepiness before and after task, motivation for task, and serum level of oxidative stress. Correlation analysis between blood level of ubiquinol and each evaluated effect suggested a positive relationship with relaxation after task, motivation for cognitive task, and parasympathetic activity. The results of the study suggest that ubiquinol intake relieves mild fatigue in healthy individuals.
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19
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Suzuki Y, Nagato S, Sakuraba K, Morio K, Sawaki K. Short-term ubiquinol-10 supplementation alleviates tissue damage in muscle and fatigue caused by strenuous exercise in male distance runners. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 91:261-270. [PMID: 32003645 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is the electron transporter in oxidative phosphorylation and an endogenous antioxidant. Recent researches have indicated that doses of 200-300 mg/day are needed to recognize effects to prevent oxidative damage in athletes, and the reduced form of CoQ10, ubiquinol-10, is more bioavailable than its oxidized form. Therefore, we hypothesized that higher doses of ubiquinol-10 could elevate plasma CoQ10 levels rapidly and exert physiological benefits in athletes. Therefore, a placebo controlled, double blinded test was carried out to determine the effects of ubiquinol-10 on the extravasate enzymes and fatigue levels of distance runners. Methods: Sixteen male collegiate distance runners were allocated to two groups receiving 300 mg/day of ubiquinol-10 (19.8 ± 1.7 years) or a placebo (20.1 ± 1.6 years) for 12 days during summer training that comprised 25- and 40-km runs on days 7 and 9, respectively. Results: Ubiquinol-10 elevated plasma CoQ10 concentration to 5.62 μg/mL and significantly decreased activities of the serum extravasate enzymes, CK, ALT, LDH (P < 0.01), and AST (P < 0.05) on day 6. Subjective fatigue status was significantly elevated on day 10 (the day after the 45-km run) in the placebo group (P < 0.001), but did not significantly change in the group given ubiquinol-10. Therefore, ubiquinol-10 could mitigate tissue damage and alleviate fatigue status in distance runners during summer training. Conclusions: Ubiquinol-10 (300 mg/day) supplementation elevated plasma CoQ10 concentrations almost to plateau levels, decreased extravasate enzymes within six days, and suppressed the subjective fatigue in male distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Suzuki
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, Japan.,Juntendo University Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nagato
- Juntendo University Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keishoku Sakuraba
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, Japan.,Juntendo University Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuya Morio
- Juntendo University Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sawaki
- Juntendo University Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Shen Q, Mahoney D, Peltzer J, Rahman F, Krueger KJ, Hiebert JB, Pierce JD. Using the NIH symptom science model to understand fatigue and mitochondrial bioenergetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 7. [PMID: 33628458 DOI: 10.7243/2056-9157-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The symptom of fatigue is prevalent among patients with chronic diseases and conditions such as congestive heart failure and cancer. It has a significant debilitating impact on patients' physical health, quality of life, and well-being. Early detection and appropriate assessment of fatigue is essential for diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disease progression. However, it is often challenging to manage the symptom of fatigue without first investigating the underlying biological mechanisms. In this narrative review, we conceptualize the symptom of fatigue and its relationship with mitochondrial bioenergetics using the National Institute of Health Symptom Science Model (NIH-SSM). In particular, we discuss mental and physical measures to assess fatigue, the importance of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular and organ functions, and how impaired ATP production contributes to fatigue. Specific methods to measure ATP are described. Recommendations are provided concerning how to integrate biological mechanisms with the symptom of fatigue for future research and clinical practice to help alleviate symptoms and improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Shen
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, United States of America
| | - Diane Mahoney
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, United States of America
| | - Jill Peltzer
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, United States of America
| | - Faith Rahman
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, United States of America
| | - Kathryn J Krueger
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, United States of America
| | - John B Hiebert
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, United States of America
| | - Janet D Pierce
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, United States of America
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21
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Watanabe K, Nozaki S, Goto M, Kaneko KI, Hayashinaka E, Irie S, Nishiyama A, Kasai K, Fujii K, Wada Y, Mizuno K, Mizuseki K, Doi H, Watanabe Y. PET imaging of 11C-labeled coenzyme Q10: Comparison of biodistribution between [11C]ubiquinol-10 and [11C]ubiquinone-10. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:611-615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Mehrabani S, Askari G, Miraghajani M, Tavakoly R, Arab A. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on fatigue: A systematic review of interventional studies. Complement Ther Med 2019; 43:181-187. [PMID: 30935528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS A number of studies have examined the beneficial effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on fatigue in different population, but the findings have been inconclusive. Herein, we systematically reviewed available interventional studies to elucidate the overall effects of CoQ10 supplementation on fatigue among adolescent and adult population. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane's library, Science direct, Scopus, Google scholar and ISI web of science databases were searched for all available literature until April 2018 for studies assessing the effects of CoQ10 supplementation on fatigue. The Cochrane bias assessment tool were used to assess the quality of studies. RESULTS A total of 16 studies out of 1316 met our inclusion criteria and included in our systematic review. Among included studies 10 of them showed significant beneficial effects (p < 0.05) of CoQ10 supplementation on fatigue status among healthy, fibromyalgia, statin-related fatigue, multiple sclerosis and end-stage heart failure subjects. CoQ10 supplementation could alleviate fatigue, but differences between studies population should be taken into account. CONCLUSION It seems CoQ10 has better therapeutic effects in statin-related fatigue and fibromyalgia patients compared with the other disease related fatigue. Finally, in order to draw a firm link between CoQ10 and fatigue, more clinical trials with adequate sample size and with sufficient follow-up periods are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Mehrabani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Miraghajani
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rahele Tavakoly
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arman Arab
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Maguire Á, Hargreaves A, Gill M. Coenzyme Q10 and neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders: relevance for schizophrenia. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:756-769. [PMID: 30537908 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1556481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Though the exact mechanisms and clinical implications for this dysfunction are not fully determined, there is a hypothesis that deficiency in coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) may contribute to mitochondrial impairments and be reflected in cognitive, affective, and energy disturbances in the disorders. CoQ10 is a critical component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and an essential free radical scavenger, necessary for mitochondrial function. Here, we review the results of CoQ10 supplementation interventions for adults with various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders and consider the therapeutic potential of CoQ10 supplementation for schizophrenia in light of these studies. Methods: A literature review of randomised controlled trials and open-label studies investigating the effect of CoQ10 as a single intervention in adults with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders was conducted. Results: CoQ10 supplementation has some positive effects on fatigue, cognitive impairment and affective difficulties in several neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions with associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Discussion: CoQ10 may be of therapeutic value to schizophrenia given evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine Maguire
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - April Hargreaves
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Psychology, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Blomberg J, Gottfries CG, Elfaitouri A, Rizwan M, Rosén A. Infection Elicited Autoimmunity and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Explanatory Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 29497420 PMCID: PMC5818468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) often also called chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a common, debilitating, disease of unknown origin. Although a subject of controversy and a considerable scientific literature, we think that a solid understanding of ME/CFS pathogenesis is emerging. In this study, we compiled recent findings and placed them in the context of the clinical picture and natural history of the disease. A pattern emerged, giving rise to an explanatory model. ME/CFS often starts after or during an infection. A logical explanation is that the infection initiates an autoreactive process, which affects several functions, including brain and energy metabolism. According to our model for ME/CFS pathogenesis, patients with a genetic predisposition and dysbiosis experience a gradual development of B cell clones prone to autoreactivity. Under normal circumstances these B cell offsprings would have led to tolerance. Subsequent exogenous microbial exposition (triggering) can lead to comorbidities such as fibromyalgia, thyroid disorder, and orthostatic hypotension. A decisive infectious trigger may then lead to immunization against autoantigens involved in aerobic energy production and/or hormone receptors and ion channel proteins, producing postexertional malaise and ME/CFS, affecting both muscle and brain. In principle, cloning and sequencing of immunoglobulin variable domains could reveal the evolution of pathogenic clones. Although evidence consistent with the model accumulated in recent years, there are several missing links in it. Hopefully, the hypothesis generates testable propositions that can augment the understanding of the pathogenesis of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Blomberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Clinical Microbiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Amal Elfaitouri
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Clinical Microbiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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25
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Campagnolo N, Johnston S, Collatz A, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. Dietary and nutrition interventions for the therapeutic treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 30:247-259. [PMID: 28111818 PMCID: PMC5434800 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is characterised by unexplained fatigue for at least 6 months accompanied by a diverse but consistent set of symptoms. Diet modification and nutritional supplements could be used to improve patient outcomes, such fatigue and quality of life. We reviewed and discussed the evidence for nutritional interventions that may assist in alleviating symptoms of CFS/ME. Methods Medline, Cinahl and Scopus were systematically searched from 1994 to May 2016. All studies on nutrition intervention were included where CFS/ME patients modified their diet or supplemented their habitual diet on patient‐centred outcomes (fatigue, quality of life, physical activity and/or psychological wellbeing). Results Seventeen studies were included that meet the inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 different interventions were investigated on study outcomes. Many studies did not show therapeutic benefit on CFS/ME. Improvements in fatigue were observed for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride (NADH), probiotics, high cocoa polyphenol rich chocolate, and a combination of NADH and coenzyme Q10. Conclusions This review identified insufficient evidence for the use of nutritional supplements and elimination or modified diets to relieve CFS/ME symptoms. Studies were limited by the number of studies investigating the interventions, small sample sizes, study duration, variety of instruments used, and studies not reporting dietary intake method. Further research is warranted in homogeneous CFS/ME populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Campagnolo
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - S Johnston
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - A Collatz
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - D Staines
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - S Marshall-Gradisnik
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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26
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Mizuno K, Kawatani J, Tajima K, Sasaki AT, Yoneda T, Komi M, Hirai T, Tomoda A, Joudoi T, Watanabe Y. Low putamen activity associated with poor reward sensitivity in childhood chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:600-606. [PMID: 27709065 PMCID: PMC5043413 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Motivational signals influence a wide variety of cognitive processes and components of behavioral performance. Cognitive dysfunction in patients with childhood chronic fatigue syndrome (CCFS) may be closely associated with a low motivation to learn induced by impaired neural reward processing. However, the extent to which reward processing is impaired in CCFS patients is unclear. The aim of the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to determine whether brain activity in regions related to reward sensitivity is impaired in CCFS patients. fMRI data were collected from 13 CCFS patients (mean age, 13.6 ± 1.0 years) and 13 healthy children and adolescents (HCA) (mean age, 13.7 ± 1.3 years) performing a monetary reward task. Neural activity in high- and low-monetary-reward conditions was compared between CCFS and HCA groups. Severity of fatigue and the reward obtained from learning in daily life were evaluated by questionnaires. Activity of the putamen was lower in the CCFS group than in the HCA group in the low-reward condition, but not in the high-reward condition. Activity of the putamen in the low-reward condition in CCFS patients was negatively and positively correlated with severity of fatigue and the reward from learning in daily life, respectively. We previously revealed that motivation to learn was correlated with striatal activity, particularly the neural activity in the putamen. This suggests that in CCFS patients low putamen activity, associated with altered dopaminergic function, decreases reward sensitivity and lowers motivation to learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mizuno
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Health Evaluation Team, RIKEN Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Departments of Medical Science on Fatigue, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Osaka City University Center for Health Science Innovation, 3-1 Ofuka-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 530-0011, Japan
| | - Junko Kawatani
- Departments of Child Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjyo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kanako Tajima
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Health Evaluation Team, RIKEN Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akihiro T. Sasaki
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Health Evaluation Team, RIKEN Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Departments of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Osaka City University Center for Health Science Innovation, 3-1 Ofuka-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 530-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoneda
- Department of Medical Physics in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Masanori Komi
- Department of Radiology, University of Miyazaki Hospital, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hirai
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takako Joudoi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjyo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Health Evaluation Team, RIKEN Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Departments of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Osaka City University Center for Health Science Innovation, 3-1 Ofuka-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 530-0011, Japan
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