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Ålund M, Cenzer M, Bierne N, Boughman JW, Cerca J, Comerford MS, Culicchi A, Langerhans B, McFarlane SE, Möst MH, North H, Qvarnström A, Ravinet M, Svanbäck R, Taylor SA. Anthropogenic Change and the Process of Speciation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041455. [PMID: 37788888 PMCID: PMC10691492 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts on the environment alter speciation processes by affecting both geographical contexts and selection patterns on a worldwide scale. Here we review evidence of these effects. We find that human activities often generate spatial isolation between populations and thereby promote genetic divergence but also frequently cause sudden secondary contact and hybridization between diverging lineages. Human-caused environmental changes produce new ecological niches, altering selection in diverse ways that can drive diversification; but changes also often remove niches and cause extirpations. Human impacts that alter selection regimes are widespread and strong in magnitude, ranging from local changes in biotic and abiotic conditions to direct harvesting to global climate change. Altered selection, and evolutionary responses to it, impacts early-stage divergence of lineages, but does not necessarily lead toward speciation and persistence of separate species. Altogether, humans both promote and hinder speciation, although new species would form very slowly relative to anthropogenic hybridization, which can be nearly instantaneous. Speculating about the future of speciation, we highlight two key conclusions: (1) Humans will have a large influence on extinction and "despeciation" dynamics in the short term and on early-stage lineage divergence, and thus potentially speciation in the longer term, and (2) long-term monitoring combined with easily dated anthropogenic changes will improve our understanding of the processes of speciation. We can use this knowledge to preserve and restore ecosystems in ways that promote (re-)diversification, increasing future opportunities of speciation and enhancing biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Ålund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Meredith Cenzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - José Cerca
- CEES - Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | | | - Alessandro Culicchi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - S Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Markus H Möst
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Henry North
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Mark Ravinet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Scott A Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Salgado AL, Glassmire AE, Sedio BE, Diaz R, Stout MJ, Čuda J, Pyšek P, Meyerson LA, Cronin JT. Metabolomic Evenness Underlies Intraspecific Differences Among Lineages of a Wetland Grass. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:437-450. [PMID: 37099216 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The metabolome represents an important functional trait likely important to plant invasion success, but we have a limited understanding of whether the entire metabolome or targeted groups of compounds confer an advantage to invasive as compared to native taxa. We conducted a lipidomic and metabolomic analysis of the cosmopolitan wetland grass Phragmites australis. We classified features into metabolic pathways, subclasses, and classes. Subsequently, we used Random Forests to identify informative features to differentiate five phylogeographic and ecologically distinct lineages: European native, North American invasive, North American native, Gulf, and Delta. We found that lineages had unique phytochemical fingerprints, although there was overlap between the North American invasive and North American native lineages. Furthermore, we found that divergence in phytochemical diversity was driven by compound evenness rather than metabolite richness. Interestingly, the North American invasive lineage had greater chemical evenness than the Delta and Gulf lineages but lower evenness than the North American native lineage. Our results suggest that metabolomic evenness may represent a critical functional trait within a plant species. Its role in invasion success, resistance to herbivory, and large-scale die-off events common to this and other plant species remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Salgado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Andrea E Glassmire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Brian E Sedio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Rodrigo Diaz
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Michael J Stout
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jan Čuda
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, CZ -128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Laura A Meyerson
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - James T Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Guo K, Wu N, Manolaki P, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Riis T. Short-period hydrological regimes override physico-chemical variables in shaping stream diatom traits, biomass and biofilm community functions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140720. [PMID: 32758834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in hydrological effects on riverine ecosystems, few studies have documented the impact of hydrology on biofilm community functions, and those existing have typically focused on annual-based hydrological indices. In this study, we conducted monthly samplings during a year in five lowland streams with different flow regimes and investigated the impacts of hydrological conditions and physico-chemical variables on the trait composition of diatoms growing on artificial substrates, biomass (chlorophyll a and ash free dry weight), and biofilm community functions (biochemical processes, i.e., biofilm metabolism and nutrient uptake rates measured in the laboratory). Instead of the commonly used annual-based hydrological indices, we calculated indices for shorter periods (14 and ~28 days) of the hydrological regimes. Results of species-based variation partitioning showed that short-period hydrological indices (10.10 ± 7.18%) contributed more to explain species distribution than physico-chemical variables (5.90 ± 3.83%), indicating the dominant role of hydrology in structuring the diatom community. Specifically, we found different response patterns for different guilds and size classes to the hydrological and physico-chemical variables, and our results demonstrated that species tolerating high disturbance may be more appropriate as indicators of environmental disturbance than low-tolerant species. We also found dominant effects of short-period hydrological events on biomass and biofilm community functions. Despite an overall negative effect of high flow events and flow variations on biomass and biofilm community functions, positive effects on function-biomass ratios were also observed, indicating that the effects of flow regimes on biofilm are complex. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of including short-period hydrological conditions in studies on environmental factors shaping benthic algae. Based on our results, we recommend use of short-period hydrological conditions when investigating the effects of flow regime on biofilm community composition and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Guo
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Naicheng Wu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Paraskevi Manolaki
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Tenna Riis
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; WATEC, Aarhus University, Centre for Water Technology, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Wani GA, Shah MA, Tekeu H, Reshi ZA, Atangana AR, Khasa DP. Phenotypic Variability and Genetic Diversity of Phragmites australis in Quebec and Kashmir Reveal Contrasting Population Structure. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101392. [PMID: 33092113 PMCID: PMC7589717 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The origin of differences in traits influencing competitive success between invasive and native wild populations of alien species is subject of debate. Herbarium-based information sources from 2005 onwards about nativity and distributional range of Phragmites australis were used to survey putative native populations of the species in Quebec, and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) PCR-RFLP analyses identified only one native population, whereas the same analyses revealed that the Kashmir populations are invasive. We compared the native population of P. australis in Quebec (QN), ten populations invasive to Quebec (QE), and five populations invasive in Kashmir, India (KE) using morphometric traits. Using nine cpDNA microsatellite loci, we also compared nine KE populations, ten QE populations, and the QN population. Phenotypic variation was observed among and within populations. Only dry mass of flowers varied across regions. Characterization of morphotypes defined three distinct haplotypes. A bimodal distribution of stem diameter (SD), internode length (IL), leaf length (LL), and leaf width (LW) suggests that a major gene may control growth traits or occurrence of co-selection. High genetic differentiation was observed between populations (RST = 0.353) and haplotypes (RST = 0.133 to 0.418), indicating limited gene flow and probable local adaptation. Principal coordinates analysis and the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree clearly distinguished the three haplotypes. Among-populations phenotypic difference (PST) was lower than overall RST for plant height, SD, and fresh and dry mass of flowers and seeds, whereas PST estimates for LL and LW exceeded among-populations RST, suggesting divergent selection, while local adaptation might have occurred in IL, LL, and flower masses. Genetic drift probably influenced among-populations IL differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowher A. Wani
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India; (M.A.S.); (Z.A.R.)
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF) and Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada; (H.T.); or (A.R.A.); (D.P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-700-601-1834
| | - Manzoor A. Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India; (M.A.S.); (Z.A.R.)
| | - Honoré Tekeu
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF) and Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada; (H.T.); or (A.R.A.); (D.P.K.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé, IPO Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Zafar A. Reshi
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India; (M.A.S.); (Z.A.R.)
| | - Alain R. Atangana
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF) and Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada; (H.T.); or (A.R.A.); (D.P.K.)
- World Agroforestry, West and Central Africa Region, Cocody, Angré 7ème Tranche B.P. 2823, Abidjan 08 BP 2823, Cote D’Ivoire
| | - Damase P. Khasa
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF) and Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada; (H.T.); or (A.R.A.); (D.P.K.)
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Pyšek P, Bacher S, Kühn I, Novoa A, Catford JA, Hulme PE, Pergl J, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU, Blackburn TM. MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA): disentangling large-scale context dependence in biological invasions. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.62.52787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macroecology is the study of patterns, and the processes that determine those patterns, in the distribution and abundance of organisms at large scales, whether they be spatial (from hundreds of kilometres to global), temporal (from decades to centuries), and organismal (numbers of species or higher taxa). In the context of invasion ecology, macroecological studies include, for example, analyses of the richness, diversity, distribution, and abundance of alien species in regional floras and faunas, spatio-temporal dynamics of alien species across regions, and cross-taxonomic analyses of species traits among comparable native and alien species pools. However, macroecological studies aiming to explain and predict plant and animal naturalisations and invasions, and the resulting impacts, have, to date, rarely considered the joint effects of species traits, environment, and socioeconomic characteristics. To address this, we present the MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA). The MAFIA explains the invasion phenomenon using three interacting classes of factors – alien species traits, location characteristics, and factors related to introduction events – and explicitly maps these interactions onto the invasion sequence from transport to naturalisation to invasion. The framework therefore helps both to identify how anthropogenic effects interact with species traits and environmental characteristics to determine observed patterns in alien distribution, abundance, and richness; and to clarify why neglecting anthropogenic effects can generate spurious conclusions. Event-related factors include propagule pressure, colonisation pressure, and residence time that are important for mediating the outcome of invasion processes. However, because of context dependence, they can bias analyses, for example those that seek to elucidate the role of alien species traits. In the same vein, failure to recognise and explicitly incorporate interactions among the main factors impedes our understanding of which macroecological invasion patterns are shaped by the environment, and of the importance of interactions between the species and their environment. The MAFIA is based largely on insights from studies of plants and birds, but we believe it can be applied to all taxa, and hope that it will stimulate comparative research on other groups and environments. By making the biases in macroecological analyses of biological invasions explicit, the MAFIA offers an opportunity to guide assessments of the context dependence of invasions at broad geographical scales.
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Xia L, Geng Q, An S. Rapid Genetic Divergence of an Invasive Species, Spartina alterniflora, in China. Front Genet 2020; 11:284. [PMID: 32391044 PMCID: PMC7193035 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of plants and half a kilogram of seeds of Spartina alterniflora, which were collected from Morehead City in North Carolina, Sapelo Island in Georgia, and Tampa Bay in Florida, were introduced to China in 1979. However, according to documented records, S. alterniflora from different origins were introduced to different areas when the species was first introduced to the coastal areas of China in the 1980s. In order to understand the relationship between the invasive S. alterniflora populations of China and the native S. alterniflora populations of the United States, and whether the genetic structure and genetic diversity of the invasive populations of China were affected by different introductions in the 1980s, molecular markers were used to determine the levels of gene flow and its effect on population differentiation. A total of 715 samples of S. alterniflora were collected from nine invasive populations in China and nine native populations from the United States. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of invasive and native populations were compared using microsatellite markers. The heterozygosity of Chinese invasive populations of S. alterniflora (HO = 0.538, HE = 0.725) were similar with those of native populations (HO = 0.530, HE = 0.744), which may attribute to its multiple introductions with the multisource populations from different geographic areas of the United States. However, the lower allelic diversities of Chinese invasive populations were detected, which may be due to the founder effect, or the bottleneck, which supports the theory that the allelic diversity is more sensitive to population bottlenecks than heterozygosity. The results of the STRUCTURE analysis among all sampling sites showed that the value of ΔK was largest when K = 2, which indicated that the invasive S. alterniflora populations in China had completed differentiated from the native populations of the United States. This may be because of admixture and hybridization of three non-overlapping original populations, or the postintroduction rapid evolution in China, and reproductive isolation under long-term geographic isolation. There was significant differentiation among invasive populations, which was mainly affected by different human-mediated introductions in 1980s. Significant genetic structure (K = 7) and high genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.30193) were detected in Chinese invasive populations, which may due to the low natural gene flow among populations. The genetic structure of the invasive populations in China was still affected by the human-mediated introductions in the 1980s, and the different initial introductions might promote differentiation among the invasive populations. In fact, the human-mediated long-distance dispersal should take the most of responsibility for the rapid spread of S. alterniflora along the coast of China. Multisource introductions of S. alterniflora are perhaps helpful for local adaptation but itself cannot cause rapid spread along the whole coast of China. Meanwhile, we suggest that the prevention of gene exchange among populations of S. alterniflora is the first and most important step in the control of the species on the coast of China, because admixture and hybridization of isolated populations might generate new heterosis and increase the difficulty of managing S. alterniflora in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu, China
| | - Qifang Geng
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Shuqing An
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu, China
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Pyšek P, Čuda J, Šmilauer P, Skálová H, Chumová Z, Lambertini C, Lučanová M, Ryšavá H, Trávníček P, Šemberová K, Meyerson LA. Competition among native and invasive Phragmites australis populations: An experimental test of the effects of invasion status, genome size, and ploidy level. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1106-1118. [PMID: 32076501 PMCID: PMC7029062 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the traits whose relevance for plant invasions has recently been suggested are genome size (the amount of nuclear DNA) and ploidy level. So far, research on the role of genome size in invasiveness has been mostly based on indirect evidence by comparing species with different genome sizes, but how karyological traits influence competition at the intraspecific level remains unknown. We addressed these questions in a common-garden experiment evaluating the outcome of direct intraspecific competition among 20 populations of Phragmites australis, represented by clones collected in North America and Europe, and differing in their status (native and invasive), genome size (small and large), and ploidy levels (tetraploid, hexaploid, or octoploid). Each clone was planted in competition with one of the others in all possible combinations with three replicates in 45-L pots. Upon harvest, the identity of 21 shoots sampled per pot was revealed by flow cytometry and DNA analysis. Differences in performance were examined using relative proportions of shoots of each clone, ratios of their aboveground biomass, and relative yield total (RYT). The performance of the clones in competition primarily depended on the clone status (native vs. invasive). Measured in terms of shoot number or aboveground biomass, the strongest signal observed was that North American native clones always lost in competition to the other two groups. In addition, North American native clones were suppressed by European natives to a similar degree as by North American invasives. North American invasive clones had the largest average shoot biomass, but only by a limited, nonsignificant difference due to genome size. There was no effect of ploidy on competition. Since the North American invaders of European origin are able to outcompete the native North American clones, we suggest that their high competitiveness acts as an important driver in the early stages of their invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion EcologyInstitute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Department of EcologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Čuda
- Department of Invasion EcologyInstitute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Department of Ecosystem BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Hana Skálová
- Department of Invasion EcologyInstitute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Chumová
- Department of Evolutionary Biology of PlantsInstitute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Carla Lambertini
- Department of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Department of Evolutionary Biology of PlantsInstitute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Hana Ryšavá
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Evolutionary Biology of PlantsInstitute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Kristýna Šemberová
- Department of Evolutionary Biology of PlantsInstitute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Laura A. Meyerson
- Department of Natural Resources ScienceThe University of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
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Climate outweighs native vs. nonnative range‐effects for genetics and common garden performance of a cosmopolitan weed. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Evidence does not support the targeting of cryptic invaders at the subspecies level using classical biological control: the example of Phragmites. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Guo WY, Lambertini C, Pyšek P, Meyerson LA, Brix H. Living in two worlds: Evolutionary mechanisms act differently in the native and introduced ranges of an invasive plant. Ecol Evol 2018. [PMID: 29531666 PMCID: PMC5838077 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the factors that influence spatial genetic structure among populations can provide insights into the evolution of invasive plants. In this study, we used the common reed (Phragmites australis), a grass native in Europe and invading North America, to examine the relative importance of geographic, environmental (represented by climate here), and human effects on population genetic structure and its changes during invasion. We collected samples of P. australis from both the invaded North American and native European ranges and used molecular markers to investigate the population genetic structure within and between ranges. We used path analysis to identify the contributions of each of the three factors-geographic, environmental, and human-related-to the formation of spatial genetic patterns. Genetic differentiation was observed between the introduced and native populations, and their genetic structure in the native and introduced ranges was different. There were strong effects of geography and environment on the genetic structure of populations in the native range, but the human-related factors manifested through colonization of anthropogenic habitats in the introduced range counteracted the effects of environment. The between-range genetic differences among populations were mainly explained by the heterogeneous environment between the ranges, with the coefficient 2.6 times higher for the environment than that explained by the geographic distance. Human activities were the primary contributor to the genetic structure of the introduced populations. The significant environmental divergence between ranges and the strong contribution of human activities to the genetic structure in the introduced range suggest that invasive populations of P. australis have evolved to adapt to a different climate and to human-made habitats in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yong Guo
- Department of Invasion EcologyInstitute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic.,Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Carla Lambertini
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark.,Department of Agricultural Science University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion EcologyInstitute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Laura A Meyerson
- Natural Resources Science The University of Rhode Island Kingston RI USA
| | - Hans Brix
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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