1
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Sakai H, Tsushida S, Hosoya T, Miyafuji H. Role of ion pairs in model glycosylation reactions of permethylated glucosyl and xylosyl triflates. Carbohydr Res 2024; 544:109227. [PMID: 39142017 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of chemical O-glycosylation remains a significant challenge in glycochemistry. This study examines the mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution reaction between glycosyl triflates, which are extensively used in studies of glycosylation mechanisms, and several acceptor alcohols. The investigation was conducted through a comparative analysis of permethylated glucosyl triflate GTf and its xylosyl counterpart XTf. The glycosylation reactions, conducted in dichloromethane using GTf and XTf with EtOH, tBuOH, and CF3CH2OH, exhibited diverse α/β selectivities depending on the types of donor and acceptor molecules used. Identifying a unified mechanism to explain this range of selectivities proved challenging. Notably, we observed a distinct trend wherein the addition of excess triflate salt (Bu4NOTf) had a more pronounced effect on the α/β selectivity in glycosylation reactions utilizing XTf compared to those using GTf. Quantum chemical calculations performed at the SCS-MP2//DFT(M06-2X) level, with explicit inclusion of five solvent molecules, showed that contact ion pairs arising from XTf were significantly more stable than those from GTf. These experimental and computational results strongly suggest that ion pairs play a more crucial role in the glycosylation process involving XTf than GTf. Additionally, our quantum chemical analyses clarified that the enhanced stability of the ion pairs from XTf was attributed not to the strength of the C-1-OTf bond within XTf but to the flexibility in the conformational changes of XTf's pyranosyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Sakai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1- 5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Sae Tsushida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1- 5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Hosoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1- 5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Miyafuji
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1- 5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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2
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See NW, Roseli RB, Wimmer N, Le TT, Krenske EH, Ferro V. Origins of Temperature-Dependent Anomeric Selectivity in Glycosylations with an L-Idose Thioglycoside. Chemistry 2024:e202400331. [PMID: 38977407 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
L-Idose thioglycosides are useful glycosyl donors for the construction of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. When activated with NIS and catalytic TMSOTf in the presence of methanol, the stereoselectivity of O-glycosylation displays an intriguing dependence on the reaction temperature, with an increased preference for formation of the α-glycoside at higher temperatures. Using a combination of vt-NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, we show how a simple mechanistic model, based on competing reactions of the iodinated thioglycoside, can explain the main features of the temperature dependence. In this model, the increased selectivity at high temperature is attributed to differences among the entropy and energy terms of the competing reaction pathways. Neighbouring-group participation (giving an intermediate acyloxonium ion) plays an increasingly dominant role as temperature is raised. The general features of this kinetic regime may also apply more broadly to other glycosylations that likewise favour α-glycoside formation at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W See
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ras Baizureen Roseli
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Norbert Wimmer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tri T Le
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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3
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Lin MH, Kuo YT, Danglad-Flores J, Sletten ET, Seeberger PH. Parametric Analysis of Donor Activation for Glycosylation Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400479. [PMID: 38545936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of complex oligosaccharides relies on efficient and highly reproducible glycosylation reactions. The outcome of a glycosylation is contingent upon several environmental factors, such as temperature, acidity, the presence of residual moisture, as well as the steric, electronic, and conformational aspects of the reactants. Each glycosylation proceeds rapidly and with a high yield within a rather narrow temperature range. For better control over glycosylations and to ensure fast and reliable reactions, a systematic analysis of 18 glycosyl donors revealed the effect of reagent concentration, water content, protecting groups, and structure of the glycosyl donors on the activation temperature. With these insights, we parametrize the first step of the glycosylation reaction to be executed reliably and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Huei Lin
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- GlycoUniverseGmbH&Co.KGaA, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - José Danglad-Flores
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Dorst KM, Engström O, Angles d'Ortoli T, Mobarak H, Ebrahemi A, Fagerberg U, Whitfield DM, Widmalm G. On the influence of solvent on the stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions. Carbohydr Res 2024; 535:109010. [PMID: 38181544 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.109010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Methodology development in carbohydrate chemistry entails the stereoselective formation of C-O bonds as a key step in the synthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides. The anomeric selectivity of a glycosylation reaction is affected by a multitude of parameters, such as the nature of the donor and acceptor, activator/promotor system, temperature and solvent. The influence of different solvents on the stereoselective outcome of glycosylation reactions employing thioglucopyranosides as glycosyl donors with a non-participating protecting group at position 2 has been studied. A large change in selectivity as a function of solvent was observed and a correlation between selectivity and the Kamlet-Taft solvent parameter π* was found. Furthermore, molecular modeling using density functional theory methodology was conducted to decipher the role of the solvent and possible reaction pathways were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Dorst
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Engström
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thibault Angles d'Ortoli
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hani Mobarak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azad Ebrahemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Fagerberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dennis M Whitfield
- Sussex Research Laboratories Inc., 100 Sussex Drive Suite 1120B, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Trinderup HH, Juul-Madsen L, Press L, Madsen M, Jensen HH. α-Selective Glucosylation Can Be Achieved with 6- O- para-Nitrobenzoyl Protection. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13763-13789. [PMID: 36206491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the effect of various 6-O-acyl groups on anomeric selectivity in glucosylations with thioglycoside donors was conducted. All eight different esters were found to induce moderate-to-high α-selectivity in glucosylation with l-menthol with the best being 6-O-p-nitrobenzoyl. The effect appears to be general across various glucosyl acceptors, glucosyl donor types, and modes of activation. No evidence was found in favor of distal participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle H Trinderup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Line Juul-Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laura Press
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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6
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Jensen DL, Trinderup HH, Skovbo F, Jensen HH. Solvent free, catalytic and diastereoselective preparation of aryl and alkyl thioglycosides as key components for oligosaccharide synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4915-4925. [PMID: 35678647 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00939k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new and environmentally friendly protocol for the conversion of sugar per-acetates into thioglycosides under solvent free and catalytic conditions is presented. The procedure involves heating in the presence of InCl3 and various aryl thiols. For alkyl thioglycoside synthesis, cyclohexane thiol was found to give good results and yield a glycosyl donor with reactivity similar to a thioethyl congener. The established optimum reaction conditions were found to provide the desired thioglycoside products in an easy and highly diastereoselective manner even when conducted on a multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Helle H Trinderup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Skovbo
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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7
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Tuck OT, Sletten ET, Danglad‐Flores J, Seeberger PH. Towards a Systematic Understanding of the Influence of Temperature on Glycosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115433. [PMID: 35032966 PMCID: PMC9306470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycosidic bond formation is a continual challenge for practitioners. Aiming to enhance the reproducibility and efficiency of oligosaccharide synthesis, we studied the relationship between glycosyl donor activation and reaction temperature. A novel semi-automated assay revealed diverse responses of members of a panel of thioglycosides to activation at various temperatures. The patterns of protecting groups and the thiol aglycon combine to cause remarkable differences in temperature sensitivity among glycosyl donor building blocks. We introduce the concept of donor activation temperature to capture experimental insights, reasoning that glycosylations performed below this reference temperature evade deleterious side reactions. Activation temperatures enable a simplified temperature treatment and facilitate optimization of glycosyl donor usage. Isothermal glycosylation below the activation temperature halved the equivalents of building block required in comparison to the standard "ramp" regime used in solution- and solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis to-date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T. Tuck
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Current address: Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA 94720USA
| | - Eric T. Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - José Danglad‐Flores
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
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8
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Trinderup HH, Sandgaard TLP, Juul-Madsen L, Jensen HH. Anomeric Thioglycosides Give Different Anomeric Product Distributions under NIS/TfOH Activation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4154-4167. [PMID: 35239337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of a series of anomeric thioglycosides with various glycosyl acceptors and N-iodosuccinimide/catalytic triflic acid was investigated with respect to reactivity and anomeric selectivity. In general, β-configured donors were found to give a more β-selective reaction outcome compared to their α-configured counterparts. The relative reactivity of various thioglycosides was measured through competition experiments, and the following order was established: phenyl, tolyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and 1-adamantyl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Line Juul-Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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9
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Tuck OT, Sletten ET, Danglad‐Flores J, Seeberger PH. Zu einem Systematischen Verständnis des Einflusses der Temperatur auf Glykosylierungsreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Owen T. Tuck
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Derzeitige Adresse: Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Eric T. Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - José Danglad‐Flores
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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10
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Rahaman Molla M, Thakur R. C2‐(1
N
/2
N
‐Methyl‐tetrazole)methyl Ether (MeTetMe) as a Stereodirecting Group for 1,2‐
trans
‐β‐
O
‐Glycosylation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mosidur Rahaman Molla
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Patna Ashok Rajpath Patna 800 005 Bihar
| | - Rima Thakur
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Patna Ashok Rajpath Patna 800 005 Bihar
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11
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Abstract
With a view to reducing the notorious complexity and irreproducibility of glycosylation reactions, 12 guidelines for the choice of concentration, temperature, and counterions are adumbrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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