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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Lv Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li J, Wang J, Xiao X, Zhang M. Strategy of In Situ Electrochemical Regulation for Highly Enhanced Nonenzymatic Sensing of Carbaryl. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4015-4023. [PMID: 36802553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Specific and sensitive sensing of most pesticide residues relies on enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase and advanced materials, which need to be loaded on the surface of working electrodes, leading to instability, uneven surface, tedious process, and high cost. Meanwhile, employing certain potential or current in electrolyte solution could also modify the surface in situ and overcome these drawbacks. However, this method is only regarded as electrochemical activation widely applied in the pretreatment of electrodes. In this paper, by means of regulating the electrochemical technique and its parameters, we prepared a proper sensing interface and derivatized the carbaryl (a carbamate pesticide) hydrolyzed form (1-naphthol) to enhance sensing by 100 times within several minutes. After regulation I by chronopotentiometry with 0.2 mA for 20 s or chronoamperometry with 2 V for 10 s, abundant oxygen-containing groups form and the ordered carbon structure is destroyed. Sweeping from -0.5 to 0.9 V through cyclic voltammetry for only one segment, following regulation II, the composition of oxygen-containing groups changes and the disordered structure is alleviated. Finally, on the constructed sensing interface, test by regulation III through differential pulse voltammetry from 0.8 to -0.4 V, resulting in derivatization of 1-naphthol during 0.8-0 V, followed by electroreduction of the derivative at around -0.17 V. Compared with the electro-oxidation peak at 0.5 V in previous reports, it is essential to improve specificity, even toward several other carbamate pesticides with similar structures. Hence, the in situ electrochemical regulation strategy has demonstrated great potential for effective sensing of electroactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunyin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, No. 11 Huaihai Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xilin Xiao
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Ren Z, Zhou X, Gao X, Tan Y, Chen H, Tan S, Liu W, Tong Y, Chen C. Rapid detection of carbamate pesticide residues using microchip electrophoresis combining amperometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3017-3026. [PMID: 33635387 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The long-term consumption of food with pesticide residues has harmful effects on human health and the demand for pesticide detection technology tends to be miniaturized and instant. To this end, we demonstrated the first application of indirectly detecting two carbamate pesticides, metolcarb and carbaryl, by gold nanoparticle-modified indium tin oxide electrode in dual-channel microchip electrophoresis and amperometric detection (ME-AD) system. m-Cresol and α-naphthol were obtained after pesticide hydrolysis in alkaline solution, and then separated and detected by ME-AD. Parameters including the detection potential and running buffer concentration and pH were optimized to improve the detection sensitivity and separation efficiency. Under the optimal conditions, the two analytes were completely separated within 80 s. m-Cresol and α-naphthol presented a wide linear range from 1 to 100 μM, with limits of detection of 0.16 μM and 0.34 μM, respectively (S/N = 3). Moreover, the reliability of this system was demonstrated by analyzing metolcarb and carbaryl in spiked vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Ren
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xingchen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xingxing Gao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yaonan Tong
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, Hunan, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Wang W, Zhang H, Yu X, Zhang S. Study of antagonism between some intestinal bacteria with high-speed micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1196-1201. [PMID: 33580526 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, high-speed micellar electrokinetic chromatography with LIF detection was applied to study the antagonism between three intestinal bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). The fluorescent derivatization for the bacteria was performed by labeling the bacteria with FITC. In a high-speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) device, the three bacteria could be completely separated within 4 min under the separation mode MEKC. The BGE was 1 × TBE containing 30 mM SDS and 1.5 × 10-5 g/mL polyethylene oxide. The limits of detection for E. coli, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis were 2.80 × 106 CFU/mL, 1.60 × 106 CFU/mL and 1.90 × 106 CFU/mL respectively. Lastly, the method was applied to investigate the antagonism between the three bacteria. The bacteria were mixed and cultured for 7 days. The samples were separated and determined every day to study the interaction between bacteria. The results showed that B. licheniformis and B. subtilis could not inhibit each other, but they could effectively inhibit the reproduction of E. coli. The method developed in this work was quick, sensitive and convenient, and it had great potential in the application of antagonism study for bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, School of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, School of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiufeng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, School of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, School of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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