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Charoenkitamorn K, Chailapakul O, Siangproh W. Development of gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed carbon electrode for the analysis of thiram, disulfiram and their derivative in food using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2015; 132:416-23. [PMID: 25476326 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was developed as working electrode in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with electrochemical detection (UHPLC-ED) for simultaneous determination of thiram, disulfiram, and N,N-diethyl-N',N'-dimethylthiuram disulfide, their derivative compound. The separation was performed in reversed-phase mode using C18 column, mobile phase consisting of 55:45 (v/v) ratio of 0.05 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 5) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min(-1). For the detection part, the amperometric detection was chosen with a detection potential of 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Under the optimal conditions, the good linear relationship was obtained in the range of 0.07-15, 0.07-12, and 0.5-15 µg mL(-1) (correlation coefficient more than 0.9900) for thiram, N,N-diethyl-N',N'-dimethylthiuram disulfide, and disulfiram, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) of thiram, N,N-diethyl-N',N'-dimethylthiuram disulfide, and disulfiram were 0.022, 0.023, and 0.165 µg mL(-1), respectively. Moreover, this method was successfully applied for the detection of these compounds in real samples (apple, grape and lettuce) with the recoveries ranging from 94.3% to 108.8%. To validate this developed method, a highly quantitative agreement was clearly observed compared to standard UHPLC-UV system. Therefore, the proposed electrode can be effectively used as an alternative electrode in UHPLC-ED for rapid, selective, highly sensitive, and simultaneous determination of thiram, disulfiram, and N,N-diethyl-N',N'-dimethylthiuram disulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Charoenkitamorn
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center of Excellent of Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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The use of copper solid amalgam electrodes for determination of the pesticide thiram. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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Moreno-González D, Gámiz-Gracia L, Bosque-Sendra JM, García-Campaña AM. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using a low density extraction solvent for the determination of 17 N-methylcarbamates by micellar electrokinetic chromatography–electrospray–mass spectrometry employing a volatile surfactant. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1247:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Khan AA, Akhtar T. Adsorption and electroanalytical studies of a poly-o-toluidine Zr(IV) phosphate nanocomposite for zinc(II) dimethyldithiocarbamate. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rodríguez‐Gonzalo E, Ruano‐Miguel L, Carabias‐Martínez R. In‐capillary microextraction using monolithic polymers: Application to preconcentration of carbamate pesticides prior to their separation by MEKC. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1913-22. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Chicharro M, Bermejo E, Ongay S, Zapardiel A. Determination of Maleic Hydrazide in Potato Samples Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Dual Detection (UV-Electrochemical). ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Malik AK, Faubel W. Capillary Electrophoretic Determination of Tetramethylthiuram Disulphide (Thiram). ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710008543174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Van Biesen G, Bottaro CS. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate as a volatile surfactant for the analysis ofN-methylcarbamates by MEKC-ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4456-68. [PMID: 17058301 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFOA) was investigated as an MS-friendly surfactant for the analysis of a mixture of ten N-methylcarbamates with MEKC-ESI-MS. Because of the relatively low boiling point of perfluorooctanoic acid ( approximately 190 degrees C), APFOA can be introduced into a mass spectrometer without the adverse effects of less volatile surfactants such as SDS. With a BGE consisting of 50 mM APFOA/isopropanol (IPA) 98:2 and with 30 kV applied, a very fast separation ( approximately 6 min) was possible with only one pair of analytes comigrating. Using an experimental design with four factors (voltage, nebulizer pressure, concentration of APFOA, and concentration of IPA) we were able to resolve all analytes in just over 11 min. Sheath liquid composition and flow rate, drying gas temperature and flow rate, and fragmentor voltage were then optimized for maximum signal intensity and S/N. It was found that the faster method gave better S/N because of narrower peak widths, and detection limits in SIM mode were between 0.01 (aldicarb) and 0.08 mg/L (methomyl). Calibration curves were prepared with standards of 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mg/L for the analysis of samples obtained after SPE of tap water spiked with the ten N-methylcarbamates at a level of 10 microg/L. All analytes showed very good recoveries (>86%), except for the most polar analyte aldicarb sulfone (recovery of 73%), testifying for the potential use of APFOA for this kind of analyses.
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9
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Environmental and pharmaceutical analysis of dithiocarbamates. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 582:191-200. [PMID: 17386492 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current review aims at a comprehensive survey of analytical methods for the determination of dithiocarbamates (DTCs) in environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Besides parent compounds, analytical approaches for various metabolites and degradation products of DTCs are considered. Special emphasis is given to analyte stability as DTCs are considerably reactive interacting with various organic and inorganic compounds; in addition, depending on the chemical nature of the substance, DTCs are prone to oxidation and hydrolysis under alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively. The review mainly focuses on chromatography but also covers applications in electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, and biosensing.
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Blasco C, Font G, Picó Y. Determination of dithiocarbamates and metabolites in plants by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1028:267-76. [PMID: 14989480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) method is outlined for the simultaneous analysis of dithiocarbamates (DTCs) and their degradation products in plants. Compounds analyzed are dazomet, disulfiram, thiram and the metabolites ethylenthiourea and propylenthiourea. The performance of two different sample preparation protocols, the proposed one and other based on solid-phase extraction, as well as, of both atmospheric pressure ionization sources, APCI and electrospray, were compared. The effect of several parameters on the extraction, separation and detection was studied. Dithiocarbamates and metabolites were dispersed with carbograph, eluted with a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol, and then, identified by monitoring the base peak of the spectra corresponding to [M + H]+. The method was validated for avocados, cherries, lemons, nuts, oat, oranges, peaches, rice and tomatoes. Average recoveries varied from 33 to 109%, and relative standard deviation were between 4 and 21% with limits of quantification ranged from 0.25 to 2.5 mg kg(-1), except for thiram and disulfiram, which were not recovered from fruits with high acid content. The procedure was applied to the determination of DTCs and their metabolites in fruits, vegetables and cereals taken from different markets of Valencia, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blasco
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Coldwell MR, Pengelly I, Rimmer DA. Determination of dithiocarbamate pesticides in occupational hygiene sampling devices using the isooctane method and comparison with an automatic thermal desorption (ATD) method. J Chromatogr A 2003; 984:81-8. [PMID: 12564678 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two new methods for the determination of dithiocarbamate pesticides in occupational hygiene sampling devices are described. Dithiocarbamate spiked occupational hygiene sampling devices, consisting of glass fibre (GF/A) filters, cotton pads, cotton gloves and disposable overalls, were reduced under acidic conditions and the CS2 evolved as a decomposition product was extracted into isooctane. The isooctane was then analysed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, for CS2, which provided a quantitative result for dithiocarbamates. Recoveries obtained were generally within a 70-110% range and reproducibilities better than 15% RSD were typically achieved. The method has been successfully applied to samples collected during occupational exposure surveys. A second method employing automatic thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ATD-GC-MS) has also been developed and applied to the direct analysis of GF/A (airborne) samples. The method relies on the thermal degradation of dithiocarbamates to release CS2, which is used to quantify the analytes. Thiram spiked GF/A filters gave an average recovery of 107% with an RSD of 4%. The performance of the two analytical methods were directly compared by analysing sub-portions of GF/A filters collected during a survey to evaluate occupational exposures to thiram during seed treatment operations. Both methods performed well for the analysis of airborne (GF/A) samples and produced results in good agreement. ATD-GC-MS is the preferred method for studies involving GF/A (airborne) samples only. Because of the wider applicability of the isooctane method for other sampling devices, it is the preferred choice when carrying out surveys which require a dermal as well as respirable exposure assessment.
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12
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Chicharro M, Zapardiel A, Bermejo E, Sánchez A. Simultaneous UV and electrochemical determination of the herbicide asulam in tap water samples by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Molina M, Wiedmer SK, Jussila M, Silva M, Riekkola ML. Use of a partial filling technique and reverse migrating micelles in the study of N-methylcarbamate pesticides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 927:191-202. [PMID: 11572389 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study describes three ways to couple micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) on-line with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the analysis of N-methylcarbamate pesticides. The methods involved the use of a partial filling (PF) technique under basic conditions and the use of reverse migrating micelles (RMMs) under acidic and basic conditions. The use of RMMs in basic electrolyte solutions required coated capillaries with low electroosmotic flows, and capillaries coated with anionic poly(sodium 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonate) were selected for the purpose. Before the on-line MEKC-ESI-MS coupling, the MEKC and MS conditions were separately optimized under off-line conditions. The methods were compared in terms of detection limits and the stability of the electrospray process. The PF method offered good separation but poorer stability of the electrospray relative to the other methods. A more stable electrospray performance was obtained with use of RMMs in acidic electrolyte solutions, but some of the analytes were protonated and could not be detected due to the increase in their retention factors. However, with the use of anionic polymer-coated capillaries and RMMs at pH 8.5, all analytes were successfully separated. The high-salt stacking method was applied to improve the sensitivity of MEKC-ESI-MS and the detection limits were in the range of 0.04-2.0 microg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Molina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Martínez D, Cugat MJ, Borrull F, Calull M. Solid-phase extraction coupling to capillary electrophoresis with emphasis on environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:65-89. [PMID: 11192162 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the status of solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE). It focuses on some of the organic pollutants which have captured the interest of analytical chemists--phenols, surfactants, dyes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic and aliphatic amines, aromatic acids and aromatic sulfonic acids--and, in particular, on monitoring pesticides from different sources. It shows that the coupling of SPE to CE has considerable potential in the analysis of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martínez
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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15
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Molina M, Silva M. Rapid determination of fungicides in fruit juices by micellar electrokinetic chromatography: use of organic modifiers to enhance selectivity and on-column high-salt stacking to improve sensitivity. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:3625-33. [PMID: 11271480 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200011)21:17<3625::aid-elps3625>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, reliable method for the multiresidue analysis of eight commonly used fungicides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was developed. Excellent separation of the eight fungicides (carbendazim, metalaxyl, captan, procymidone, folpet, captafol, vinclozolin and iprodione) is achieved within about 10 min by using optimized electrophoretic conditions that include the addition of a mixture of organic modifiers to the running buffer for improved resolution. The sensitivity of the method is enhanced by using an enrichment step that involves on-column high-salt stacking. Limits of detection in the microgram-per-liter region and relative standard deviations from 2.1 to 5.9% are thus obtained for the fungicides without detracting from peak resolution. These results reveal that the high-salt stacking method provides highly improved sensitivity and enables highly flexible adjustment of the selectivity of the separation method. Also, the method surpasses other stacking alternatives used in MEKC and affords routine analyses of fruit juice containing fungicides at trace levels following a straightforward sample treatment. The robustness of the high-salt stacking method as demonstrated in this work makes MEKC methods involving stacking procedures an attractive choice for routine analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Molina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Menzinger F, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Freitag D, Kettrup A. Analysis of agrochemicals by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 891:45-67. [PMID: 10999624 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An increasing amount of articles using capillary electrophoresis as an investigation tool for pesticides and environmental pollutants were found over the last few years in analytical chemistry oriented journals. This review covers a wide literature range of the 1990s and concentrates on the analysis of organic agrochemicals (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, etc.) with capillary electrophoresis (capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography with CE-UV-visible or laser-induced fluorescence detection) as well as with the on-coming hyphenated techniques like capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The principal preconcentration methods that allowed real sample analysis with CE are also briefly discussed. The pesticides, the separation methods, the used electrolytes, the detection types, the detection limits and the preconcentration methods were classified and presented in tabulated form as a rapid information tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Menzinger
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Abstract
The applicability of quenched phosphorescence as a detection mode in capillary electrophoresis (CE) was explored for a number of analyte classes and buffer systems. The detection method is based on the quenching of biacetyl phosphorescence (biacetyl is a constituent of the CE buffer) by the analytes via various mechanisms (energy transfer, electron transfer and, possibly, hydrogen donation) and gives rise to negative peaks in the electropherograms. A number of buffers in the pH range 4.7-11.5, frequently used in CE, were tested for their compatibility with this detection mode. Borate, succinate, malonate, acetate, and phosphate buffers (pH 4.7-8.5) could be used without any problems. With a pH of ca. 8.5 or higher the baseline declined with time, while at a pH higher than 9.5 no signal at all was obtained. Obviously, the noise on the phosphorescence signal (i.e., the baseline) determines the ultimate analyte detection limits (LODs). The baseline signal-to-noise ratio, usually denoted as the dynamic reserve (DR), was enhanced ca. 25-fold compared to direct biacetyl excitation by sensitization of the biacetyl phosphorescence by 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, and by application of a total emission mirror (TEM). A concentration of 1 x 10(-3) M 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid was found to be optimal. For the buffer systems considered, the DR was typically ca. 300-600 under optimized conditions (noise defined as 1 x sigma). Investigated analytes include naphthalenesulfonic acids (NS), nitrophenols, hydroxybenzoic acids, amino acids, and dithiocarbamates (DTCs.). For most of these, the LODs were in the 10(-7)-10(-8) M range, which is significantly lower than with direct or indirect absorption detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuijt
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, The Netherlands
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HARINO H, TSUNOI S, SATO T, TANAKA M. Applicability of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with a Double-Chain Surfactant Having Two Sulfonate Groups to the Determination of Pollutant Phenols in Water. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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NAKAMURA M, YASUKAWA T, IGARASHI T, YAMADA S, AIZAWA SI. Fluorometric determination of asulam in water by using solid-phase extraction. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.49.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi NAKAMURA
- Faculty of Engineering,Shizuoka University,3-5-1,Johoku,Hamamatsu-shi,Shizuoka 432-8561
| | - Tomoko YASUKAWA
- Faculty of Engineering,Shizuoka University,3-5-1,Johoku,Hamamatsu-shi,Shizuoka 432-8561
| | - Tetsuya IGARASHI
- Faculty of Engineering,Shizuoka University,3-5-1,Johoku,Hamamatsu-shi,Shizuoka 432-8561
| | - Shinkichi YAMADA
- Faculty of Engineering,Shizuoka University,3-5-1,Johoku,Hamamatsu-shi,Shizuoka 432-8561
| | - Sen-ichi AIZAWA
- Faculty of Engineering,Shizuoka University,3-5-1,Johoku,Hamamatsu-shi,Shizuoka 432-8561
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Abstract
Synthetic pesticides are important chemicals since they are widely used to control many types of weeds, insects and other pests in a wide variety of agricultural and nonagricultural settings. This review article is aimed at describing the recent progress made in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) of pesticides and their metabolites. The various electrophoretic systems and detection schemes that have been introduced so far for the CE and CEC of pesticides are discussed. Also included in this review article are the various approaches for trace enrichment that are involved in the analysis of dilute pesticide samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karcher
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3071, USA
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Malik AK, Seidel BS, Faubel W. Capillary electrophoretic determination of ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate as iron(III) chelate of EDTA. J Chromatogr A 1999; 857:365-8. [PMID: 10536858 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive capillary electrophoretic method with UV detection has been developed for the determination of Ferbam (ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate) in boric acid buffer after its acidic decomposition and complexation with EDTA as Fe-EDTA- complex. The determination is dependent on the pH and the nature of the buffer solutions. In this method the detection limit (S/N = 3) is 1.8 x 10(-6) mol/L (0.7 mg/kg) of Ferbam. The relative standard deviation for the analysis of 50 microg/ml was found to be 2.9%. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of wheat grain samples spiked with Ferbam. The applicability of capillary electrophoresis as a useful tool for the analysis of Ferbam is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Malik
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute für Instrumentelle Analytik, Germany
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23
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Barroso MB, Konda LN, Morovjan G. Multiresidue Analysis of Phenylurea Herbicides in Environmental and Drinking Water by Capillary Electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990301)22:3<171::aid-jhrc171>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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