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Baj J, Flieger W, Barbachowska A, Kowalska B, Flieger M, Forma A, Teresiński G, Portincasa P, Buszewicz G, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Flieger J. Consequences of Disturbing Manganese Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14959. [PMID: 37834407 PMCID: PMC10573482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element with unique functions in the body; it acts as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism, the endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems, neurotransmitter production, and the regulation of reproductive hormones. However, overexposure to Mn is toxic, particularly to the central nervous system (CNS) due to it causing the progressive destruction of nerve cells. Exposure to manganese is widespread and occurs by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact. Associations have been observed between Mn accumulation and neurodegenerative diseases such as manganism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. People with genetic diseases associated with a mutation in the gene associated with impaired Mn excretion, kidney disease, iron deficiency, or a vegetarian diet are at particular risk of excessive exposure to Mn. This review has collected data on the current knowledge of the source of Mn exposure, the experimental data supporting the dispersive accumulation of Mn in the brain, the controversies surrounding the reference values of biomarkers related to Mn status in different matrices, and the competitiveness of Mn with other metals, such as iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), calcium (Ca). The disturbed homeostasis of Mn in the body has been connected with susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases, fertility, and infectious diseases. The current evidence on the involvement of Mn in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus/insulin resistance, osteoporosis, obesity, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, was collected and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Aleksandra Barbachowska
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 21-010 Łęczna, Poland;
| | - Beata Kowalska
- Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Flieger
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Grzegorz Teresiński
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica A. Murri, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Microglial Activation in Metal Neurotoxicity: Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7389508. [PMID: 36760476 PMCID: PMC9904912 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7389508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative processes encompass a large variety of diseases with different pathological patterns and clinical features, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Exposure to metals has been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress in brain cells leading to cell death and neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicity of metals has been demonstrated by several in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, and most probably, each metal has its specific pathway to trigger cell death. As a result, exposure to essential metals, such as manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and cobalt, and nonessential metals, including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, perturbs metal homeostasis at the cellular and organism levels leading to neurodegeneration. In this contribution, a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms by which metals affect microglia physiology and signaling properties is presented. Furthermore, studies that validate the disruption of microglia activation pathways as an essential mechanism of metal toxicity that can contribute to neurodegenerative disease are also presented and discussed.
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3
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Xu Y, Chen R, Zeng Q. Ferroptosis As a Mechanism for Health Effects of Essential Trace Elements and Potentially Toxic Trace Elements. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03523-w. [PMID: 36575272 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03523-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique form of programmed cell death driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation that was proposed in recent years. It plays an important role in processes of various trace element-related diseases and is regulated by redox homeostasis and various cellular metabolic pathways (iron, amino acids, lipids, sugars), as well as disease-related signaling pathways. Some limited pioneering studies have demonstrated ferroptosis as a mechanism for the health effects of essential trace elements and potentially toxic trace elements, with crosstalk among them. The aim of this review is to bring together research articles and identify key direct and indirect evidence regarding essential trace elements (iron, selenium, zinc, copper, chromium, manganese) and potentially toxic trace elements (arsenic, aluminum, mercury) and their possible roles in ferroptosis. Our review may help determine future research priorities and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education & School of Public Helath, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ruobi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education & School of Public Helath, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qibing Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education & School of Public Helath, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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4
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Ferroptosis as a mechanism of non-ferrous metal toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2391-2417. [PMID: 35727353 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated cell death, implicated in multiple pathologies. Given that the toxicity elicited by some metals is linked to alterations in iron metabolism and induction of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis might be involved in such toxicity. Although direct evidence is insufficient, certain pioneering studies have demonstrated a crosstalk between metal toxicity and ferroptosis. Specifically, the mechanisms underlying metal-induced ferroptosis include induction of ferritinophagy, increased DMT-1 and TfR cellular iron uptake, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) generation, inhibition of Xc-system and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity, altogether resulting in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In addition, there is direct evidence of the role of ferroptosis in the toxicity of arsenic, cadmium, zinc, manganese, copper, and aluminum exposure. In contrast, findings on the impact of cobalt and nickel on ferroptosis are scant and nearly lacking altogether for mercury and especially lead. Other gaps in the field include limited studies on the role of metal speciation in ferroptosis and the critical cellular targets. Although further detailed studies are required, it seems reasonable to propose even at this early stage that ferroptosis may play a significant role in metal toxicity, and its modulation may be considered as a potential therapeutic tool for the amelioration of metal toxicity.
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6
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Dales JP, Desplat-Jégo S. Metal Imbalance in Neurodegenerative Diseases with a Specific Concern to the Brain of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9105. [PMID: 33266021 PMCID: PMC7730295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that deregulation of metals contributes to a vast range of neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) manifesting disability and neurological symptoms. The precise origin of MS is unknown, but the disease is characterized by focal inflammatory lesions in the CNS associated with an autoimmune reaction against myelin. The treatment of this disease has mainly been based on the prescription of immunosuppressive and immune-modulating agents. However, the rate of progressive disability and early mortality is still worrisome. Metals may represent new diagnostic and predictive markers of severity and disability as well as innovative candidate drug targets for future therapies. In this review, we describe the recent advances in our understanding on the role of metals in brain disorders of neurodegenerative diseases and MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Dales
- Institute of Neurophysiopathology, CNRS, INP, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Pavillon Etoile, Pôle de Biologie, Service d’anatomie-pathologie, CEDEX 20, 13915 Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Desplat-Jégo
- Institute of Neurophysiopathology, CNRS, INP, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Pôle de Biologie, Service d’Immunologie, 13005 Marseille, France
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7
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Martins AC, Krum BN, Queirós L, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Manganese in the Diet: Bioaccessibility, Adequate Intake, and Neurotoxicological Effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12893-12903. [PMID: 32298096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that participates in several biological processes. Mn serves as a cofactor for several enzymes, such as glutamine synthetase and oxidoreductases, that have an important role in the defense of the organisms against oxidative stress. The diet is the main source of Mn intake for humans, and adequate daily intake levels for this metal change with age. Moreover, in higher amounts, Mn may be toxic, mainly to the brain. Here, we provide an overview of Mn occurrence in food, addressing its bioaccessibility and discussing the dietary standard and recommended intake of Mn consumption. In addition, we review some mechanisms underlying Mn-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Bárbara Nunes Krum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Libânia Queirós
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
- Department of Molecular of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
- Yaroslavl State University Yaroslavl, 150003, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg 460000, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
- Yaroslavl State University Yaroslavl, 150003, Russia
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
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8
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Dailey LA, Madden MC. Air pollutants disrupt iron homeostasis to impact oxidant generation, biological effects, and tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:38-55. [PMID: 32092410 PMCID: PMC8274387 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants cause changes in iron homeostasis through: 1) a capacity of the pollutant, or a metabolite(s), to complex/chelate iron from pivotal sites in the cell or 2) an ability of the pollutant to displace iron from pivotal sites in the cell. Through either pathway of disruption in iron homeostasis, metal previously employed in essential cell processes is sequestered after air pollutant exposure. An absolute or functional cell iron deficiency results. If enough iron is lost or is otherwise not available within the cell, cell death ensues. However, prior to death, exposed cells will attempt to reverse the loss of requisite metal. This response of the cell includes increased expression of metal importers (e.g. divalent metal transporter 1). Oxidant generation after exposure to air pollutants includes superoxide production which functions in ferrireduction necessary for cell iron import. Activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators also result from a cell iron deficiency, absolute or functional, after exposure to air pollutants. Finally, air pollutant exposure culminates in the development of inflammation and fibrosis which is a tissue response to the iron deficiency challenging cell survival. Following the response of increased expression of importers and ferrireduction, activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors, release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and inflammation and fibrosis, cell iron is altered, and a new metal homeostasis is established. This new metal homeostasis includes increased total iron concentrations in cells with metal now at levels sufficient to meet requirements for continued function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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9
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Interactions between iron and manganese in neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:725-734. [PMID: 32180038 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The essential and naturally occurring transition metal manganese (Mn) is present in the soil, water, air, and various foods. Manganese can accumulate in the brain if the Mn intake or exposure is excessive and this can result in neurotoxic effects. Manganese is important for the proper activation of different metabolic and antioxidant enzymes. There are numerous Mn importers and exporters. However, the exact transport mechanism for Mn is not fully understood. On the other hand, iron (Fe) is another well-known essential metal, which has redox activity in addition to chemical characteristics resembling those of Mn. Existing data show that interactions occur between Fe and Mn due to certain similarities regarding their mechanisms of the absorption and the transport. It has been disclosed that Mn-specific transporters, together with Fe transporters, regulate the Mn distribution in the brain and other peripheral tissues. In PC12 cells, a significant increase of transferrin receptor (TfR) mRNA expression was linked to Mn exposure and accompanied by elevated Fe uptake. In both humans and animals, there is a strong relationship between Fe and Mn metabolism. In the present review, special attention is paid to the interaction between Mn and Fe. In particular, Fe and Mn distribution, as well as the potential molecular mechanisms of Mn-induced neurotoxicity in cases of Fe deficiency, are discussed.
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10
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Martins AC, Morcillo P, Ijomone OM, Venkataramani V, Harrison FE, Lee E, Bowman AB, Aschner M. New Insights on the Role of Manganese in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3546. [PMID: 31546716 PMCID: PMC6801377 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is naturally found in the environment and is necessary as a cofactor for many enzymes and is important in several physiological processes that support development, growth, and neuronal function. However, overexposure to Mn may induce neurotoxicity and may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The present review aims to provide new insights into the involvement of Mn in the etiology of AD and PD. Here, we discuss the critical role of Mn in the etiology of these disorders and provide a summary of the proposed mechanisms underlying Mn-induced neurodegeneration. In addition, we review some new therapy options for AD and PD related to Mn overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airton Cunha Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA (P.M.)
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA (P.M.)
| | - Omamuyovwi Meashack Ijomone
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure 340252, Nigeria;
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology and Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Fiona Edith Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA;
| | - Aaron Blaine Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA;
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA (P.M.)
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11
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Huat TJ, Camats-Perna J, Newcombe EA, Valmas N, Kitazawa M, Medeiros R. Metal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer's Disease and Neuroinflammation. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1843-1868. [PMID: 30664867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the median age of the population increases, the number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the associated socio-economic burden are predicted to worsen. While aging and inherent genetic predisposition play major roles in the onset of AD, lifestyle, physical fitness, medical condition, and social environment have emerged as relevant disease modifiers. These environmental risk factors can play a key role in accelerating or decelerating disease onset and progression. Among known environmental risk factors, chronic exposure to various metals has become more common among the public as the aggressive pace of anthropogenic activities releases excess amount of metals into the environment. As a result, we are exposed not only to essential metals, such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese, but also to toxic metals including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, which perturb metal homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. Herein, we review how these metals affect brain physiology and immunity, as well as their roles in the accumulation of toxic AD proteinaceous species (i.e., β-amyloid and tau). We also discuss studies that validate the disruption of immune-related pathways as an important mechanism of toxicity by which metals can contribute to AD. Our goal is to increase the awareness of metals as players in the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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12
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Li ZY, Lin J, Sun F, Li H, Xia J, Li XN, Ge J, Zhang C, Li JL. Transport stress induces weight loss and heart injury in chicks: disruption of ionic homeostasis via modulating ion transporting ATPases. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24142-24153. [PMID: 28445983 PMCID: PMC5421834 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transportation is inevitable in the poultry industry, and it can induce stress to chicks in varying degrees, such as mild discomfort, sometimes even death. However, the research about the effects of transport stress on the weight loss and heart injury of chicks is lacking. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of transport stress-induced effects, chicks were transported for 2h, 4h and 8h. The creatinine kinase (CK) activities, the ionic contents, the ATPases activities and the transcription of the ATPase associated subunits in chick heart were detected. The results showed that transport stress increased the weight loss and the CK activity, disturbed the ionic (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) homeostasis and inhibited the ATPase (Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase) activities, increased the ATP content and downregulated the gene expression levels of the ATPase associated subunits in heart. In conclusion, transport stress disturbed the ionic homeostasis via modulating ion transporting ATPases and the transcriptions of the associated subunits, and ultimately induced weight loss and heart injury in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jia Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Feng Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Harbin Sport University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
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13
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Bjørklund G, Aaseth J, Skalny AV, Suliburska J, Skalnaya MG, Nikonorov AA, Tinkov AA. Interactions of iron with manganese, zinc, chromium, and selenium as related to prophylaxis and treatment of iron deficiency. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 41:41-53. [PMID: 28347462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is considered as the most common nutritional deficiency. Iron deficiency is usually associated with low Fe intake, blood loss, diseases, poor absorption, gastrointestinal parasites, or increased physiological demands as in pregnancy. Nutritional Fe deficiency is usually treated with Fe tablets, sometimes with Fe-containing multimineral tablets. Trace element interactions may have a significant impact on Fe status. Existing data demonstrate a tight interaction between manganese (Mn) and Fe, especially in Fe-deficient state. The influence of Mn on Fe homeostasis may be mediated through its influence on Fe absorption, circulating transporters like transferrin, and regulatory proteins. The existing data demonstrate that the influence of zinc (Zn) on Fe status may be related to their competition for metal transporters. Moreover, Zn may be involved in regulation of hepcidin production. At the same time, human data on the interplay between Fe and Zn especially in terms of Fe-deficiency and supplementation are contradictory, demonstrating both positive and negative influence of Zn on Fe status. Numerous data also demonstrate the possibility of competition between Fe and chromium (Cr) for transferrin binding. At the same time, human data on the interaction between these metals are contradictory. Therefore, while managing hypoferremia and Fe-deficiency anemia, it is recommended to assess the level of other trace elements in parallel with indices of Fe homeostasis. It is supposed that simultaneous correction of trace element status in Fe deficiency may help to decrease possible antagonistic or increase synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Department of Public Health, Hedmark University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway; Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russia; Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexandr A Nikonorov
- Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia; Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russia; Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia
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14
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Smith MR, Fernandes J, Go YM, Jones DP. Redox dynamics of manganese as a mitochondrial life-death switch. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:388-398. [PMID: 28212723 PMCID: PMC5382988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sten Orrenius, M.D., Ph.D., pioneered many areas of cellular and molecular toxicology and made seminal contributions to our knowledge of oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, organellar functions and Ca+2-dependent mechanisms of cell death, and mechanisms of apoptosis. On the occasion of his 80th birthday, we summarize current knowledge on redox biology of manganese (Mn) and its role in mechanisms of cell death. Mn is found in all organisms and has critical roles in cell survival and death mechanisms by regulating Mn-containing enzymes such as manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) or affecting expression and activity of caspases. Occupational exposures to Mn cause "manganism", a Parkinson's disease-like condition of neurotoxicity, and experimental studies show that Mn exposure leads to accumulation of Mn in the brain, especially in mitochondria, and neuronal cell death occurs with features of an apoptotic mechanism. Interesting questions are why a ubiquitous metal that is essential for mitochondrial function would accumulate to excessive levels, cause increased H2O2 production and lead to cell death. Is this due to the interactions of Mn with other essential metals, such as iron, or with toxic metals, such as cadmium? Why is the Mn loading in the human brain so variable, and why is there such a narrow window between dietary adequacy and toxicity? Are non-neuronal tissues similarly vulnerable to insufficiency and excess, yet not characterized? We conclude that Mn is an important component of the redox interface between an organism and its environment and warrants detailed studies to understand the role of Mn as a mitochondrial life-death switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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15
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Role of neurotoxicants and traumatic brain injury in α-synuclein protein misfolding and aggregation. Brain Res Bull 2016; 133:60-70. [PMID: 27993598 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation are key pathological features of many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and other forms of human Parkinsonism. PD is a complex and multifaceted disorder whose etiology is not fully understood. However, several lines of evidence support the multiple hit hypothesis that genetic vulnerability and environmental toxicants converge to trigger PD pathology. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation in the brain is an important pathophysiological characteristic of synucleinopathies including PD. Epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that metals and pesticides play a crucial role in α-Syn aggregation leading to the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases including PD. In this review, we will emphasize key findings of several epidemiological as well as experimental studies of metal- and pesticide-induced α-Syn aggregation and neurodegeneration. We will also discuss other factors such as traumatic brain injury and oxidative insult in the context of α-Syn-related neurodegenerative processes.
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16
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Bianchini MC, Gularte COA, Escoto DF, Pereira G, Gayer MC, Roehrs R, Soares FAA, Puntel RL. Peumus boldus (Boldo) Aqueous Extract Present Better Protective Effect than Boldine Against Manganese-Induced Toxicity in D. melanogaster. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2699-2707. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Metals play important roles in the human body, maintaining cell structure and regulating gene expression, neurotransmission, and antioxidant response, to name a few. However, excessive metal accumulation in the nervous system may be toxic, inducing oxidative stress, disrupting mitochondrial function, and impairing the activity of numerous enzymes. Damage caused by metal accumulation may result in permanent injuries, including severe neurological disorders. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown a strong correlation between aberrant metal exposure and a number of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, Guillain–Barré disease, Gulf War syndrome, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Wilson’s disease. Here, we briefly survey the literature relating to the role of metals in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mahfuzur Rahman Miah
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Manganese-Disrupted Interaction of Dopamine D1 and NMDAR in the Striatum to Injury Learning and Memory Ability of Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6745-6758. [PMID: 26660110 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is widely regarded as a neurotoxic heavy metal that causes learning and memory deficits. Recently, it has been proved that the striatum is related to memory and learning ability. However, no previous study focused on the effect of Mn-induced learning and memory deficits on the striatum. This study aims to investigate the probable interaction of dopamine D1 receptor (DR1) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), two cognition-related receptors in the striatum during Mn exposure. Mice are randomly divided into four groups, including control group, 12.5 mg/kg MnCl2 group, 25 mg/kg MnCl2 group, and 50 mg/kg MnCl2 group. The mice receive intraperitoneal injections of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg MnCl2 once daily for 2 weeks. Then, learning and memory ability, pathological changes, expression, and interaction of DR1 and NMDAR are determined. It has been found that Mn disrupted spatial learning and memory ability of mice by Morris water maze test and the passive avoidance test. Pathological and ultrastructure were injured. Mn decreased the immunohistochemical activities, protein levels, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of DR1, NR1, and NR2A. Mn exposure inhibited interaction between DR1 and NMDAR in striatum by double immunofluorescent staining and co-immunoprecipitation. In conclusion, our study illustrated that Mn caused learning and memory dysfunction via injury of striatum and inhibition of interaction between DR1 and NMDAR in striatum.
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Haynes EN, Sucharew H, Kuhnell P, Alden J, Barnas M, Wright RO, Parsons PJ, Aldous KM, Praamsma ML, Beidler C, Dietrich KN. Manganese Exposure and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Rural School-Age Children: The Communities Actively Researching Exposure Study (Ohio, USA). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1066-71. [PMID: 25902278 PMCID: PMC4590758 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese (Mn) plays a vital role in brain growth and development, yet excessive exposure can result in neurotoxicity. Marietta, Ohio, is home to the nation's longest-operating ferromanganese refinery, and community concern about exposure led to the development of the research study. OBJECTIVES Our overall goal was to address the community's primary research question: "Does Mn affect cognitive development of children?" We evaluated the relationships between Mn exposure as measured by blood and hair Mn, along with other neurotoxicants including blood lead (Pb) and serum cotinine, and child cognition. METHODS Children 7-9 years of age were enrolled (n = 404) in the Communities Actively Researching Exposure Study (CARES) from Marietta and Cambridge, Ohio, and their surrounding communities from October 2008 through March 2013. Blood and hair were analyzed for Mn and Pb, and serum was analyzed for cotinine. We used penalized splines to assess potential nonlinear associations between biological measures and IQ subscale scores, followed by multivariable regression models with categorical variables based on quartiles of the distribution for biological measures with nonlinear associations and continuous variables for biological measures with linear associations. RESULTS Geometric mean blood (n = 327) and hair Mn (n = 370) concentrations were 9.67 ± 1.27 μg/L and 416.51 ± 2.44 ng/g, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, both low and high blood and hair Mn concentrations were associated with lower Full Scale IQ and subscale scores, with significant negative associations between the highest quartile and middle two quartiles of blood Mn (β -3.51; 95% CI: -6.64, -0.38) and hair Mn (β -3.66; 95% CI: -6.9, -0.43%) and Full Scale IQ. CONCLUSIONS Both low and high Mn concentrations in blood and hair were negatively associated with child IQ scores. Serum cotinine was negatively associated with child cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Haynes
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Ye Q, Kim J. Loss of hfe function reverses impaired recognition memory caused by olfactory manganese exposure in mice. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:17-23. [PMID: 25874029 PMCID: PMC4395651 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.1.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive manganese (Mn) in the brain promotes a variety of abnormal behaviors, including memory deficits, decreased motor skills and psychotic behavior resembling Parkinson’s disease. Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a prevalent genetic iron overload disorder worldwide. Dysfunction in HFE gene is the major cause of HH. Our previous study has demonstrated that olfactory Mn uptake is altered by HFE deficiency, suggesting that loss of HFE function could alter manganese-associated neurotoxicity. To test this hypothesis, Hfe-knockout (Hfe−/−) and wild-type (Hfe+/+) mice mice were intranasally-instilled with manganese chloride (MnCl2 5 mg/kg) or water daily for 3 weeks and examined for memory function. Olfactory Mn diminished both short-term recognition and spatial memory in Hfe+/+ mice, as examined by novel object recognition task and Barnes maze test, respectively. Interestingly, Hfe−/− mice did not show impaired recognition memory caused by Mn exposure, suggesting a potential protective effect of Hfe deficiency against Mn-induced memory deficits. Since many of the neurotoxic effects of manganese are thought to result from increased oxidative stress, we quantified activities of anti-oxidant enzymes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Mn instillation decreased superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity in Hfe+/+ mice, but not in Hfe−/− mice. In addition, Hfe deficiency up-regulated SOD1 and glutathione peroxidase activities. These results suggest a beneficial role of Hfe deficiency in attenuating Mn-induced oxidative stress in the PFC. Furthermore, Mn exposure reduced nicotinic acetylcholine receptor levels in the PFC, indicating that blunted acetylcholine signaling could contribute to impaired memory associated with intranasal manganese. Together, our model suggests that disrupted cholinergic system in the brain is involved in airborne Mn-induced memory deficits and loss of HFE function could in part prevent memory loss via a potential up-regulation of anti-oxidant enzymes in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Hohle TH, O'Brian MR. Magnesium-dependent processes are targets of bacterial manganese toxicity. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:736-47. [PMID: 24975873 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutant defective in the gene encoding the high-affinity Mn(2+) transporter MntH has a severe growth phenotype under manganese limitation. Here, we isolated suppressor mutants of an mntH strain that grew under manganese limitation, and activities of high-affinity Mn(2+) transport and Mn(2+) -dependent enzymes were partially rescued. The suppressor strains harbour gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the Mg(2+) channel MgtE. The MgtE variants likely allow Mn(2+) entry via loss of a gating mechanism that normally holds the transporter in the closed state when cellular Mg(2+) levels are high. Both MgtE-dependent and MgtE-independent suppressor phenotypes were recapitulated by magnesium-limited growth of the mntH strain. Growth studies of wild-type cells suggest that manganese is toxic to cells when environmental magnesium is low. Moreover, extracellular manganese and magnesium levels were manipulated to inhibit growth without substantially altering the intracellular content of either metal, implying that manganese toxicity depends on its cellular distribution rather than the absolute concentration. Mg(2+) -dependent enzyme activities were found to be inhibited or stimulated by Mn(2+) . We conclude that Mn(2+) can occupy Mg(2+) binding sites in cells, and suggest that Mg(2+) -dependent processes are targets of manganese toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hohle
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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22
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Liu X, Zuo N, Guan H, Han C, Xu SW. Manganese-induced effects on cerebral trace element and nitric oxide of Hyline cocks. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 154:202-9. [PMID: 23813426 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Manganese (Mn) is a common phenomenon due to its environmental pervasiveness. To investigate the Mn-induced toxicity on cerebral trace element levels and crucial nitric oxide parameters on brain of birds, 50-day-old male Hyline cocks were fed either a commercial diet or a Mn-supplemented diet containing 600, 900, 1,800 mg kg(-1). After being treated with Mn for 30, 60, and 90 days, the following were determined: the changes in contents of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), selenium (Se) in brain; inducible nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide (iNOS-NO) system activity in brain; and histopathology and ultrastructure changes of cerebral cortex. The results showed that Mn was accumulated in brain and the content of Cu and Fe increased. However, the levels of Zn and Se decreased and the Ca content presented no obvious regularity. Exposure to Mn significantly elevated the content of NO and the expression of iNOS mRNA. Activity of total NO synthase (T NOS) and iNOS appeared with an increased tendency. These findings suggested that Mn exposure resulted in the imbalance of cerebral trace elements and influenced iNOS in the molecular level, which are possible underlying nervous system injury mechanisms induced by Mn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Masuda M, Braun-sommargren M, Crooks D, Smith DR. Golgi phosphoprotein 4 (GPP130) is a sensitive and selective cellular target of manganese exposure. Synapse 2013; 67:205-15. [PMID: 23280773 PMCID: PMC3987769 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic elevated exposure to manganese (Mn) is associated with neurocognitive and fine motor deficits in children. However, relatively little is understood about cellular responses to Mn spanning the transition between physiologic to toxic levels of exposure. Here, we investigated the specificity, sensitivity, and time course of the Golgi Phosphoprotein 4 (GPP130) response to Mn exposure in AF5 GABAergic neuronal cells, and we determined the extent to which GPP130 degradation occurs in brain cells in vivo in rats subchronically exposed to Mn. Our results show that GPP130 degradation in AF5 cells was specific to Mn, and did not occur following exposure to cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, or zinc. GPP130 degradation occurred without measurable increases in intracellular Mn levels and at Mn exposures as low as 0.54 µM. GPP130 protein was detectable by immunofluorescence in only ∼15-30% of cells in striatal and cortical rat brain slices, and Mn-exposed animals exhibited a significant reduction in both the number of GPP130-positive cells, and the overall levels of GPP130 protein, demonstrating the in vivo relevance of this Mn-specific response within the primary target organ of Mn toxicity. These results provide insight into specific mechanism(s) of cellular Mn regulation and toxicity within the brain, including the selective susceptibility of cells to Mn cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Masuda
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | | | - Dan Crooks
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Donald R. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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DeWitt MR, Chen P, Aschner M. Manganese efflux in Parkinsonism: insights from newly characterized SLC30A10 mutations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:1-4. [PMID: 23357421 PMCID: PMC3594538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although manganese (Mn) is required for normal cellular function, overexposure to this metal may cause an extrapyramidal syndrome resembling Parkinson's disease (PD). Notably, high whole-blood Mn levels have been reported in patients with idiopathic PD. Because Mn is both essential at low dose and toxic at higher dose; its transport and homeostasis are tightly regulated. Previously, the only protein known to be operant in cellular Mn export was the iron-regulating transporter, ferroportin (Fpn). The causal role for Mn in PD has yet to be fully understood, but evidence of a familial predisposition to PD associated with Mn toxicity is mounting. A recently discovered mutation in SLC30A10 identified its gene product as putatively involved in Mn efflux. Patients with the SLC30A10 mutation display Parkinsonian-like gate disturbances and hypermanganesemia. This review will address Mn transport proteins, the newly discovered SLC30A10 mutations and their implications to Parkinsonism and Mn regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. DeWitt
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Toxicology, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
| | - Pan Chen
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Toxicology, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
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25
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The disruption of mitochondrial metabolism and ion homeostasis in chicken hearts exposed to manganese. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Leoni L, Dhyani A, La Riviere P, Vogt S, Lai B, Roman BB. β-Cell subcellular localization of glucose-stimulated Mn uptake by X-ray fluorescence microscopy: implications for pancreatic MRI. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 6:474-81. [PMID: 22144025 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a calcium (Ca) analog that has long been used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent for investigating cardiac tissue functionality, for brain mapping and for neuronal tract tracing studies. Recently, we have extended its use to investigate pancreatic β-cells and showed that, in the presence of MnCl(2), glucose-activated pancreatic islets yield significant signal enhancement in T(1)-weigheted MR images. In this study, we exploited for the first time the unique capabilities of X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) to both visualize and quantify the metal in pancreatic β-cells at cellular and subcellular levels. MIN-6 insulinoma cells grown in standard tissue culture conditions had only a trace amount of Mn, 1.14 ± 0.03 × 10(-11)µg/µm(2), homogenously distributed across the cell. Exposure to 2 mM glucose and 50 µM MnCl(2) for 20 min resulted in nonglucose-dependent Mn uptake and the overall cell concentration increased to 8.99 ± 2.69 × 10(-11) µg/µm(2). When cells were activated by incubation in 16 mM glucose in the presence of 50 µM MnCl(2), a significant increase in cytoplasmic Mn was measured, reaching 2.57 ± 1.34 × 10(-10) µg/µm(2). A further rise in intracellular concentration was measured following KCl-induced depolarization, with concentrations totaling 1.25 ± 0.33 × 10(-9) and 4.02 ± 0.71 × 10(-10) µg/µm(2) in the cytoplasm and nuclei, respectively. In both activated conditions Mn was prevalent in the cytoplasm and localized primarily in a perinuclear region, possibly corresponding to the Golgi apparatus and involving the secretory pathway. These data are consistent with our previous MRI findings, confirming that Mn can be used as a functional imaging reporter of pancreatic β-cell activation and also provide a basis for understanding how subcellular localization of Mn will impact MRI contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Leoni
- Department of Radiology, Committee on Medical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Rivera-Mancía S, Ríos C, Montes S. Manganese accumulation in the CNS and associated pathologies. Biometals 2011; 24:811-25. [PMID: 21533671 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal for life. It is a key constituent of clue enzymes in the central nervous system, contributing to antioxidant defenses, energetic metabolism, ammonia detoxification, among other important functions. Until now, Mn transport mechanisms are partially understood; however, it is known that it shares some mechanisms of transport with iron. CNS is susceptible to Mn toxicity because it possesses mechanisms that allow Mn entry and favor its accumulation. Cases of occupational Mn exposure have been extensively reported in the literature; however, there are other ways of exposure, such as long-term parental nutrition and liver failure. Manganism and hepatic encephalopathy are the most common pathologies associated with the effects of Mn exposure. Both pathologies are associated with motor and psychiatric disturbances, related in turn to mechanisms of damage such as oxidative stress and neurotransmitters alterations, the dopaminergic system being one of the most affected. Although manganism and Parkinson's disease share some characteristics, they differ in many aspects that are discussed here. The mechanisms for Mn transport and its participation in manganism and hepatic encephalopathy are also considered in this review. It is necessary to find an effective therapeutic strategy to decrease Mn levels in exposed individuals and to treat Mn long term effects. In the case of patients with chronic liver failure it would be worthwhile to test a low-Mn diet in order to ameliorate symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy possibly related to Mn accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rivera-Mancía
- Neurochemistry Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery 'Manuel Velasco Suárez', Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
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28
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Chtourou Y, Trabelsi K, Fetoui H, Mkannez G, Kallel H, Zeghal N. Manganese induces oxidative stress, redox state unbalance and disrupts membrane bound ATPases on murine neuroblastoma cells in vitro: protective role of silymarin. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1546-57. [PMID: 21533646 PMCID: PMC3139064 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element required for ubiquitous enzymatic reactions. Chronic overexposure to this metal may promote potent neurotoxic effects. The mechanism of Mn toxicity is not well established, but several studies indicate that oxidative stress play major roles in the Mn-induced neurodegenerative processes. Silymarin (SIL) has antioxidant properties and stabilizes intracellular antioxidant defense systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of MnCl2 on the mouse neuroblastoma cell lines (Neuro-2A), to characterize the toxic mechanism associated with Mn exposure and to investigate whether SIL could efficiently protect against neurotoxicity induced by Mn. A significant increase in LDH release activity was observed in Neuro-2A cells associated with a significant decrease in cellular viability upon 24 h exposure to MnCl2 at concentrations of 200 and 800 μM (P < 0.05) when compared with control unexposed cells. In addition, exposure cells to MnCl2 (200 and 800 μM), increases oxidant biomarkers and alters enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant systems. SIL treatment significantly reduced the levels of LDH, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and the oxidants/antioxidants balance in Neuro-2A cells as compared to Mn-exposed cells. These results suggested that silymarin is a powerful antioxidant through a mechanism related to its antioxidant activity, able to interfere with radical-mediated cell death. SIL may be useful in diseases known to be aggravated by reactive oxygen species and in the development of novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer or Parkinson diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Chtourou
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, UR/08-73, Sfax University, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
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29
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Williams BB, Kwakye GF, Wegrzynowicz M, Li D, Aschner M, Erikson KM, Bowman AB. Altered manganese homeostasis and manganese toxicity in a Huntington's disease striatal cell model are not explained by defects in the iron transport system. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:169-79. [PMID: 20547568 PMCID: PMC2923282 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of a polyglutamine tract in Huntingtin (Htt) leads to the degeneration of medium spiny neurons in Huntington's disease (HD). Furthermore, the HTT gene has been functionally linked to iron (Fe) metabolism, and HD patients show alterations in brain and peripheral Fe homeostasis. Recently, we discovered that expression of mutant HTT is associated with impaired manganese (Mn) uptake following overexposure in a striatal neuronal cell line and mouse model of HD. Here we test the hypothesis that the transferrin receptor (TfR)-mediated Fe uptake pathway is responsible for the HD-associated defects in Mn uptake. Western blot analysis showed that TfR levels are reduced in the mutant STHdh(Q111/Q111) striatal cell line, whereas levels of the Fe and Mn transporter, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), are unchanged. To stress the Fe transport system, we exposed mutant and wild-type cells to elevated Fe(III), which revealed a subtle impairment in net Fe uptake only at the highest Fe exposures. In contrast, the HD mutant line exhibited substantial deficits in net Mn uptake, even under basal conditions. Finally, to functionally evaluate a role for Fe transporters in the Mn uptake deficit, we examined Mn toxicity in the presence of saturating Fe(III) levels. Although Fe(III) exposure decreased Mn neurotoxicity, it did so equally for wild-type and mutant cells. Therefore, although Fe transporters contribute to Mn uptake and toxicity in the striatal cell lines, functional alterations in this pathway are insufficient to explain the strong Mn resistance phenotype of this HD cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Blairanne Williams
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
- Center in Molecular Toxicology
| | - Gunnar F. Kwakye
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
- Center in Molecular Toxicology
| | | | - Daphne Li
- Department of Neurology
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development
| | - Michael Aschner
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
- Center in Molecular Toxicology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Keith M. Erikson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6107
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- Department of Neurology
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
- Center in Molecular Toxicology
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Carmona A, Devès G, Roudeau S, Cloetens P, Bohic S, Ortega R. Manganese accumulates within golgi apparatus in dopaminergic cells as revealed by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence nanoimaging. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:194-203. [PMID: 22778823 DOI: 10.1021/cn900021z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to manganese results in neurological symptoms referred to as manganism and is identified as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. In vitro, manganese induces cell death in the dopaminergic cells, but the mechanisms of manganese cytotoxicity are still unexplained. In particular, the subcellular distribution of manganese and its interaction with other trace elements needed to be assessed. Applying synchrotron X-ray fluorescence nanoimaging, we found that manganese was located within the Golgi apparatus of PC12 dopaminergic cells at physiologic concentrations. At increasing concentrations, manganese accumulates within the Golgi apparatus until cytotoxic concentrations are reached resulting in a higher cytoplasmic content probably after the Golgi apparatus storage capacity is exceeded. Cell exposure to manganese and brefeldin A, a molecule known to specifically cause the collapse of the Golgi apparatus, results in the striking intracellular redistribution of manganese, which accumulates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. These results indicate that the Golgi apparatus plays an important role in the cellular detoxification of manganese. In addition manganese exposure induces a decrease in total iron content, which could contribute to the overall neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Carmona
- Université Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Groupe d’Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Groupe d’Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - Guillaume Devès
- Université Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Groupe d’Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Groupe d’Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - Stéphane Roudeau
- Université Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Groupe d’Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Groupe d’Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - Peter Cloetens
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), X-ray Imaging Group, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Bohic
- INSERM U-836 Team 6, Rayonnement Synchrotron et Recherche Médicale (RSRM), Grenoble, F-38042, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Institut des Neurosciences, UMR-S 836, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Richard Ortega
- Université Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Groupe d’Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Groupe d’Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
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Xu B, Xu ZF, Deng Y. Manganese exposure alters the expression ofN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit mRNAs and proteins in rat striatum. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:1-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Xu B, Xu ZF, Deng Y. Effect of manganese exposure on intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and expression of NMDA receptor subunits in primary cultured neurons. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:941-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Selikhova M, Fedoryshyn L, Matviyenko Y, Komnatska I, Kyrylchuk M, Krolicki L, Friedman A, Taylor A, Jäger HR, Lees A, Sanotsky Y. Parkinsonism and dystonia caused by the illicit use of ephedrone-A longitudinal study. Mov Disord 2008; 23:2224-31. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Jursa T, Smith DR. Ceruloplasmin alters the tissue disposition and neurotoxicity of manganese, but not its loading onto transferrin. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:182-93. [PMID: 19005224 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a redox-active element, and whereas its uptake, disposition, and toxicity in mammals may depend in part on its oxidation state, the proteins affecting manganese oxidation state and speciation in vivo are not well known. Studies have suggested that the oxidase protein ceruloplasmin (Cp) mediates iron and manganese oxidation and loading onto plasma transferrin (Tf), as well as cellular iron efflux. We hypothesized that ceruloplasmin may also affect the tissue distribution and eventual neurotoxicity of manganese. To test this, aceruloplasminemic versus wild-type mice were treated with a single i.p. (54)Mn tracer dose, or elevated levels of manganese subchronically (0, 7.5, or 15 mg Mn/kg s.c., three doses per week for 4 weeks), and evaluated for transferrin-bound manganese, blood manganese partitioning, tissue manganese disposition, and levels of brain glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyls as measures of oxidative stress, and open arena activity. Results show that ceruloplasmin does not play a role in the loading of manganese onto plasma transferrin in vivo, or in the partitioning of manganese between the plasma and cellular fractions of whole blood. Ceruloplasmin did, however, affect the retention of manganese in blood and its distribution to tissues, most notably kidney and to a lesser extent brain and lung. Results also indicate that ceruloplasmin interacted with chronic elevated manganese exposures to produce greater levels of brain oxidative stress. These results provide evidence that metal oxidase proteins play an important role in altering neurotoxicity arising from elevated manganese exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jursa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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35
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Doherty SP, Prophete C, Maciejczyk P, Salnikow K, Gould T, Larson T, Koenig J, Jaques P, Sioutas C, Zelikoff JT, Lippmann M, Cohen MD. Detection of Changes in Alveolar Macrophage Iron Status Induced by Select PM2.5-Associated Components Using Iron-Response Protein Binding Activity. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 19:553-62. [PMID: 17497533 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701280481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extent of adverse health effects, including induction/exacerbation of infectious lung disease, arising from entrainment of equivalent amounts (or exposure to a fixed increment) of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can vary from region to region or city to city in a region. To begin to explain how differing effects on host resistance might arise after exposure to PM2.5 from various sites, we hypothesized that select metals (e.g., V, Al, and Mn) in each PM2.5 caused changes in alveolar macrophage (AM) Fe status that, ultimately, would lead to altered antibacterial function. To test this, iron-response protein (IRP) binding activity in a rat AM cell line was assessed after exposure to Fe alone and in conjunction with V, Mn, and/or Al at ratios of V:Fe, Al:Fe, or Mn:Fe encountered in PM2.5 samples from New York City, Los Angeles, and Seattle. Results indicated that V and Al each significantly altered IRP activity, though effects were not consistently ratio-(i.e., dose-) dependent; Mn had little impact on activity. We conclude that the reductions in Fe status detected here via the IRP assay arose, in part, from effects on transferrin-mediated Fe3+ delivery to the AM. Ongoing studies using this assay are allowing us to better determine: (1) whether mass (and/or molar) relationships between Fe and V, Al, and/or Mn in any PM2.5 sample consistently govern the extent of change in AM Fe status; (2) how much any specified PM2.5 constituent (metal or nonmetal) contributes to the overall disruption of Fe status found induced by an intact parent sample; and (3) whether induced changes in binding activity are relatable to other changes expected to occur in the AM, that is, in IRP-dependent mRNA/levels of ferritin/transferrin receptor and Fe-dependent functions. These studies demonstrate that pollutant-induced effects on lung cell Fe status can be assessed in a reproducible manner using an assay that can be readily performed by investigators who might otherwise have no access to other very costly analytical equipment, such as graphite atomic absorption or x-ray fluorescence spectro(photo)meters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Doherty
- NYU-EPA Particulate Matter Health Research Center, Nelson Institute, New York University School of Medicine Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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Matasova LV, Popova TN. Aconitate hydratase of mammals under oxidative stress. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2008; 73:957-64. [PMID: 18976211 PMCID: PMC7087844 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908090010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Data on the structure, functions, regulation of activity, and expression of cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratase isoenzymes of mammals are reviewed. The role of aconitate hydratase and structurally similar iron-regulatory protein in maintenance of homeostasis of cell iron is described. Information on modifications of the aconitate hydratase molecule and changes in expression under oxidative stress is generalized. The role of aconitate hydratase in the pathogenesis of some diseases is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Matasova
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394006, Russia.
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Crooks DR, Ghosh MC, Braun-Sommargren M, Rouault TA, Smith DR. Manganese targets m-aconitase and activates iron regulatory protein 2 in AF5 GABAergic cells. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1797-809. [PMID: 17469137 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that disturbances of amino acid metabolism and cellular iron regulation are important mechanisms underlying manganese (Mn) neurotoxicity, although the targets underlying these disturbances are poorly defined. Using the AF5 neural-derived cell line, which displays GABAergic properties, we showed that Mn significantly increased glutamate release to 174%-214% of that of the control and that the effects of Mn exposure on the metabolism of glutamate, glutamine, alanine, and GABA resembled the effects of fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of aconitase, but not the effects of other toxicants including paraquat, rotenone, or 3-nitropropionic acid. Consistent with this, Mn inhibited aconitase activity in AF5 cells, resulting in a 90% increase in intracellular citrate; an in vitro assay revealed that m-aconitase was significantly more sensitive to inhibition by Mn than was c-aconitase. RNA mobility shift assay and Western blot showed that Mn treatment caused c-aconitase to be converted to iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and increased the abundance of IRP2, leading to reduced H-ferritin expression, increased transferrin receptor expression, and increased uptake of transferrin. To determine the relative contributions of IRP1 and IRP2 in mediating the effects of Mn on iron homeostasis, we exposed transgenic fibroblasts lacking either c-aconitase/IRP1 or IRP2 to Mn. Manganese exposure minimally altered ferritin levels in cells possessing only c-aconitase/IRP1, whereas cells possessing only IRP2 showed a robust decrease in ferritin, indicating a dominant role of IRP2 in Mn-induced alteration of iron homeostasis. Together, these results demonstrate that m-aconitase is an important target of Mn and thatMn-induced alteration of iron homeostasis is mediated predominantly through IRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Crooks
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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Kim Y, Olivi L, Cheong JH, Maertens A, Bressler JP. Aluminum stimulates uptake of non-transferrin bound iron and transferrin bound iron in human glial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 220:349-56. [PMID: 17376497 PMCID: PMC3097386 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum and other trivalent metals were shown to stimulate uptake of transferrin bound iron and nontransferrin bound iron in erytholeukemia and hepatoma cells. Because of the association between aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease, and findings of higher levels of iron in Alzheimer's disease brains, the effects of aluminum on iron homeostasis were examined in a human glial cell line. Aluminum stimulated dose- and time-dependent uptake of nontransferrin bound iron and iron bound to transferrin. A transporter was likely involved in the uptake of nontransferrin iron because uptake reached saturation, was temperature-dependent, and attenuated by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Interestingly, the effects of aluminum were not blocked by inhibitors of RNA synthesis. Aluminum also decreased the amount of iron bound to ferritin though it did not affect levels of divalent metal transporter 1. These results suggest that aluminum disrupts iron homeostasis in the brain by several mechanisms including the transferrin receptor, a nontransferrin iron transporter, and ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbae Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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Crooks DR, Welch N, Smith DR. Low-level manganese exposure alters glutamate metabolism in GABAergic AF5 cells. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28:548-54. [PMID: 17320182 PMCID: PMC1950338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the globus pallidus may be a particularly sensitive target of manganese (Mn), however, in vitro studies of the effects of Mn on GABAergic neurons have been restricted by the lack of a cell model expressing GABAergic properties. Here, we investigated the effects of low-level Mn treatment on cellular GABA and glutamate metabolism using the newly characterized AF5 rat neural-derived cell line, which displays GABAergic properties during culture in vitro. Intracellular GABA and glutamate levels were measured along with measurement of the release of GABA and glutamate into the culture medium, glutamine uptake from the culture medium, and the specific effects of Mn on the enzymes directly responsible for the synthesis and degradation of GABA, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA transaminase (GABA-T). Our results demonstrate that Mn had no effect on the activities of GAD or GABA-T. Similarly, low-level Mn treatment of AF5 cultures had only a small effect on intracellular GABA levels (114% of control) and no effect on the release of GABA. In contrast, intracellular and extracellular glutamate levels were enhanced to 170 and 198% of control during Mn treatment, respectively, while extracellular glutamine decreased to 73% of controls. Together, these results suggest that glutamate homeostasis may be preferentially affected over GABA in AF5 cells during low-level Mn treatment, suggesting a novel mechanism by which Mn-induced excitotoxicity might arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Crooks
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Nicholas Welch
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Donald R. Smith
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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