Studies on the mechanism of action of salicylate. II. Retardation of wound healing by aspirin

Exploring the efficacy of panchavalkal extract and Zinc-Copper Bhasma in promoting wound healing in incision and excision wound models in the rat

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Modified Panchavalkal (MPVKL) and herbomineral Preparations as per the Ayurvedic texts possess various medicinal properties. Although some of its pharmacological benefits have been documented, scientific validation of combined wound-healing properties has not been done.

AIM

To investigate the effects of the herbomineral combinations of MPVKL extract on wound healing efficacy through the utilization of incision and excision rodent models.

METHODS

Excision and incision wound models in Albino Wistar rats were used to assess wound healing activity, with ten groups of six animals each. Along with normal control, diseased, vehicle control, and standard group, groups were treated with MPVKL extract (5% and 10%), MPVKL and Yashad bhasma (0.5%, 1%), and MPVKL and Tamra bhasma (0.1%, 0.075%) for 21 days and 14 days in excision and incision model respectively. The assessments were performed using the wound contraction, breaking and tensile strength, biochemical and antioxidant parameters, and histopathology of the granulation tissue.

RESULTS

All the test groups demonstrated significant wound contraction (p < 0.001). The highest decrease in epithelialization period (16.1 ± 0.98 days) was observed for the MPVKL (10%) and Yashad bhasma (0.5%) group. There was a significant improvement in the antioxidant activity of MPVKL (10%) and Yashad bhasma groups. The biochemical parameters viz hydroxyproline, collagen and hexosamine increased remarkably in MPVKL (5%) and Yashad bhasma (1%) as compared to disease control. Histopathological studies of test groups showed epithelialization, increased collagen deposition, and neovascularization in contrast to the control group. MPVKL and Yashad bhasma-containing groups increased the tensile and breaking strength of the wound in the incision model when compared to disease control.

CONCLUSION

In both wound models, MPVKL extract and its herbomineral combination with Yashad Bhasma demonstrated significant wound healing activity when compared to the control group.

Wound healing properties of a new formulated flavonoid-rich fraction from Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. leaves extract

Background: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. (D. viscosa) belongs to the family of Sapindaceae, commonly known as "Sinatha," and is used as a traditional medicine for treating wounds due to its high flavonoids content. However, to date there is no experimental evidence on its flavonoid-rich fraction of D. viscosa formulation as an agent for healing wounds. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the wound healing effect of ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa leaves on dermal wounds. Methods: The ethyl acetate fraction was produced from a water-ethanol extract of D. viscosa leaves and was quantitatively evaluated using the HPLC technique. The in-vivo wound healing ability of the ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa ointment (DVFO, 2.5%w/w and 5%w/w) was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats utilizing an incision and excision paradigm with povidone-iodine ointment (5% w/w) as a control. The percentage of wound closure, hydroxyproline and hexosamine concentrations, tensile strength and epithelialization duration were measured. Subsequently, histopathology analysis of skin samples as well as western blots were performed for collagen type 3 (COL3A1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa revealed flavonoids with high concentrations of quercetin (6.46% w/w) and kaempferol (0.132% w/w). Compared to the control group, the DVFO (2.5% and 5.0% w/w) significantly accelerated wound healing in both models, as demonstrated by quicker wound contraction, epithelialization, elevated hydroxyproline levels and increased tensile strength. Histopathological investigations also revealed that DVFO treatment improved wound healing by re-epithelialization, collagen formation and vascularization of damaged skin samples. Western blot analysis further demonstrated an up-regulation of COL3A, vascular endothelial growth factor and bFGF protein in wound granulation tissue of the DVFO-treated group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: It is concluded that flavonoid-rich D. viscosa ethyl acetate fraction promotes wound healing by up-regulating the expressions of COL3A, VEGF and bFGF protein in wound granulation tissue. However, extensive clinical and pre-clinical research on the flavonoid-rich fraction of D. viscosa is needed to determine its significant impact in the healing of human wounds.

Attenuation of dermal wounds through topical application of ointment containing phenol enriched fraction of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam

Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. is one of the important medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka (India) for treating wounds. In our previous study ethanol extract of the plant was evaluated for its wound healing activity. In continuation, the present study was aimed to evaluate the phenol enriched fraction (PEF) of ethanol extract for wound healing activity along with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The potent wound healing activity of PEF was evidenced by observation of increased rate of cell migration in L929, 3T3L1 and L6 cells (92.59 ± 1.53%, 98.42 ± 0.82% and 96.63 ± 0.61% respectively) at 7.81 μg/ml doses in assays carried out in vitro. Significantly enhanced rate of wound contraction (97.92 ± 0.41%), tensile strength (973.67 ± 4.43 g/mm2), hydroxyproline (31.31 ± 0.64 mg/g) and hexosamine (8.30 ± 0.47 mg/g) contents were observed on 15th post wounding day in 5% PEF treated animals. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic cellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) were upregulated (15.89 ± 0.17 U/mg, 48.30 ± 4.60 U/mg and 4.04 ± 0.12 μg/g respectively) with the administration of 5% PEF. The significant antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities support the positive correlation of PEF with its enhanced wound healing activity. PEF contains expressive amounts of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (578.28 ± 2.30 mg GAE/g and 270.76 ± 2.52 mg QE/g). Of the various chemicals displayed in RP-UFLC-DAD analysis of PEF, gallic acid (68.08 μg/mg) and ethyl gallate (255.91 μg/mg) were predominant. The results indicate that PEF has great potential for the topical management of open wounds.

Lobelia trigona Roxb-based nanomedicine with enhanced biological applications: in vitro and in vivo approach

This is the first study to report the green synthesis of Lobelia trigona Roxb-mediated silver nanoparticles (LTAgNPs). The optical and structural properties of the synthesised LTAgNPs were analysed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering and energy dispersive X-ray. LTAgNps were evaluated for their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties against 18 pathogens and exhibited significant inhibition against all the strains tested. LTAgNPs had potential scavenging effects on the DPPH, ^•OH, O₂^•- free radical scavenging assays and reducing power assay. LTAgNps possess strong anti-cancer activity against five human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLa and KB) in a dose-dependent manner. The antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and genotoxicity effects of LTAgNPs were further confirmed by the lactate dehydrogenase release assay, nitric oxide inhibitory assay and comet assay. Furthermore, the incision, excision and burn wound-healing activity of formulated LTAgNPs ointment was assessed in rats. All the wounds had significant healing in groups treated with LTAgNPs ointment compared to the groups treated with the commonly prescribed ointment (Silverex^TM). This study shows and suggests that the previously unreported LTAgNPs could be used as a nanomedicine with significant biological applications.

Oil from hake (Merluccius merluccius): Characterization, antioxidant activity, wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects

The aim of this work was to evaluate some biological properties of hake head oil (HHO) as well its lipid composition. The fatty acid profiles showed a dominance of unsaturated fatty acids overtaking 55% of the total fatty acids. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles exhibited a dominance of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) (3.96%) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) (25.39%). The antioxidant activity was determined through two different assays: DPPH scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching by linoleic acid assay. Eighteen mice were excised on their back and divided into 3 groups, treated with sterile saline, commercial healing cream and HHO, respectively. The wound closure rate, the hydroxyproline contents and the histopathology evolution in skin tissue were elaborated. Also, the anti-inflammatory activity was studied by carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema. Mice were divided into 3 groups treated respectively with sterile saline, anti inflammatory drug reference and HHO. The anti-inflammatory evaluation of HHO in mice exhibited an important inhibition of carrageenan-induced hind paws edema, as confirmed by the histological analysis, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. HHO displayed a significant wound healing effect probably due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of its EPA and DHA contents. The overall results proved that HHO might be favorable drugs who exert a great therapeutic potential wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects in animal model.

Comparison of wound strength, histologic, and aesthetic outcomes after microsurgical versus conventional skin closure in a rat model

The purpose of this study was to compare the healing, strength, and cosmetic outcome of linear incisions after repair with the naked eye, surgical loupes, or a surgical microscope. Two parallel incisions were made on the dorsal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) and the rats randomized into four groups. A single surgeon repaired the incisions using 5-0 poliglecaprone in a running subcuticular pattern using the naked eye (Group I), surgical loupes with 2.5× magnification (Group II), surgical microscope with 5-10× magnification (Group III), and 6-0 poliglecaprone with a surgical microscope (Group IV). Rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 6 weeks. At each time point, the tensile strength of each closure was assessed. Macroscopic outcomes were evaluated using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and histology assessed by a blinded observer. Microscope closure took significantly longer than closure with the naked eye (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in tensile strength or VSS ratings between the closure methods at any of the time points. On histopathologic analysis, there were a greater number of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts in the 6-0 microscope closure group versus the naked eye closure group at week 3 (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, wound repair under magnification did not yield a significant difference in cosmesis or wound tensile strength, but did increase operative time. Moreover, there was a trend toward increased inflammation with microscope-assisted closures, perhaps due to the increased suture burden.

Antioxidant, antibacterial and in vivo wound healing properties of laminaran purified from Cystoseira barbata seaweed

Laminaran, a polysaccharide extracted from marine algae, exhibits attractive properties being non-toxic, hydrophilic and biodegradable. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a cream based on the brown seaweed Cystoseira barbata laminaran (CBL) for healing full thickness wounds induced on rats. The antibacterial activity of CBL was evaluated against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and the antioxidant properties were assessed using five different assays. To highlight the healing effectiveness of CBL-based cream, the response to treatment was assessed by macroscopic, histologic and biochemical parameters and was compared to controls. CBL, recovered (7.27%) by ultrafiltration (1-10 kDa) and predominantly consisted of (1 → 3)-linked β-d-glucopyranose residues with a small level of (1 → 6)-glycosidic bonds, showed noticeable antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The cream containing CBL as an active ingredient exerted a promoting healing effect. The wound contraction reached 98.57 ± 1.31% after thirteen days of treatment. The derma in CBL treated group is properly arranged and revealed an improved collagen deposition and an increased fibroblast and vascular densities compared with the control groups. Overall, these results established, for the first time, a scientific in vivo evidence of the efficiency of CBL as a wound healing agent of interest in modern medicine.

Evaluation of astaxanthin incorporated collagen film developed from the outer skin waste of squid Doryteuthis singhalensis for wound healing and tissue regenerative applications

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate in vivo wound healing activity of astaxanthin incorporated collagen hydrogel film biomaterials extracted from the outer skin waste of squid Doryteuthis singhalensis, to releases antibiotic, delivering potentialities of excisional and incisional wound model in Wistar rats. These results suggested that the astaxanthin incorporated collagen film (ACF) and gentamicin incorporated collagen film (GCF) exhibited excellent wound healing activity (71%) in both full thickness excision and linear incision in rats. The in-vitro antioxidant abilities of extracted astaxanthin exhibited strongly significant 1,1‑diphenyl‑2‑picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. In addition, tensile strength, epithelialization, hydroxyproline content and protein content in ACF and GCF treated groups were significantly increased. Histopathological assessment revealed an increase in collagen content, fibroblasts, granulation, thickness of scar formation, effective neovascularization and faster epithelialization within the short duration after the treatment of ACF and GCF compared to the control groups. The structure of prepared ACF and GCF biomaterials were characterized by SEM, EDS, and XRD. The in vivo biological study of the collagen-based film releases the antibiotic substance. The composite of collagen based biomaterials displays a promising biocompatibility through the dermal wound healing process as well as an evidence of biodegradability. Thus, the marine-derived biomaterials gave a substantial pledge for the development of biodegradable materials in drug delivery and soft tissue regeneration process.

Assessment of Wound-Healing Properties of Medicinal Plants: The Case of Phyllanthus muellerianus

Phyllanthus muellerianus (Family Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub, which is widely distributed in West Africa and employed traditionally as a wound-healing agent especially in Ghana. The aim of the study was to determine the in vivo wound-healing activity of aqueous aerial part extract of P. muellerianus (PLE) and its major isolate, geraniin. Excision and incision wound models were used to determine the wound-healing activity. Wounds were treated with PLE (0.25, 0.5, and 1% w/w) and geraniin (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% w/w) aqueous creams. PLE and geraniin significantly (p < 0.001) increased wound contraction rate and hydroxyproline production compared to untreated wounds. Histological studies of wound tissues showed high levels of fibroblasts and increased collagen content and cross-linking in PLE and geraniin-treated wound tissues. Immuno-histochemical investigations revealed high levels of TGF-β₁ in PLE and geraniin-treated wound tissues compared to the untreated wound tissues. Tensile strength of incised wounds was significantly (p < 0.05) high in PLE and geraniin-treated wounds. PLE (0.1–100 μg/mL) significantly (p < 0.001) reduce LDH release from HaCaT-keratinocytes compared to the untreated cells. PLE and geraniin possess wound healing and cytoprotective effect.

In Vivo Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Leaf Latex of Aloe megalacantha Baker (Xanthorrhoeaceae)

BACKGROUND

Aloe megalacantha Baker (Xanthorrhoeaceae) is one of the Aloe species widely distributed in Ethiopia. The leaf latex of the plant is used for treatment of wounds, inflammation, and other multiple ailments in Ethiopian traditional medicine.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaf latex of Aloe megalacantha in mice.

METHODS

The wound healing activity of the leaf latex of the plant was studied topically by incorporating the latex in simple ointment base in a concentration of 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w) using excision and incision models. In these models, wound contraction, period of epithelialization, and breaking strength of the wounded skin were determined. Carrageenan induced inflammation of paw model was also used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf latex at doses of 200 mg/kg, 400mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg. The level of inflammation suppressions were measured at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hrs after carrageenan injection, and then the percentages of inflammation inhibition were computed as compared with the negative control.

RESULT

In both wound models, mice treated with 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w) latex ointment showed a significant (p<0.05) increment in the rate of wound contraction, reduction in epithelialization time, and higher skin breaking strength. Besides, the latex also exhibited a dose-dependent significant (p<0.05) reductions of inflammation as compared to negative control groups.

CONCLUSION

The overall results of this study demonstrate that the leaf latex of A. megalacantha possesses wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which can scientifically substantiate the traditional use of the plant as a wound healing agent.

Functional characterisation of bioactive peptide derived from terrestrial snail Cryptozona bistrialis and its wound-healing property in normal and diabetic-induced Wistar albino rats

A peptide might be an exciting biomaterial or template for the development of novel wound-healing agents. In this report, it was isolated from the terrestrial snail Cryptozona bistrialis by enzymatic digestion and was evaluated for its in vitro wound-healing activity in NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts cell line and in vivo wound-healing activity in normal and diabetic-induced Wistar albino rats. The C. bistrialis protein was digested by the papain enzyme, and 21.79 kDa peptide (Cb-peptide) was purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization)-TOF analysis. The isolated Cb-peptide was characterised by various analytical methods. The peptide demonstrated a capacity to prevent the development of pathogenic bacterial and fungal cultures and proved that it promotes significant wound-healing activity in the wound scratch assay method by rapid cell migration and closure of wound. Isolated Cb-peptide was lyophilised and formulated to ointment and analysed for in vivo wound-healing activity in normal and diabetic (alloxan monohydrate)-induced Wistar albino rats. Cb-peptide ointment-treated groups showed a greater degree of wound healing and early and complete period of epithelialisation in normal and diabetic-induced Wistar albino rats. Cb-peptide ointment-treated groups showed significant excision and incision wound-healing activity. A conclusion was reached that the peptide isolated from C. bistrialis showed greater wound-healing activity compared with vehicle control and standard control.

Linseed hydrogel-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial and wound-dressing applications

Polysaccharides are being extensively employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) having diverse morphology and applications. Herein, we present a novel and green synthesis of Ag NPs without using any physical reaction conditions. Linseed hydrogel (LSH) was used as a template to reduce Ag+ to Ag0. AgNO3 (10, 20, and 30 mmol) solutions were mixed with LSH suspension in deionized water and exposed to diffused sunlight. Reaction was monitored by noting the change in the color of reaction mixture up to 10 h. Ag NPs showed characteristic ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) absorptions from 410 to 437 nm in the case of sunlight and 397-410 nm in the case of temperature study. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed the formation of spherical Ag NPs in the range of 10-35 nm. Face-centered cubic array of Ag NPs was confirmed by characteristic diffraction peaks in powder X-ray diffraction spectrum. Ag NPs were stored in LSH thin films, and UV/Vis spectra recorded after 6 months indicated that Ag NPs retained their texture over the storage period. Significant antimicrobial activity was observed when microbial cultures (bacteria and fungi) were exposed to the synthesized Ag NPs. Wound-healing studies revealed that Ag NP-impregnated LSH thin films could have potential applications as an antimicrobial dressing in wound management procedures.

Wound healing potentials of Thevetia peruviana: Antioxidants and inflammatory markers criteria

Thevetia peruviana is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of external wounds, infected area, ring worms, tumours etc. in traditional system of medicine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the wound healing potentials of T. peruviana leaves hexane (LH) and fruit rind (FW) water extracts and to prove the folkloric claims. The antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials could be important strategies in defining potent wound healing drug. Based on these approaches the current study was designed using incision, excision and dead space wound models with the biochemical, antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory marker analysis. The fruit rind water extract showed highest WBS of 1133 ± 111.4 g. The extracts in excision model retrieved the excised wound i.e. complete healing of wound at day 14. The hydroxyproline content of FW and LH treated dry granuloma tissue was increased to 65.73 ± 3.2 mg/g and 53.66 ± 0.38 mg/g, accompanied by elevations of hexosamine and hexauronic acid with upregulation of GSH, catalase, SOD, peroxidase and the down regulation of the inflammatory marker (NO) and oxidative stress marker (LPO) in wet granulation tissue was documented. Conclusively, both the extracts showed enhanced WBS, rate of wound contraction, skin collagen tissue development, and early epithelisation. Therapeutic wound healing effect was further proven by reduced free radicals and inflammatory makers associated with enhanced antioxidants and connective tissue with histological evidence of more collagen formation. The present research could establish T. peruviana as potential source of effective wound healing drugs.

Glucuronoxylan-mediated silver nanoparticles: green synthesis, antimicrobial and wound healing applications

Hydrogel forming polysaccharides are attracting attention for the design of diverse nature silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with potential biological applications.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Chrozophora tinctoria as Wound Healing Potential in Diabetic Rat's Model

Objective. The study was designed to evaluate pharmacological potential of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Chrozophora tinctoria intended for wound healing in diabetic rats' model. Methods. The method used to evaluate the pharmacological potential of hydroalcoholic leave extract was physical incision rat model. In this model, cutting of the skin and/or other tissues with a sharp blade has been made and the rapid disruption of tissue integrity with minimal collateral damage was observed shortly. Animals used in the study were divided into four groups that consist of six animals in each group. Group I serves as normal control, Group II serves as disease control, Group III was used as standard treatment (Povidone iodine 50 mg/kg b.w.), and Group IV was used for test drug (C. tinctoria 50 mg/kg b.w.). Result. The hydroalcoholic leave extract of Chrozophora tinctoria has been significantly observed to heal the wound (98%) in diabetic rats within 21 days, while standard drug (Povidone iodine) healed the wound about 95% in the same condition. The oral dose (50 mg/kg b.w.) of Chrozophora tinctoria was also found to improve the elevated blood glucose level in comparison to disease control group, which increased after the oral administration of Streptozotocin. Conclusion. The Chrozophora tinctoria has significant wound healing potential in the animal having physically damaged tissue in diabetic condition.

Evaluation of wound healing property of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. is one of the important traditional folk medicinal plants in the treatment of skin diseases and wounds used by healers of Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state (India). However scientific validation of documented traditional knowledge related to medicinal plants is an important path in current scenario to fulfill the increasing demand of herbal medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study was carried out to evaluate the claimed uses of Caesalpinia mimosoides using antimicrobial, wound healing and antioxidant activities followed by detection of possible active bio-constituents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Extracts prepared by hot percolation method were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis followed by antimicrobial activity using MIC assay. In vivo wound healing activity was evaluated by circular excision and linear incision wound models. The extract with significant antimicrobial and wound healing activity was investigated for antioxidant capacity using DPPH, nitric oxide, antilipid peroxidation and total antioxidant activity methods. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, Swain and Hillis methods. Possible bio-active constituents were identified by GC-MS technique. RP-UFLC-DAD analysis was carried out to quantify ethyl gallate and gallic acid in the plant extract.

RESULTS

Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed positive results for ethanol and aqueous extracts for all the chemical constituents. The ethanol extract proved potent antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal skin pathogens compared to other extracts. The efficacy of topical application of potent ethanol extract and traditionally used aqueous extracts was evidenced by the complete re-epithelization of the epidermal layer with increased percentage of wound contraction in a shorter period. However, aqueous extract failed to perform a consistent effect in the histopathological assessment. Ethanol extract showed effective scavenging activity against DPPH and nitric oxide free radicals with an expressive amount of phenolic and moderate concentration of flavonoid contents. Ethyl gallate and gallic acid were found to be the probable bio-active compounds evidenced by GCMS and RP-UFLC-DAD analysis.

CONCLUSION

The study revealed the significant antimicrobial, wound healing and antioxidant activities of tender parts of C. mimosoides and proved the traditional folklore knowledge.

Dermal wound healing potency of single alkaloid (betaine) versus standardized crude alkaloid enriched-ointment of Evolvulus alsinoides

CONTEXT

Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (Convolvulaceae), well known as shankhpushpi in Ayurvedic text, is traditionally used for several healing purposes.

OBJECTIVE

A comparative evaluation of dermal wound healing potential of acidic and basic alkaloid enriched-ointment (AAO and BAO) of aerial parts of E. alsinoides versus pure alkaloid, betaine (BEO), was undertaken.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The effect of topical application (50 mg/animal/day) of AAO-1%, AAO-2%, BAO-1%, BAO-2%, BEO-0.5% and BEO-1% was assessed through excision (14 days) and incision (10 days) models on rats. The percentage wound contraction, total protein content, and breaking strengths were determined followed by histopathological studies.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The total alkaloid in acidic and basic alkaloid enriched fractions was found to be 0.1114 and 0.1134 μg/mL, respectively. Thus, 0.1528, 0.3056, 0.1380 and 0.2459 μg of total alkaloid were estimated to be present in AAO-1%, AAO-2%, BAO-1% and BAO-2%, respectively. AAO and BAO promoted wound healing activity significantly in both the models. Higher rate of wound contraction (p < 0.001) with significant increase in protein content in the treatment groups (from 2.32 to 2.55) demonstrated stimulation of cellular proliferation and epithelization, which was further supported by histopathological reports. High skin breaking strength (mean value 393 in control was increased to the range of 535-572 in treated groups) proved a significant (p < 0.001) wound healing potential of E. alsinoides. Early dermal and epidermal regeneration in drug-treated groups also confirmed the positive effect.

CONCLUSION

Observation of higher healing power of alkaloid enriched-ointment compared with single alkaloid ointment corroborated the synergy mechanism.

Antioxidant and hemolytic activities, and effects in rat cutaneous wound healing of a novel polysaccharide from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds

The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant and hemolytic activities as well as the in vivo wound healing performance of a novel polysaccharide (FWEP) extracted from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vivo and in vitro using various assays. Results showed that FWEP exhibited strong antioxidant activities but no hemolytic activity was observed towards bovine erythrocytes. The application of FWEP hydrogel on the wound site in a rat model enhanced significantly wound healing activity and accelerated the wound closure after 14days of wound induction. Histological examination also demonstrated fully re-epithelialized wound with a complete epidermal regeneration. Altogether, these evidences demonstrated that FWEP had strong wound healing potential presumably achieved through its antioxidant activities.

Globularia alypum methanolic extract improves burn wound healing process and inflammation in rats and possesses antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Burns are known as one of the most common and destructive forms of injury with a vast spectrum of consequences. Despite the discovery of various antibacterial and antiseptic agents, burn wound healing still has remained a challenge to modern medicine. Plants have been considered as potential agents for prevention and treatment of disorders in recent years. Globularia alypum L. (GA) is widely used in folk medicine against skin diseases and abscesses, however there is no scientific evidence justifying its use. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory effect, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as the chemical compositions of GA methanolic extract (GAME). Chemical compounds of GAME were examined by GC-MS. Wound healing effect was assessed by second-degree burn wounds in rats, anti-inflammatory activity was studied by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, antioxidant activity was estimated by the DPPH, reducing power and β-carotene tests and antimicrobial activity was tested against 6 bacteria. A total of 17 compounds were identified. GAME-treated rats showed an improvement in healing process and carrageenan-induced hind paws edema as assessed by histological and biochemical investigations, compared to the control. A significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities were also observed in GAME-treated rats. GAME revealed a burn wound healing activity probably due to the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of its phytochemical contents. Thus, this study confirms its traditional use, however further more precise studies are needed for future clinical application.

Evaluation of the wound healing efficacy of chemical and phytogenic silver nanoparticles

Wound healing requires a series of cellular events and a cascade of co-ordinated and systemic biochemical events. Silver nanoparticles possess many beneficial properties for wound management including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and pro-healing properties. In this study, the authors investigated the wound healing properties of Cinnamomum verum extract mediated nanosilver (CENS) particles in comparison with 1% povidone iodine, citrate mediate NS and CE treatments. The topical application of CENS showed good antibacterial activity and accelerated wound healing with complete epithelialisation and normal re-growth of hair in all three models of study: namely, excision, incision and dead space models in rats compared with all other treatments. CENS was also found to promote collagen synthesis, stabilise wound besides countering oxidative stress and stimulating cellular proliferation CENS could be a novel therapeutic agent for wound management.

Evaluation of wound healing activity of cow urine ark in diabetic Wistar albino rats

Aim:

To evaluate wound healing activity of cow urine ark in diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods:

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). Three groups - diabetic control, active control (glibenclamide), and treatment (cow urine ark) were operated for excision wounds (EWs). Rats in these groups received distilled water 1 ml/day, glibenclamide 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day, and cow urine ark 5.5 ml/kg body weight/day orally till complete healing of the EWs. EWs were evaluated for wound contraction on 3^rd, 7^th, and 11^th day and for reepithelization on 11^th day. The other three groups were operated for incision wounds (IW) as well as dead space wounds (DW) in the same animal which received the above agents orally for 11 days. IWs were analyzed for wound breaking strength and DWs were analyzed for dry weight, hydroxyproline content, and histology of granulation tissue.

Results:

EWs showed significantly increased wound closure in the treatment group as compared to the diabetic as well as active control groups at 3^rd (P < 0.001) and 11^th (P < 0.05) post-wounding day and to the only diabetic control group at 7^th (P < 0.01) post-wounding day. IWs showed significant improvement in wound breaking strength in the treatment as compared to diabetic (P < 0.001) and active control (P < 0.01) groups. DWs showed significant increase in hydroxyproline content of granulation tissue in the treatment as compared to diabetic control (P < 0.001) and active control (P < 0.001) groups. Wound breaking strength and hydroxyproline content also significantly increased in the active control group compared to diabetic control (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Granulation tissue dry weight was significantly increased in treatment and active control groups as compared to diabetic control (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Cow urine ark increases granulation tissue formation as well as collagen content. Wound contraction was also significantly improved. The cow urine ark could be potentially effective in promoting healing of diabetic wounds by increasing granulation tissue formation and collagen content, however, further studies are required for its clinical application.

Comparative efficacy of two polyherbal creams with framycetin sulfate on diabetic wound model in rats

Background

Diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic disorders that impede normal steps of wound healing process. Worldwide, 15% of the 200 million diabetics suffer from diabetic wounds. Diabetic complications, such as foot ulcer, impose major public health burdens worldwide.

Objective

The present study was carried out to evaluate comparative efficacy of polyherbal creams with framycetin sulfate cream on diabetic rats using incision and excision wound models.

Materials and methods

Alloxan (120 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) induced diabetic rat models (incision and excision models) were used to evaluate wound healing effect of cream A, B, and framycetin sulfate. Cream A and B were applied for a period of 10 and 20 days for incision and excision wound models, respectively. Incision wound model was used to assess the effect on breaking strength. Wound contraction and epithelialization period were measured using excision wound model. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test.

Results

Tensile strength of the animals treated with cream B (941.66 ± 15.36) was found to be significantly greater (P < 0.001) as compared to tensile strength of the animals treated with cream A (825 ± 22.36). Wound treated with cream B was found to heal significantly (P < 0.001) faster (day 17) as compared to wounds treated with framycetin sulfate (day 21).

Conclusions

Cream B was found to be more effective wound healing agent than cream A and framycetin sulfate cream in treating diabetic wounds.

Effects of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L (Malvaceae) on Wound Healing Activity: A Preclinical Study in a Sprague Dawley Rat

Hibiscus rosa sinensis (H rosa sinensis), a plant product, has been used for the treatment of a variety of diseases as well as to promote wound healing. The wound-healing activity of the ethanol extract of H rosa sinensis flower was determined in rats, using excision, incision, and dead space wound models and is presented in this report. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups of 6 each in all the models. Test group animals in each model were treated with the ethanol extract of H rosa sinensis orally by mixing in drinking water (120 mg kg— 1 day—1), and the control group animals were maintained with plain drinking water. Healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialization, tensile strength (skin breaking strength), granulation tissue weight, and hydroxyproline content. The antimicrobial activity of the flower extract against selected microorganisms that infect the wounds was also assessed. Animals treated with the extract exhibited an 86% reduction in the wound area compared with controls, who exhibited a 75% reduction. The extract-treated animals were found to epithelize their wounds significantly faster than controls (P < .002) and have shown significantly higher skin-breaking strength than controls (P < .002). The dry and wet weight of granulation tissue and hydroxyproline content were also increased significantly when compared with controls. The reported observations suggest H rosa sinensis aids wound healing in the rat model.

Exploring the role of curcumin containing ethanolic extract obtained from Curcuma longa (rhizomes) against retardation of wound healing process by aspirin

Aim:

The aim of the study was to assess the curcumin containing ethanolic extract (EtOH) obtained from Curcuma longa (Cl) against retardation of wound healing by aspirin.

Materials and Methods:

Wound healing process was retarded by administering the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight of aspirin orally for 9 days to observe the effect of EtOH obtained from Cl using excision and incision wound model in rats. The various parameters such as % wound contraction, epithelialization period, hydroxyproline, tensile strength were observed at variant time intervals and histopathological study was also performed.

Results:

Curcumin containing 5% and 10% ethanolic extract ointment have shown significant (P < 0.01) wound healing activity against an aspirin (administered 150 mg/kg body weight orally for 9 days) retarded wound healing process. Topical application of ointment showed significant (P < 0.01) difference as compared to the control group. Histopathological studies also showed healing of the epidermis, increased collagen, fibroblasts and blood vessels.

Conclusion:

Ethanolic extract of Cl ointment (EtOHCl) containing 10% curcumin displayed remarkable healing process against wound retardation by aspirin.

Cyclic β-(1→3) (1→6) glucan/carrageenan hydrogels for wound healing applications

In the present study, cyclic β-(1→3) (1→6)glucan/carrageenan hydrogels (CBG/Car) were prepared and theirin vivowound healing potential in rats and their ability to encapsulate a hydrophobic drug, ciprofloxacin, were studied.

Microstructure, rheological and wound healing properties of collagen-based gel from cuttlefish skin

Collagen-based biomaterials are of the utmost importance for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The aims of the present investigation were to evaluate structural and rheological properties of collagen-based gel obtained from cuttlefish skin, and to investigate its ability to enhance wound healing. Scanning electron microscopy of resulted gel showed a dense fibrillar microstructure with high interconnection network with a smaller pore size. In addition, the rheological characterization of collagen gel showed an excellent reversibility, when subjected to a temperature variation. Moreover, in the wound-healing study, topical application of collagen based gel increased significantly the percentage of wound closure over a period of 12 days, when compared to the untreated and CICAFLORA(®)-treated groups. Wound-healing activity of collagen gel was confirmed by histopathology study. Thus, cuttlefish collagen based gel might be useful as a wound healing agent.

Rhelogical, dermal wound healing and in vitro antioxidant properties of exopolysaccharide hydrogel from Pseudomonas stutzeri AS22

The in vitro antioxidant activity and the in vivo wound healing performance of the exopolysaccharide EPS22, produced by Pseudomonas stutzeri AS22, were investigated. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by three different tests. The scavenging effect on DPPH radicals at a concentration of 1mg/ml was 80±1.41%. The reducing power reached a maximum of 1.26±0.02 at 2 mg/ml. Moreover, EPS22 showed good chelating ability and chelated almost 88.5±0.7% of ferrous ions at 0.75 mg/ml. The rheological characterization of EPS22 gel (0.5%) showed a pseudoplastic behavior, high elasticity, good mechanical strength and stability with high water-absorption ability. The application of the EPS22 gel on dermal full-thickness excision wounds in a rat model every two days, enhanced significantly wound healing activity and a total closure was achieved after 12 days of wound induction. Further, histological examination of biopsies showed advanced tissue regeneration, characterized by the presence of well-organized stratum of both derma and epidermis.

Wound healing and antibacterial properties of methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea Juss in rats

BACKGROUND

Wound healing is a natural process that enables tissue repair after an injury. To shorten its duration and minimize associated complications, wounds are treated with medications. Currently there is a growing interest in the use of alternative wound dressing agents such as plant extracts. One plant used traditionally in wound treatment is Pupalia lappacea. In view of its use in wound care, we investigated the wound healing activities of 80% methanolic leave extract of Pupalia lappacea using excision, incision and dead space wound models. Also its effects on three common wound contaminants were investigated.

METHODS

Excision wounds were created, contaminated with microbes and treated with ointments (10% and 20% w/w) prepared from Pupalia lappacea. Incision and dead space wounds were also created in rats which were subsequently dosed orally with the extract. The wound healing activities of Pupalia lappacea ointment on excision wound was assessed by rates of wound contraction and epithelialization as well as its antibacterial effects. The effects of Pupalia lappacea on incision and dead-space wounds were determined by the wound breaking strengths and weights of the granuloma tissues formed, respectively.

RESULTS

Pupalia. lappacea ointments significantly (p<0.05) accelerated wound healing with 20% ointment having the highest percentage wound contraction and rate of epithelialization. At 4, 7 and 14 days post treatment, mean total viable bacterial count of excision wounds of the extract treated groups were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared against the control. Wound breaking strengths and weights of granuloma tissues formed in the extract treated groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the control group. The minimum inhibitory concentration values obtained for the Pupalia lappacea extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were 9 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml, respectively, while the corresponding minimum bactericidal concentrations were 10 mg/ml, 8 mg/ml and 7 mg/ml.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained showed that Pupalia. lappacea has good wound healing and antibacterial activities. These findings validate the use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of wounds.

Pharmacological studies on Buchanania lanzan Spreng.- a focus on wound healing with particular reference to anti-biofilm properties

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the wound healing activity of the methanolic root extract of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (B. lanzan), with a focus on antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties.

METHODS

The extract was evaluated for its wound healing properties (excision and incision models) as evident from the analysis of tensile strength and wound contraction. The extract was also screened for antibacterial properties against different Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. B. lanzan was also studied for its effect on biofilm formation and disruption of preformed biofilms. The synergistic effect of B. lanzan was determined in combination with gentamicin.

RESULTS

Topical application of B. lanzan (10% w/w ointment) significantly increased (40.84%) the tensile strength in the incision wound model. B. lanzan also showed significant wound healing activity in excision model and such significant activity was observed from the 9th day. Whereas Soframycin displayed significant wound healing activity from the 6th day. It was found that root extracts of B. lanzan revealed significant inhibition against all tested pathogens. B. lanzan displayed antimicrobial activity against Gram positive (MIC 0.625 mg/mL) and Gram negative (MIC 0.625-1.25 mg/mL). B. lanzan was able to reduce biofilm formation and also caused disruption of preformed biofilms in a manner similar to ciprofloxacin. However, gentamicin was found to be ineffective against biofilms formed by Gram negative organism. According to the fractional inhibitory concentration index, B. lanzan displayed synergistic activity when it was combined with gentamicin.

CONCLUSIONS

From this study it may be concluded that the root extract of B. lanzan revealed significant wound healing potential, which was supported and well correlated with pronounced antibacterial activity of the tested plant parts.

New guar biopolymer silver nanocomposites for wound healing applications

Wound healing is an innate physiological response that helps restore cellular and anatomic continuity of a tissue. Selective biodegradable and biocompatible polymer materials have provided useful scaffolds for wound healing and assisted cellular messaging. In the present study, guar gum, a polymeric galactomannan, was intrinsically modified to a new cationic biopolymer guar gum alkylamine (GGAA) for wound healing applications. Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Agnp) were further impregnated in GGAA for extended evaluations in punch wound models in rodents. SEM studies showed silver nanoparticles well dispersed in the new guar matrix with a particle size of ~18 nm. In wound healing experiments, faster healing and improved cosmetic appearance were observed in the new nanobiomaterial treated group compared to commercially available silver alginate cream. The total protein, DNA, and hydroxyproline contents of the wound tissues were also significantly higher in the treated group as compared with the silver alginate cream (P < 0.05). Silver nanoparticles exerted positive effects because of their antimicrobial properties. The nanobiomaterial was observed to promote wound closure by inducing proliferation and migration of the keratinocytes at the wound site. The derivatized guar gum matrix additionally provided a hydrated surface necessary for cell proliferation.

An evaluation of the effects of nonselective and cardioselective β-blockers on wound healing in Sprague Dawley rats

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of a nonselective β-blocker (propranolol) and cardioselective β-blocker (metoprolol) on wound healing in rats using incision and excision wound models and to compare the effect of these drugs on wound healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Propranolol and metoprolol were given orally. Sprague Dawley rats of either sex were used. Incision and excision wound models were used to evaluate the wound-healing activity. Effects of metoprolol and propranolol on tensile strength, period of epithelialization, and hydroxyproline content were observed. Histological analysis was done to see collagen deposition and inflammatory infiltrate.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED

The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe's test. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 15.0.

RESULTS

Administration of propranolol or metoprolol was shown to decrease tensile strength, delay wound contraction and re-epithelialization, increase inflammatory infiltrate, and reduce collagen density and hydroxyproline levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that nonselective and cardioselective β-blockers delay wound healing and these effects are mediated by β1-receptors.

Embelin accelerates cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats

This study reports the effect of embelin (1) on cutaneous wound in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The effect was studied using excision, incision, and dead space models. In diabetic rats, topical application of embelin 5% (w/w) ointment showed a significant increase in wound contraction and better epithelialization, thereby facilitating the healing. Embelin was also active by the oral route (25 and 50 mg/kg) in the incision and dead space wound models. In incision wound model, wound granulation tissues were removed on 8th post-wounding day, and the hydroxyproline, hexosamine, total protein, and DNA contents were determined. In STZ diabetic rats, topical and oral applications of embelin showed an increase in hydroxyproline, hexosamine, total protein, and DNA contents. It also showed a significant increase in wound breaking strength. Embelin significantly increased granuloma tissue weight and breaking strength in dead space model. These results indicated that embelin accelerated wound healing in diabetic rat.

Wound-healing activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ficus benghalensis

Wound healing is the process of repair that follows injury to the skin and other soft tissues. Following injury, an inflammatory response occurs and the cells below the dermis (the deepest skin layer) begin to increase collagen (connective tissue) production. Later, the epithelial tissue (the outer skin) is regenerated. There are three stages to the process of wound healing: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Traditionally, Ficus benghalensis is used for wound healing. Since no detailed scientific data are available regarding the wound-healing activity of F. benghalensis, the present study was designed to explore the same. The wound-healing efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of F. benghalensis was evaluated in excision and incision wound models. The parameters studied include rate of wound contraction, period of complete epithelialization, and tensile strength of incision wound. Student's t test was used to analyze the results obtained from the present study and P<0.05 was considered significant. Both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of F. benghalensis were found to possess significant wound-healing activity, which was evidenced by decrease in the period of epithelialization, increase in the rate of wound contraction and skin-breaking strength. The present study has demonstrated that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of F. benghalensis have properties that render them capable of promoting accelerated wound-healing activity compared with placebo control.

Evaluation of in vivo wound healing activity of methanol extract of Achyranthes aspera L

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The leaves of Achyranthes aspera L. (Amarenthacea) has been used traditionally for the treatment of wound in various parts of Ethiopia. However, the plant has not been explored scientifically for its wound healing activity. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the wound healing activity of methanol extract of Achyranthes aspera L. leaves in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Incision and excision wounds were inflicted on albino rats of either sex, under diethyl ether anesthesia. Group I served as positive control and was treated with 1% silver sulphadiazine, group II, III, IV treated with simple ointment containing 2.5%, 5% and 10% (w/w) methanol extract of the leaves of Achyranthes aspera L., respectively, whereas group V served as negative control and was treated with simple ointment. All the animals were treated topically once a day. Wound healing potential was assessed with excision and incision wound model. Excision wound model was used to assess the change in percentage contraction of wound, epithelization time, DNA content and histological features whereas rats inflicted with the incision wounds were used to determine breaking strength.

RESULTS

Based on the results of percentage wound contraction, the DNA content and epithelization time, all groups of rats treated with methanol extract of the leaves of Achyranthes aspera L. showed significant (p<0.05) wound healing activity compared to group of rats treated with simple ointment (negative control) group. The difference in breaking strength was, however, significant (p<0.05) only for the 5% and 10% methanol extract of Achyranthes aspera (w/w) ointment treated groups. Histological evaluation showed well organized epidermal layer, increased number of fibrocytes, remarkable degree of neovascularization and epithelization which was comparable to the standard on the 21st day after treatment; especially in the 5% and 10% (w/w) extract treated group.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use of the leaf extracts of Achyranthes aspera L. in the treatment of wound.