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Borgogna NC, Way BM, Kraus SW. Multicultural Considerations for the Psychometrics of the Brief Pornography Screen. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:318-327. [PMID: 38457648 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Problematic pornography use (PPU) is a burgeoning area of clinical interest. The Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) is a new PPU measure. The BPS has not been psychometrically studied within specific race/cultural groups. We sought to broaden the PPU literature by examining the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) fit, measurement invariance, and structural invariance of the BPS across eight identity groups. Participants came from a survey administered at three U.S. universities. In total, n = 2,475 participants were analyzed, with the following identity group breakdowns: Asian American/Pacific Islander (AAPI) male = 268, AAPI female = 303, Black male = 101, Black female = 189, Latin male = 208, Latin female = 372, White male = 432, and White female = 602. BPS CFA fit was good across all groups. Measurement invariance analyses suggested metric, but not scalar invariance across all groups. We then split participants by sex assignment, full residual invariance was evident across groups for male participants and partial residual invariance was evident for female participants. Structural invariance analyses indicated anxiety as a weak positive BPS correlate in AAPI, Latin, and White male participants (β's = 0.25-0.27), but not meaningfully related in the other groups. Pornography viewing frequency was positively correlated with BPS scores across most groups with a wide range (β's = 0.29-0.52), except for Black male participants (β = 0.15). Our results suggest that the BPS is an appropriate PPU measure across the tested identity groups. While between-group measurement is relatively accurate within sex assignment groups, correlates differed in strength, meaning different variables likely predict PPU for different groups of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Borgogna
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Bailey M Way
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Reed LI, Cooke L, Kasaba I, Harrison E, Hooley JM. Narcissistic and dependent traits and behavior in four archetypal 2-person, 2-choice games. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1275403. [PMID: 38260799 PMCID: PMC10800654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1275403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The characteristic behaviors we use to define personality pathology arise from specific interpersonal interactions. In an effort to create a laboratory-based context in which behavior might be expected to be influenced by particular personality traits, we used four 2-person, 2-choice games (the Prisoner's Dilemma, Chicken, Leader, and Hero games) to create a simulated interaction and focused specifically on narcissism and dependency. Method An online sample of 1137 (35% male, M age = 38.46 years, SD age = 13.20) participants completed brief, self-reported measures of trait narcissism and dependency and played one of the four games. Before deciding how to act or react, participants received either no message, a promise to cooperate, or a threat to defect from a (confederate) partner. Results When receiving no message, those who cooperated in the Prisoner's Dilemma had lower trait narcissism, while those who defected in the Chicken and Leader games had higher trait narcissism. Also with no message, participants who cooperated in the Hero game had higher trait dependency. Promises only affected the relationship between trait narcissism in the Leader game while threats only affected the relationship between trait dependency in the Chicken game. Discussion These findings add to the limited behavioral research on personality pathology and largely support established interpersonal conceptualizations and models. Future work might extend these findings using even more ecologically valid approaches to explore the behavioral correlates of personality traits that have important implications for interpersonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Ian Reed
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lily Cooke
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Isabella Kasaba
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eleanor Harrison
- Department of Psychology, La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jill M Hooley
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Grigoraș M, Butucescu A, Miulescu A, Opariuc-Dan C, Iliescu D. The Measurement Invariance of the Short Dark Triad. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Given the fact that most of the dark personality measures are developed based on data collected in low-stake settings, the present study addresses the appropriateness of their use in high-stake contexts. Specifically, we examined item- and scale-level differential functioning of the Short Dark Triad (SD3; Paulhus & Jones, 2011 ) measure across testing contexts. The Short Dark Triad was administered to applicant ( N = 457) and non-applicant ( N = 592) samples. Item- and scale-level invariances were tested using an Item Response Theory (IRT)-based approach and a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach, respectively. Results show that more than half of the SD3 items were flagged for Differential Item Functioning (DIF), and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) results supported configural, but not metric invariance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cristian Opariuc-Dan
- Department of Administration Science, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Romania
| | - Dragoș Iliescu
- Department of Psychology, University of Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to give an overview on the current literature on sex differences in personality disorders and to highlight the potential of dimensional approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Empirical findings on sex differences in personality disorders are inconsistent and appear to be highly dependent on study settings. Current studies have mainly focused on borderline and antisocial personality disorder and the question whether these are sex-specific representations of a common substrate. In general, sexes differ in the manifestation of personality disorders as well as in comorbidities. Criticism of the established categorical model led to an additional dimensional model of personality disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Investigations on sex differences in personality disorders are sparse and mainly limited to antisocial and borderline personality disorder. The introduction of a dimensional model offers the chance to re-think the construct of "personality disorder" and thereby also opens the possibility for a better understanding of sex differences.
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Hoertel N, Peyre H, Lavaud P, Blanco C, Guerin-Langlois C, René M, Schuster JP, Lemogne C, Delorme R, Limosin F. Examining sex differences in DSM-IV-TR narcissistic personality disorder symptom expression using Item Response Theory (IRT). Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:500-507. [PMID: 29291575 PMCID: PMC6002876 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The limited published literature on the subject suggests that there may be differences in how females and males experience narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) symptoms. The aim of this study was to use methods based on item response theory to examine whether, when equating for levels of NPD symptom severity, there are sex differences in the likelihood of reporting DSM-IV-TR NPD symptoms. We conducted these analyses using a large, nationally representative sample from the USA (n=34,653), the second wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). There were statistically and clinically significant sex differences for 2 out of the 9 DSM-IV-TR NPD symptoms. We found that males were more likely to endorse the item 'lack of empathy' at lower levels of narcissistic personality disorder severity than females. The item 'being envious' was a better indicator of NPD severity in males than in females. There were no clinically significant sex differences on the remaining NPD symptoms. Overall, our findings indicate substantial sex differences in narcissistic personality disorder symptom expression. Although our results may reflect sex-bias in diagnostic criteria, they are consistent with recent views suggesting that narcissistic personality disorder may be underpinned by shared and sex-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hoertel
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Western Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; INSERM UMR 894, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Hugo Peyre
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France; Cognitive Sciences and Psycholinguistic Laboratory, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lavaud
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Western Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Carlos Blanco
- Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, ML, USA
| | - Christophe Guerin-Langlois
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Western Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Margaux René
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Western Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Schuster
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Western Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Lemogne
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Western Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; INSERM UMR 894, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Limosin
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Western Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; INSERM UMR 894, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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McArtor DB, Lubke GH, Bergeman CS. Extending multivariate distance matrix regression with an effect size measure and the asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic. PSYCHOMETRIKA 2017; 82:1052-1077. [PMID: 27738957 PMCID: PMC5624863 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-016-9527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Person-centered methods are useful for studying individual differences in terms of (dis)similarities between response profiles on multivariate outcomes. Multivariate distance matrix regression (MDMR) tests the significance of associations of response profile (dis)similarities and a set of predictors using permutation tests. This paper extends MDMR by deriving and empirically validating the asymptotic null distribution of its test statistic, and by proposing an effect size for individual outcome variables, which is shown to recover true associations. These extensions alleviate the computational burden of permutation tests currently used in MDMR and render more informative results, thus making MDMR accessible to new research domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B McArtor
- University of Notre Dame, 118 Haggar Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556 , USA.
| | - Gitta H Lubke
- University of Notre Dame, 118 Haggar Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556 , USA
- VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C S Bergeman
- University of Notre Dame, 118 Haggar Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556 , USA
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Zuo S, Wang F, Xu Y, Wang F, Zhao X. The fragile but bright facet in the Dark Gem: Narcissism positively predicts personal morality when individual's self-esteem is at low level. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Crome E, Baillie A. Social anxiety disorder diagnostic criteria perform equally across age, comorbid diagnosis, and performance/interaction subtypes. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2014; 28:179-91. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2014.930445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Roepke S, Vater A. Narcissistic personality disorder: an integrative review of recent empirical data and current definitions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2014; 16:445. [PMID: 24633939 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although concepts of pathological narcissism are as old as psychology and psychiatry itself, only a small number of clinical studies are based on the criteria for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of Mental Disorders (DSM). As a result, NPD appears to be one of the most controversially discussed nosological entities in psychiatry. Whereas the majority of empirical studies used self or other ratings of NPD criteria to address issues of reliability and validity of the diagnostic category (i.e., internal consistency, factor structure, discriminant validity), only recent research has applied experimental designs to investigate specific features of NPD (e.g., self-esteem, empathy, shame). The aim of this review is to summarize available empirical data on NPD and relate these findings to current definitions of NPD (according to the DSM-5, [1]). In order to do so, this review follows the five steps to establishing diagnostic validity proposed by Robins and Guze [2], i.e., (1) clinical description, (2) laboratory studies, (3) delimitation from other disorders, (4) family studies, and (5) follow up studies. Finally, this review suggests pathways for future research that may assist further nosological evaluation of NPD and contribute to the overall goal, the improvement of treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Roepke
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050, Berlin, Germany,
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Aggen SH, Kendler KS, Kubarych TS, Neale MC. Differential age and sex effects in the assessment of major depression: a population-based twin item analysis of the DSM criteria. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 14:524-38. [PMID: 22506308 DOI: 10.1375/twin.14.6.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A twin item factor analytic model was developed to test for the presence of noninvariant age, sex, and age by sex interaction effects on the individual DSM-III-R criteria for major depression (MD). Based on 1-year reports, six of the nine MD criteria and duration requirement were found to have covariate factor loading and/or threshold effects that significantly deviated from their corresponding factor level expectations. A significant age effect was found for the binary duration variable factor loading. The 'loss of interest', 'weight problems' and 'psychomotor problems' criteria all displayed forms of threshold only effects. 'Depressed mood', 'fatigue', and 'feeling worthless' had more complex patterns that included both factor loading and threshold effects. A significant factor age by sex interaction effect indicating an increasing female mean difference with age was found to be largely associated with the presence of differential threshold covariate effects. Disagreement between estimated factor scores and DSM-derived affected vs. unaffected classification was approximately 1.3%. Status on the duration requirement was found to be the one feature common to all discrepancies. The MD criteria set provided maximum information for calibrating MD factor scores in the scale region where discrepancies occurred. The dimensional modeling results are discussed in the broader context of epidemiological research and clinical assessment of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA.
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Abdellaoui A, de Moor MHM, Geels LM, van Beek JHDA, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI. Thought problems from adolescence to adulthood: measurement invariance and longitudinal heritability. Behav Genet 2012; 42:19-29. [PMID: 21688041 PMCID: PMC3253273 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-011-9478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the longitudinal heritability in Thought Problems (TP) as measured with ten items from the Adult Self Report (ASR). There were ~9,000 twins, ~2,000 siblings and ~3,000 additional family members who participated in the study and who are registered at the Netherlands Twin Register. First an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the underlying factor structure of the TP-scale. Then the TP-scale was tested for measurement invariance (MI) across age and sex. Next, genetic and environmental influences were modeled on the longitudinal development of TP across three age groups (12-18, 19-27 and 28-59 year olds) based on the twin and sibling relationships in the data. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a one-factor solution, and MI analyses indicated that the same TP-construct is assessed across age and sex. Two additive genetic components influenced TP across age: the first influencing TP throughout all age groups, while the second arises during young adulthood and stays significant throughout adulthood. The additive genetic components explained 37% of the variation across all age groups. The remaining variance (63%) was explained by unique environmental influences. The longitudinal phenotypic correlation between these age groups was entirely explained by the additive genetic components. We conclude that the TP-scale measures a single underlying construct across sex and different ages. These symptoms are significantly influenced by additive genetic factors from adolescence to late adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Abdellaoui
- VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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