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Ferreira-Silva M, Faria-Silva C, Viana Baptista P, Fernandes E, Ramos Fernandes A, Corvo ML. Liposomal Nanosystems in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040454. [PMID: 33801603 PMCID: PMC8065723 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints and results in reduced patient quality of life due to its chronic nature and several comorbidities. RA is also associated with a high socioeconomic burden. Currently, several available therapies minimize symptoms and prevent disease progression. However, more effective treatments are needed due to current therapies' severe side-effects, especially under long-term use. Drug delivery systems have demonstrated their clinical importance-with several nanocarriers present in the market-due to their capacity to improve therapeutic drug index, for instance, by enabling passive or active targeting. The first to achieve market authorization were liposomes that still represent a considerable part of approved delivery systems. In this manuscript, we review the role of liposomes in RA treatment, address preclinical studies and clinical trials, and discuss factors that could hamper a successful clinical translation. We also suggest some alterations that could potentially improve their progression to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Ferreira-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.F.-S.); (C.F.-S.)
| | - Catarina Faria-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.F.-S.); (C.F.-S.)
| | - Pedro Viana Baptista
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV, REQUIMTE), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Alexandra Ramos Fernandes
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.R.F.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Maria Luísa Corvo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.F.-S.); (C.F.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.F.); (M.L.C.)
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Mohanty S, Panda S, Bhanja A, Pal A, Chandra SS. Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Approach to Better Patient Compliance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in science and technology radically changed the way we detect, treat and prevent different diseases in all aspects of human life. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, progressive, autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system whose major role is to protect the health by attacking foreign bacteria and viruses are mistakenly, attacking the joints resulting in thickened synovium, pannus formation, & destruction of bone, cartilage. Still now researchers are unable to know the exact cause of this disease. However, it is believed that genes and environmental factors play a role in development of RA. In this review, we discuss the Pathophysiology, predictors, & factors involved in pathogenesis of RA. We also discuss the Conventional therapeutic agents for Rheumatoid Arthritis. More importantly, we extensively discuss the emerging novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) like nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, microspheres, liposomes, and so on as these are the promising tools having successful applications in overcoming the limitations associated with conventional drug delivery systems. Although several NDDS have been used for various purposes, liposomes have been focused on due to its potential applications in RA diagnosis and therapy. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic effectiveness and challenges for RA by using these novel drug delivery systems. Finally, we conclude by discussing the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Mohanty
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sthitapragnya Panda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Aslesha Bhanja
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhisek Pal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Si Sudam Chandra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Engdahl C, Bang H, Dietel K, Lang SC, Harre U, Schett G. Periarticular Bone Loss in Arthritis Is Induced by Autoantibodies Against Citrullinated Vimentin. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1681-1691. [PMID: 28425620 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periarticular bone loss is a long known but yet insufficiently understood phenomenon in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This study investigated whether autoimmunity against citrullinated proteins is causally involved in triggering periarticular bone loss. Periarticular bone loss was studied in the standard antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) mouse model with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) as well as a modified model with mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) alone or in combination with mBSA. Periarticular bone loss, subchondral osteoclastogenesis, as well as local expression of cytokines, osteoclast genes, and peptidyl-arginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes were assessed after arthritis induction. Immune cell and osteoclast precursor infiltration were detected in the periarticular bone marrow and local lymph nodes. In addition, periarticular bone loss was assessed upon challenge of mice with purified anti-MCV antibody. Despite inducing a milder form of arthritis than mBSA, MCV triggered significant periarticular bone loss associated with an increased infiltration of osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts in the periarticular bone marrow. MCV enhanced the expression of the osteoclast inducers RANKL and M-CSF, the cytokines IL-8, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes in the periarticular bone marrow. Furthermore, also anti-MCV antibody challenge induced significant periarticular bone loss and local osteoclastogenesis in the mice. Autoimmunity against citrullinated vimentin triggers periarticular bone loss by osteoclast activation in the bone marrow. These findings may explain why periarticular bone loss is already found very early in the disease course of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Engdahl
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Dietel
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie C Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Harre
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Oelzner P, Petrow PK, Wolf G, Bräuer R. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents bone loss of the secondary spongiosa in arthritic rats by an increase of bone formation and mineralization and inhibition of bone resorption. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:345. [PMID: 25315028 PMCID: PMC4210592 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Active vitamin D metabolites have been shown to have protective effects in experimental arthritis especially when used as preventive treatment. However, because the direct effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH) 2D3) on bone formation and resorption are very complex, the net effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on histomorphometric parameters of bone turnover and mineralisation should be investigated. Therefore, we examined the influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 therapy on arthritis-induced alterations of periarticular and axial bone as well as disease activity, inflammation and joint destruction in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) of the rat. Methods AIA was induced in 20 eight-week-old female Wistar rats. 10 rats without arthritis were used as healthy controls. AIA rats received 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.2 μg/kg/day, i.p., n = 10) or vehicle (n = 10) at regular intervals for 28 consecutive days beginning 3 days before arthritis induction. Bone structure of the secondary spongiosa of the periarticular and axial bone was analyzed using histomorphometry. Parameters of mineralization were investigated using tetracycline labelling. Clinical disease activity, inflammation and joint destruction were measured by joint swelling and histological investigation, respectively. Results AIA led to significant periarticular bone loss. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment resulted in a highly significant increase in trabecular bone volume and bone formation rate in comparison to both vehicle-treated AIA and healthy controls at periarticular (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) and axial bone (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, bone resorption was reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3 at the axial bone (p < 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated AIA). Joint swelling as well as histological signs of inflammation and joint destruction were not influenced by 1,25(OH)2D3. Conclusions The results of the study indicate a marked osteoanabolic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 presumably due to a substantial increase in mineralization. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 may be an effective osteoanabolic treatment principle to antagonize the inflammation-associated suppression of bone formation in rheumatoid arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-345) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oelzner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07740 Jena, Germany.
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Engdahl C, Lindholm C, Stubelius A, Ohlsson C, Carlsten H, Lagerquist MK. Periarticular bone loss in antigen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:2857-65. [PMID: 23918694 PMCID: PMC4033533 DOI: 10.1002/art.38114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Bone loss in arthritis is a complex process characterized by bone erosions and periarticular and generalized bone loss. The antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) model is mainly used to study synovitis and joint destruction, including bone erosions; however, periarticular bone loss has been less extensively investigated. The objectives of this study were to characterize and establish AIA as a model for periarticular bone loss, and to determine the importance of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX-2)–derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periarticular bone loss. Methods Arthritis was induced in mice by local injection of antigen in one knee; the other knee was used as a nonarthritis control. At study termination, the knees were collected for histologic assessment. Periarticular bone mineral density (BMD) was investigated by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Flow cytometric analyses were performed using synovial and bone marrow cells. Results AIA resulted in decreased periarticular trabecular BMD and increased frequencies of preosteoclasts, neutrophils, and monocytes in the arthritic synovial tissue. Arthritis induction resulted in an increased capability to produce ROS. However, induction of arthritis in Ncf1*/* mice, which lack NOX-2–derived ROS, and control mice resulted in similar reductions in periarticular trabecular BMD. Conclusion The initiation of AIA resulted in periarticular bone loss associated with local effects on inflammatory cells and osteoclasts. Furthermore, based on our observations using this model, we conclude that NOX-2–derived ROS production is not essential for inflammation-mediated periarticular bone loss. Thus, AIA can be used as a model to investigate the pathogenesis of local inflammation–mediated bone loss.
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Oelzner P, Fleissner-Richter S, Bräuer R, Hein G, Wolf G, Neumann T. Combination therapy with dexamethasone and osteoprotegerin protects against arthritis-induced bone alterations in antigen-induced arthritis of the rat. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:731-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Roth A, Mollenhauer J, Wagner A, Fuhrmann R, Straub A, Venbrocks RA, Petrow P, Bräuer R, Schubert H, Ozegowski J, Peschel G, Müller PJ, Kinne RW. Intra-articular injections of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid have biphasic effects on joint inflammation and destruction in rat antigen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R677-86. [PMID: 15899053 PMCID: PMC1174961 DOI: 10.1186/ar1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the potential use of hyaluronic acid (HA) as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid arthritis, the anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects of HA were analysed in experimental rat antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Lewis rats with AIA were subjected to short-term (days 1 and 8, n = 10) or long-term (days 1, 8, 15 and 22, n = 10) intra-articular treatment with microbially manufactured, high-molecular-weight HA (molecular weight, 1.7 × 106 Da; 0.5 mg/dose). In both tests, 10 buffer-treated AIA rats served as arthritic controls and six healthy animals served as normal controls. Arthritis was monitored by weekly assessment of joint swelling and histological evaluation in the short-term test (day 8) and in the long-term test (day 29). Safranin O staining was employed to detect proteoglycan loss from the epiphyseal growth plate and the articular cartilage of the arthritic knee joint. Serum levels of IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha and glycosaminoglycans were measured by ELISA/kit systems (days 8 and 29). HA treatment did not significantly influence AIA in the short-term test (days 1 and 8) but did suppress early chronic AIA (day 15, P < 0.05); however, HA treatment tended to aggravate chronic AIA in the long-term test (day 29). HA completely prevented proteoglycan loss from the epiphyseal growth plate and articular cartilage on day 8, but induced proteoglycan loss from the epiphyseal growth plate on day 29. Similarly, HA inhibited the histological signs of acute inflammation and cartilage damage in the short-term test, but augmented acute and chronic inflammation as well as cartilage damage in the long-term test. Serum levels of IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and glycosaminoglycans were not influenced by HA. Local therapeutic effects of HA in AIA are clearly biphasic, with inhibition of inflammation and cartilage damage in the early chronic phase but with promotion of joint swelling, inflammation and cartilage damage in the late chronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Roth
- Department of Orthopaedics, 'Rudolf-Elle' Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Mollenhauer
- Department of Orthopaedics, 'Rudolf-Elle' Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Eisenberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College Head, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Department of Orthopaedics, 'Rudolf-Elle' Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Reneè Fuhrmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, 'Rudolf-Elle' Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Straub
- Department of Orthopaedics, 'Rudolf-Elle' Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Venbrocks
- Department of Orthopaedics, 'Rudolf-Elle' Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Peter Petrow
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Bräuer
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Harald Schubert
- Institute of Animal Studies, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Ozegowski
- Institute of Biochemistry 2, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Gundela Peschel
- Hans Knoell Institute for Natural Products Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter J Müller
- Hans Knoell Institute for Natural Products Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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Akiyama T, Mori S, Mashiba T, Miyamoto K, Komatsubara S, Cao Y, Manabe T, Norimatsu H, Dobashi H, Tokuda M. Incadronate disodium inhibits joint destruction and periarticular bone loss only in the early phase of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Bone Miner Metab 2005; 23:295-301. [PMID: 15981025 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-004-0602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Destruction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone loss in the affected joints of rat adjuvant arthritis have never been quantified histologically. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incadronate disodium on joint destruction and periarticular bone loss, using histomorphometric measurements. Seven-week-old female Lewis rats were injected with 0.1 mg of heat-killed Mycobacterium butyricum into the tail base. Immediately after sensitization, vehicle, or incadronate at 10 or 100 microg/kg per day, was administered subcutaneously, three times per week. Hind-paw volume was measured weekly and the animals were killed at 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks after sensitization. After taking X-rays, decalcified sagittal sections of the ankle joint were prepared and stained with toluidine blue and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase. Articular cartilage destruction and subchondral bone loss were evaluated histomorphometrically. At 2 weeks after sensitization, no radiographic or histologic changes were observed. However, at 4 weeks, severe articular cartilage destruction and subchondral bone loss were found in the arthritic control group, while these changes were inhibited dose-dependently by incadronate treatment. At 6 and 10 weeks, both the destructive changes and the bone loss had further progressed, and they were not inhibited by incadronate treatment. Incadronate dose-dependently inhibited articular cartilage destruction and subchondral bone loss at 4 weeks after sensitization in this adjuvant arthritis model. However, the suppressive effects of incadronate did not continue until 6 and 10 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Akiyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Kinne RW, Bräuer R, Stuhlmüller B, Palombo-Kinne E, Burmester GR. Macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2000; 2:189-202. [PMID: 11094428 PMCID: PMC130001 DOI: 10.1186/ar86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2000] [Revised: 02/16/2000] [Accepted: 03/17/2000] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The abundance and activation of macrophages in the inflamed synovial membrane/pannus significantly correlates with the severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although unlikely to be the 'initiators' of RA (if not as antigen-presenting cells in early disease), macrophages possess widespread pro-inflammatory, destructive, and remodeling capabilities that can critically contribute to acute and chronic disease. Also, activation of the monocytic lineage is not locally restricted, but extends to systemic parts of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Thus, selective counteraction of macrophage activation remains an efficacious approach to diminish local and systemic inflammation, as well as to prevent irreversible joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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