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Batarchuk V, Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Kovacs AH, Hodgson A, Rodriguez K, Aldossary R, Talwar T, Hasselbrink C, Ruset IC, DeBoef B, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (HyperCEST) Molecular Imaging: Achievements and Future Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1939. [PMID: 38339217 PMCID: PMC10856220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging field that is set to revolutionize our perspective of disease diagnosis, treatment efficacy monitoring, and precision medicine in full concordance with personalized medicine. A wide range of hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe biosensors have been recently developed, demonstrating their potential applications in molecular settings, and achieving notable success within in vitro studies. The favorable nuclear magnetic resonance properties of 129Xe, coupled with its non-toxic nature, high solubility in biological tissues, and capacity to dissolve in blood and diffuse across membranes, highlight its superior role for applications in molecular MRI settings. The incorporation of reporters that combine signal enhancement from both hyperpolarized 129Xe and chemical exchange saturation transfer holds the potential to address the primary limitation of low sensitivity observed in conventional MRI. This review provides a summary of the various applications of HP 129Xe biosensors developed over the last decade, specifically highlighting their use in MRI. Moreover, this paper addresses the evolution of in vivo applications of HP 129Xe, discussing its potential transition into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Batarchuk
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
- Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Antal Halen Kovacs
- Applied Life Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Aaron Hodgson
- Physics Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Karla Rodriguez
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
| | - Ruba Aldossary
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Tanu Talwar
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
| | - Carson Hasselbrink
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-005, USA
| | | | - Brenton DeBoef
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Mitchell S. Albert
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (V.B.)
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
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Mikowska L, Grynko V, Shepelytskyi Y, Ruset IC, Deschamps J, Aalto H, Targosz-Korecka M, Balamore D, Harańczyk H, Albert MS. Revealing a Third Dissolved-Phase Xenon-129 Resonance in Blood Caused by Hemoglobin Glycation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11311. [PMID: 37511071 PMCID: PMC10380088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129Xe), when dissolved in blood, has two NMR resonances: one in red blood cells (RBC) and one in plasma. The impact of numerous blood components on these resonances, however, has not yet been investigated. This study evaluates the effects of elevated glucose levels on the chemical shift (CS) and T2* relaxation times of HP 129Xe dissolved in sterile citrated sheep blood for the first time. HP 129Xe was mixed with sheep blood samples premixed with a stock glucose solution using a liquid-gas exchange module. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on a 3T clinical MRI scanner using a custom-built quadrature dual-tuned 129Xe/1H coil. We observed an additional resonance for the RBCs (129Xe-RBC1) for the increased glucose levels. The CS of 129Xe-RBC1 and 129Xe-plasma peaks did not change with glucose levels, while the CS of 129Xe-RBC2 (original RBC resonance) increased linearly at a rate of 0.015 ± 0.002 ppm/mM with glucose level. 129Xe-RBC1 T2* values increased nonlinearly from 1.58 ± 0.24 ms to 2.67 ± 0.40 ms. As a result of the increased glucose levels in blood samples, the novel additional HP 129Xe dissolved phase resonance was observed in blood and attributed to the 129Xe bound to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutosława Mikowska
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Vira Grynko
- Chemistry and Material Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 7A5, Canada
| | - Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 7A5, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Deschamps
- Applied Life Sciences Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Hannah Aalto
- Applied Life Sciences Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dilip Balamore
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Technology, Nassau Community College, New York, NY 11530, USA
| | - Hubert Harańczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 7A5, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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Collier GJ, Schulte RF, Rao M, Norquay G, Ball J, Wild JM. Imaging gas-exchange lung function and brain tissue uptake of hyperpolarized 129 Xe using sampling density-weighted MRSI. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:2217-2226. [PMID: 36744585 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging of the different resonances of hyperpolarized 129 Xe in the brain and lungs was performed using a 3D sampling density-weighted MRSI technique in healthy volunteers. METHODS Four volunteers underwent dissolved-phase hyperpolarized 129 Xe imaging in the lung with the MRSI technique, which was designed to improve the point-spread function while preserving SNR (1799 phase-encoding steps, 14-s breath hold, 2.1-cm isotropic resolution). A frequency-tailored RF excitation pulse was implemented to reliably excite both the 129 Xe gas and dissolved phase (tissue/blood signal) with 0.1° and 10° flip angles, respectively. Images of xenon gas in the lung airspaces and xenon dissolved in lung tissue/blood were used to generate quantitative signal ratio maps. The method was also optimized and used for imaging dissolved resonances of 129 Xe in the brain in 2 additional volunteers. RESULTS High-quality regional spectra of hyperpolarized 129 Xe were achieved in both the lung and the brain. Ratio maps of the different xenon resonances were obtained in the lung with sufficient SNR (> 10) at both 1.5 T and 3 T, making a triple Lorentzian fit possible and enabling the measurement of relaxation times and xenon frequency shifts on a voxel-wise basis. The imaging technique was successfully adapted for brain imaging, resulting in the first demonstration of 3D xenon brain images with a 2-cm isotropic resolution. CONCLUSION Density-weighted MRSI is an SNR and encoding-efficient way to image 129 Xe resonances in the lung and the brain, providing a valuable tool to quantify regional spectroscopic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem J Collier
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,INSIGNEO institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Madhwesha Rao
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James Ball
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,INSIGNEO institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Rao MR, Li T, Agostino M, Wild JM, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe imaging of the brain: Achievements and future challenges. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:83-105. [PMID: 35253919 PMCID: PMC9314594 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129 Xe) brain MRI is a promising imaging modality currently under extensive development. HP 129 Xe is nontoxic, capable of dissolving in pulmonary blood, and is extremely sensitive to the local environment. After dissolution in the pulmonary blood, HP 129 Xe travels with the blood flow to the brain and can be used for functional imaging such as perfusion imaging, hemodynamic response detection, and blood-brain barrier permeability assessment. HP 129 Xe MRI imaging of the brain has been performed in animals, healthy human subjects, and in patients with Alzheimer's disease and stroke. In this review, the overall progress in the field of HP 129 Xe brain imaging is discussed, along with various imaging approaches and pulse sequences used to optimize HP 129 Xe brain MRI. In addition, current challenges and limitations of HP 129 Xe brain imaging are discussed, as well as possible methods for their mitigation. Finally, potential pathways for further development are also discussed. HP 129 Xe MRI of the brain has the potential to become a valuable novel perfusion imaging technique and has the potential to be used in the clinical setting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhwesha R Rao
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of IICD, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tao Li
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Agostino
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of IICD, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Li T, Hassan A, Granberg K, Albert MS. The effects of an initial depolarization pulse on dissolved phase hyperpolarized 129 Xe brain MRI. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:3147-3155. [PMID: 34254356 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of an initial 90° depolarization RF pulse on the dissolved-phase hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129 Xe) brain imaging and to compare the SNR variability of HP 129 Xe images acquired without an initial depolarization RF pulse to those following the initial depolarization pulse. METHODS Five cognitive normal healthy volunteers were imaged using a Philips Achieva 3.0T MRI scanner during a single breath-hold following inhalation of 1 L of HP 129 Xe. Each participant underwent six HP 129 Xe scans. Three scans were performed using conventional single-slice projection HP 129 Xe brain imaging, and the other three scans were performed using the HP 129 Xe time-of-flight imaging with an initial rectangular depolarization pulse. RESULTS Although the utilization of an initial depolarization results in the reduction of the mean image SNR, the presence of an initial depolarization RF pulse reduces the SNR variability of the HP 129 Xe brain image by a factor of 2.26. The highest SNR variability was observed from the posterior brain region, where the anterior region possessed the lower level of signal variability. CONCLUSION An initial 90° depolarization RF pulse, applied prior to the HP 129 Xe image acquisition, reduced the HP 129 Xe signal variability more than two times between the different breath-hold images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Hassan
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Granberg
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Marshall H, Stewart NJ, Chan HF, Rao M, Norquay G, Wild JM. In vivo methods and applications of xenon-129 magnetic resonance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 122:42-62. [PMID: 33632417 PMCID: PMC7933823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised gas lung MRI using xenon-129 can provide detailed 3D images of the ventilated lung airspaces, and can be applied to quantify lung microstructure and detailed aspects of lung function such as gas exchange. It is sensitive to functional and structural changes in early lung disease and can be used in longitudinal studies of disease progression and therapy response. The ability of 129Xe to dissolve into the blood stream and its chemical shift sensitivity to its local environment allow monitoring of gas exchange in the lungs, perfusion of the brain and kidneys, and blood oxygenation. This article reviews the methods and applications of in vivo129Xe MR in humans, with a focus on the physics of polarisation by optical pumping, radiofrequency coil and pulse sequence design, and the in vivo applications of 129Xe MRI and MRS to examine lung ventilation, microstructure and gas exchange, blood oxygenation, and perfusion of the brain and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Marshall
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Stewart
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ho-Fung Chan
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Madhwesha Rao
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Du K, Zemerov SD, Hurtado Parra S, Kikkawa JM, Dmochowski IJ. Paramagnetic Organocobalt Capsule Revealing Xenon Host-Guest Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13831-13844. [PMID: 32207611 PMCID: PMC7672707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated Xe binding in a previously reported paramagnetic metal-organic tetrahedral capsule, [Co4L6]4-, where L2- = 4,4'-bis[(2-pyridinylmethylene)amino][1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-disulfonate. The Xe-inclusion complex, [XeCo4L6]4-, was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be the dominant species in aqueous solution saturated with Xe gas. The measured Xe dissociation rate in [XeCo4L6]4-, koff = 4.45(5) × 102 s-1, was at least 40 times greater than that in the analogous [XeFe4L6]4- complex, highlighting the capability of metal-ligand interactions to tune the capsule size and guest permeability. The rapid exchange of 129Xe nuclei in [XeCo4L6]4- produced significant hyperpolarized 129Xe chemical exchange saturation transfer (hyper-CEST) NMR signal at 298 K, detected at a concentration of [XeCo4L6]4- as low as 100 pM, with presaturation at -89 ppm, which was referenced to solvated 129Xe in H2O. The saturation offset was highly temperature-dependent with a slope of -0.41(3) ppm/K, which is attributed to hyperfine interactions between the encapsulated 129Xe nucleus and electron spins on the four CoII centers. As such, [XeCo4L6]4- represents the first example of a paramagnetic hyper-CEST (paraHYPERCEST) sensor. Remarkably, the hyper-CEST 129Xe NMR resonance for [XeCo4L6]4- (δ = -89 ppm) was shifted 105 ppm upfield from the diamagnetic analogue [XeFe4L6]4- (δ = +16 ppm). The Xe inclusion complex was further characterized in the crystal structure of (C(NH2)3)4[Xe0.7Co4L6]·75 H2O (1). Hydrogen bonding between capsule-linker sulfonate groups and exogenous guanidinium cations, (C(NH2)3)+, stabilized capsule-capsule interactions in the solid state and also assisted in trapping a Xe atom (∼42 Å3) in the large (135 Å3) cavity of 1. Magnetic susceptibility measurements confirmed the presence of four noninteracting, magnetically anisotropic high-spin CoII centers in 1. Furthermore, [Co4L6]4- was found to be stable toward aggregation and oxidation, and the CEST performance of [XeCo4L6]4- was unaffected by biological macromolecules in H2O. These results recommend metal-organic capsules for fundamental investigations of Xe host-guest chemistry as well as applications with highly sensitive 129Xe-based sensors.
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Hyperpolarized 129Xe Time-of-Flight MR Imaging of Perfusion and Brain Function. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10090630. [PMID: 32854196 PMCID: PMC7554935 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfusion measurements can provide vital information about the homeostasis of an organ and can therefore be used as biomarkers to diagnose a variety of cardiovascular, renal, and neurological diseases. Currently, the most common techniques to measure perfusion are 15O positron emission tomography (PET), xenon-enhanced computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI. Here, we show how regional perfusion can be quantitively measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using time-resolved depolarization of hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129Xe), and the application of this approach to detect changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to a hemodynamic response in response to brain stimuli. The investigated HP 129Xe Time-of-Flight (TOF) technique produced perfusion images with an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10.35. Furthermore, to our knowledge, the first hemodynamic response (HDR) map was acquired in healthy volunteers using the HP 129Xe TOF imaging. Responses to visual and motor stimuli were observed. The acquired HP TOF HDR maps correlated well with traditional proton blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI. Overall, this study expands the field of HP MRI with a novel dynamic imaging technique suitable for rapid and quantitative perfusion imaging.
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Chahal S, Prete BRJ, Wade A, Hane FT, Albert MS. Brain Imaging Using Hyperpolarized 129Xe Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Methods Enzymol 2018; 603:305-320. [PMID: 29673533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a novel iteration of traditional MRI that relies on detecting the spins of 1H. Since 129Xe is a gaseous signal source, it can be used for lung imaging. Additionally, 129Xe dissolves in the blood stream and can therefore be detectable in the brain parenchyma and vasculature. In this work, we provide detailed information on the protocols that we have developed to image 129Xe within the brains of both rodents and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alanna Wade
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Francis T Hane
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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Norquay G, Leung G, Stewart NJ, Wolber J, Wild JM. 129 Xe chemical shift in human blood and pulmonary blood oxygenation measurement in humans using hyperpolarized 129 Xe NMR. Magn Reson Med 2017; 77:1399-1408. [PMID: 27062652 PMCID: PMC5363245 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the dependency of the 129 Xe-red blood cell (RBC) chemical shift on blood oxygenation, and to use this relation for noninvasive measurement of pulmonary blood oxygenation in vivo with hyperpolarized 129 Xe NMR. METHODS Hyperpolarized 129 Xe was equilibrated with blood samples of varying oxygenation in vitro, and NMR was performed at 1.5 T and 3 T. Dynamic in vivo NMR during breath hold apnea was performed at 3 T on two healthy volunteers following inhalation of hyperpolarized 129 Xe. RESULTS The 129 Xe chemical shift in RBCs was found to increase nonlinearly with blood oxygenation at 1.5 T and 3 T. During breath hold apnea, the 129 Xe chemical shift in RBCs exhibited a periodic time modulation and showed a net decrease in chemical shift of ∼1 ppm over a 35 s breath hold, corresponding to a decrease of 7-10 % in RBC oxygenation. The 129 Xe-RBC signal amplitude showed a modulation with the same frequency as the 129 Xe-RBC chemical shift. CONCLUSION The feasibility of using the 129 Xe-RBC chemical shift to measure pulmonary blood oxygenation in vivo has been demonstrated. Correlation between 129 Xe-RBC signal and 129 Xe-RBC chemical shift modulations in the lung warrants further investigation, with the aim to better quantify temporal blood oxygenation changes in the cardiopulmonary vascular circuit. Magn Reson Med 77:1399-1408, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Norquay
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - General Leung
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Stewart
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Jan Wolber
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
- GE HealthcareAmershamBuckinghamshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Jim M. Wild
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
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11
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Rao M, Stewart NJ, Norquay G, Griffiths PD, Wild JM. High resolution spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging of hyperpolarized (129) Xe dissolved in the human brain in vivo at 1.5 tesla. Magn Reson Med 2016; 75:2227-34. [PMID: 27080441 PMCID: PMC4950000 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Upon inhalation, xenon diffuses into the bloodstream and is transported to the brain, where it dissolves in various compartments of the brain. Although up to five chemically distinct peaks have been previously observed in 129Xe rat head spectra, to date only three peaks have been reported in the human head. This study demonstrates high resolution spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging (CSI) of 129Xe dissolved in the human head at 1.5 Tesla. Methods A 129Xe radiofrequency coil was built in‐house and 129Xe gas was polarized using spin‐exchange optical pumping. Following the inhalation of 129Xe gas, NMR spectroscopy was performed with spectral resolution of 0.033 ppm. Two‐dimensional CSI in all three anatomical planes was performed with spectral resolution of 2.1 ppm and voxel size 20 mm × 20 mm. Results Spectra of hyperpolarized 129Xe dissolved in the human head showed five distinct peaks at 188 ppm, 192 ppm, 196 ppm, 200 ppm, and 217 ppm. Assignment of these peaks was consistent with earlier studies. Conclusion High resolution spectroscopy and CSI of hyperpolarized 129Xe dissolved in the human head has been demonstrated. For the first time, five distinct NMR peaks have been observed in 129Xe spectra from the human head in vivo. Magn Reson Med 75:2227–2234, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhwesha Rao
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Stewart
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Norquay
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jim M Wild
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Hane FT, Smylie PS, Li T, Ruberto J, Dowhos K, Ball I, Tomanek B, DeBoef B, Albert MS. HyperCEST detection of cucurbit[6]uril in whole blood using an ultrashort saturation Pre-pulse train. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:285-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis T. Hane
- Lakehead University; Department of Chemistry; 955 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute; 980 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Peter S. Smylie
- Lakehead University; Department of Chemistry; 955 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Tao Li
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute; 980 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Julia Ruberto
- Lakehead University; Department of Chemistry; 955 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Krista Dowhos
- Lakehead University; Department of Chemistry; 955 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Iain Ball
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute; 980 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
- Philips Healthcare; 65 Epping Road North Ryde NSW 2113 Australia
| | - Boguslaw Tomanek
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute; 980 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
- University of Alberta; Department of Oncology; 11560 University Avenue Edmonton Alberta T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Brenton DeBoef
- University of Rhode Island; Department of Chemistry; 51 Lower College Rd Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | - Mitchell S. Albert
- Lakehead University; Department of Chemistry; 955 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute; 980 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
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13
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Zamberlan F, Lesbats C, Rogers NJ, Krupa JL, Pavlovskaya GE, Thomas NR, Faas HM, Meersmann T. Molecular Sensing with Hyperpolarized129Xe Using Switchable Chemical Exchange Relaxation Transfer. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2294-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Ruppert K. Biomedical imaging with hyperpolarized noble gases. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:116701. [PMID: 25360484 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/11/116701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized noble gases (HNGs), polarized to approximately 50% or higher, have led to major advances in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of porous structures and air-filled cavities in human subjects, particularly the lung. By boosting the available signal to a level about 100 000 times higher than that at thermal equilibrium, air spaces that would otherwise appear as signal voids in an MR image can be revealed for structural and functional assessments. This review discusses how HNG MR imaging differs from conventional proton MR imaging, how MR pulse sequence design is affected and how the properties of gas imaging can be exploited to obtain hitherto inaccessible information in humans and animals. Current and possible future imaging techniques, and their application in the assessment of normal lung function as well as certain lung diseases, are described.
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15
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Norquay G, Leung G, Stewart NJ, Tozer GM, Wolber J, Wild JM. Relaxation and exchange dynamics of hyperpolarized129Xe in human blood. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:303-11. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Norquay
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science; University of Sheffield; Sheffield South Yorkshire UK
| | - General Leung
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science; University of Sheffield; Sheffield South Yorkshire UK
| | - Neil J. Stewart
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science; University of Sheffield; Sheffield South Yorkshire UK
| | - Gillian M. Tozer
- Department of Oncology; University of Sheffield; Sheffield South Yorkshire UK
| | - Jan Wolber
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science; University of Sheffield; Sheffield South Yorkshire UK
- GE Healthcare; Amersham Buckinghamshire UK
| | - Jim M. Wild
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science; University of Sheffield; Sheffield South Yorkshire UK
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17
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Abstract
Hyperpolarized gases have found a steadily increasing range of applications in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and NMR imaging (MRI). They can be regarded as a new class of MR contrast agent or as a way of greatly enhancing the temporal resolution of the measurement of processes relevant to areas as diverse as materials science and biomedicine. We concentrate on the properties and applications of hyperpolarized xenon. This review discusses the physics of producing hyperpolarization, the NMR-relevant properties of 129Xe, specific MRI methods for hyperpolarized gases, applications of xenon to biology and medicine, polarization transfer to other nuclear species and low-field imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Oros
- Institute of Medicine, Research Centre Jiilich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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18
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19
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Wakai A, Nakamura K, Kershaw J, Kanno I. In vivo MR spectroscopy of hyperpolarized Xe-129 in rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Sato H, Enmi JI, Hayashi T, Takei N, Iwadate Y, Abe S, Teramoto N, Kawachi N, Hattori M, Watabe H, Sawada T, Uchiyama K, Tsukamoto T, Nagasawa K, Iida H. Development of a hyperpolarized 129Xe system on 3T for the rat lungs. Magn Reson Med Sci 2004; 3:1-9. [PMID: 16093614 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with 129Xe has gained much attention as a diagnostic methodology because of its affinity for lipids and possible polarization. The quantitative estimation of net detectability and stability of hyperpolarized 129Xe in the dissolved phase in vivo is valuable to the development of clinical applications. The goal of this study was to develop a stable hyperpolarized 129Xe experimental 3T system to statistically analyze the dissolved-phase 129Xe signal in the rat lungs. The polarization of 129Xe with buffer gases at the optical pumping cell was measured under adiabatic fast passage against the temperature of an oven and laser absorption at the cell. The gases were insufflated into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 15, 400-550 g) through an endotracheal tube under spontaneous respiration. Frequency-selective spectroscopy was performed for the gas phase and dissolved phase. We analyzed the 129Xe signal in the dissolved phase to measure the chemical shift, T2*, delay and its ratio in a rat lungs on 3T. The polarizer was able to produce polarized gas (1.1+/-0.47%, 120 cm3) hundreds of times with the laser absorption ratio (25%) kept constant at the cell. The optimal buffer gas ratio of 25-50% rendered the maximum signal in the dissolved phase. Two dominant peaks of 211.8+/-0.9 and 201.1+/-0.6 ppm were observed with a delay of 0.4+/-0.9 and 0.9+/-1.0 s from the gas phase spectra. The ratios of their average signal to that of the gas phase were 5.6+/-5.2% and 4.4+/-4.7%, respectively. The T2* of the air space in the lungs was 2.5+/-0.5 ms, which was 3.8 times shorter than that in a syringe. We developed a hyperpolarized 129Xe experimental system using a 3T MRI scanner that yields sufficient volume and polarization and quantitatively analyzed the dissolved-phase 129Xe signal in the rat lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Investigative Radiology, Research Institute of National Cardiovascular Center, Suita. Osaka, Japan.
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21
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Dubois L, Parrès S, Huber JG, Berthault P, Desvaux H. Dynamics of Xenon inside Hydrophobic Cavities As Probed by NMR Relaxation of Dissolved Laser-Polarized Xenon. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0363242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Dubois
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sandra Parrès
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J. Gaspard Huber
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Patrick Berthault
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Desvaux
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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22
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Wakai A, Kershaw J, Nakamura K, Iida H, Tamura H, Kondoh Y, Kanno I. Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Hyperpolarized 129Xe in Human Blood and Living Rat Chest. Magn Reson Med Sci 2003; 2:189-94. [PMID: 16222113 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a gas polarization system to test the feasibility of using hyperpolarized (129)Xe gas as an NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) probe to explore brain function. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed with a 4.7 T NMR spectrometer. Xenon spectra from human blood confirmed the existence of two peaks corresponding to red blood cells and plasma. In rat studies, three peaks at around 200 ppm were observed. Our results are consistent with previously reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Wakai
- Akita Research Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, 6-10 Senshu-kubota machi, Akita 010-0874, Japan.
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23
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Möller HE, Chen XJ, Saam B, Hagspiel KD, Johnson GA, Altes TA, de Lange EE, Kauczor HU. MRI of the lungs using hyperpolarized noble gases. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47:1029-51. [PMID: 12111949 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear spin polarization of the noble gas isotopes (3)He and (129)Xe can be increased using optical pumping methods by four to five orders of magnitude. This extraordinary gain in polarization translates directly into a gain in signal strength for MRI. The new technology of hyperpolarized (HP) gas MRI holds enormous potential for enhancing sensitivity and contrast in pulmonary imaging. This review outlines the physics underlying the optical pumping process, imaging strategies coping with the nonequilibrium polarization, and effects of the alveolar microstructure on relaxation and diffusion of the noble gases. It presents recent progress in HP gas MRI and applications ranging from MR microscopy of airspaces to imaging pulmonary function in patients and suggests potential directions for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald E Möller
- Max-Planck-Institut für neuropsychologische Forschung, Leipzig, Germany.
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24
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Venkatesh AK, Zhao L, Balamore D, Jolesz FA, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI using gas-filled liposomes. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 1:S270-4. [PMID: 12019887 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Venkatesh
- Department of Radiology/MRI, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Goodson BM. Nuclear magnetic resonance of laser-polarized noble gases in molecules, materials, and organisms. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2002; 155:157-216. [PMID: 12036331 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques is fundamentally limited by the ordinarily low spin polarization achievable in even the strongest NMR magnets. However, by transferring angular momentum from laser light to electronic and nuclear spins, optical pumping methods can increase the nuclear spin polarization of noble gases by several orders of magnitude, thereby greatly enhancing their NMR sensitivity. This review describes the principles and magnetic resonance applications of laser-polarized noble gases. The enormous sensitivity enhancement afforded by optical pumping can be exploited to permit a variety of novel NMR experiments across numerous disciplines. Many such experiments are reviewed, including the void-space imaging of organisms and materials, NMR and MRI of living tissues, probing structure and dynamics of molecules in solution and on surfaces, NMR sensitivity enhancement via polarization transfer, and low-field NMR and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyd M Goodson
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460, USA
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26
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Fujiwara H, Kimura A, Yanagawa Y, Kamiya T, Hattori M, Hiraga T. Relaxation behavior of laser-polarized (129)Xe gas: size dependency and wall effect of the T(1) relaxation time in glass and gelatin bulbs. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2001; 150:156-160. [PMID: 11384174 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Size dependency of the relaxation time T(1) was measured for laser-polarized (129)Xe gas encapsulated in different sized cavities made by glass bulbs or gelatin capsules. The use of laser-polarized gas enhances the sensitivity a great deal, making it possible to measure the longer (129)Xe relaxation time in quite a short time. The size dependency is analyzed on the basis of the kinetic theory of gases and a relationship is derived in which the relaxation rate is connected with the square inverse of the diameter of the cavity. Such an analysis provides a novel parameter which denotes the wall effect on the relaxation rate when a gas molecule collides with the surface once in a second. The relaxation time of (129)Xe gas is also dependent on the material which forms the cavity. This dependency is large and the relaxation study using polarized (129)Xe gas is expected to offer important information about the state of the matter of the cavity wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujiwara
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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27
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Albert MS, Balamore D, Kacher DF, Venkatesh AK, Jolesz FA. Hyperpolarized (129)Xe T (1) in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2000; 13:407-414. [PMID: 11114064 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1492(200011)13:7<407::aid-nbm661>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The viability of the new technique of hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI (HypX-MRI) for imaging organs other than the lungs depends on whether the spin-lattice relaxation time, T(1), of (129)Xe is sufficiently long in the blood. In previous experiments by the authors, the T(1) was found to be strongly dependent upon the oxygenation of the blood, with T(1) increasing from about 3 s in deoxygenated samples to about 10 s in oxygenated samples. Contrarily, Tseng et al. (J. Magn. Reson. 1997; 126: 79-86) reported extremely long T(1) values deduced from an indirect experiment in which hyperpolarized (129)Xe was used to create a 'blood-foam'. They found that oxygenation decreased T(1). Pivotal to their experiment is the continual and rapid exchange of hyperpolarized (129)Xe between the gas phase (within blood-foam bubbles) and the dissolved phase (in the skin of the bubbles); this necessitated a complicated analysis to extract the T(1) of (129)Xe in blood. In the present study, the experimental design minimizes gas exchange after the initial bolus of hyperpolarized (129)Xe has been bubbled through the sample. This study confirms that oxygenation increases the T(1) of (129)Xe in blood, from about 4 s in freshly drawn venous blood, to about 13 s in blood oxygenated to arterial levels, and also shifts the red blood cell resonance to higher frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Albert
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Rubin SM, Spence MM, Goodson BM, Wemmer DE, Pines A. Evidence of nonspecific surface interactions between laser-polarized xenon and myoglobin in solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9472-5. [PMID: 10931956 PMCID: PMC16888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.170278897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high sensitivity of the magnetic resonance properties of xenon to its local chemical environment and the large (129)Xe NMR signals attainable through optical pumping have motivated the use of xenon as a probe of macromolecular structure and dynamics. In the present work, we report evidence for nonspecific interactions between xenon and the exterior of myoglobin in aqueous solution, in addition to a previously reported internal binding interaction. (129)Xe chemical shift measurements in denatured myoglobin solutions and under native conditions with varying xenon concentrations confirm the presence of nonspecific interactions. Titration data are modeled quantitatively with treatment of the nonspecific interactions as weak binding sites. Using laser-polarized xenon to measure (129)Xe spin-lattice relaxation times (T(1)), we observed a shorter T(1) in the presence of 1 mM denatured apomyoglobin in 6 M deuterated urea (T(1) = 59 +/- 1 s) compared with that in 6 M deuterated urea alone (T(1) = 291 +/- 2 s), suggesting that nonspecific xenon-protein interactions can enhance (129)Xe relaxation. An even shorter T(1) was measured in 1 mM apomyoglobin in D(2)O (T(1) = 15 +/- 0.3 s), compared with that in D(2)O alone (T(1) = 506 +/- 5 s). This difference in relaxation efficiency likely results from couplings between laser-polarized xenon and protons in the binding cavity of apomyoglobin that may permit the transfer of polarization between these nuclei via the nuclear Overhauser effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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29
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Hecke PV. Current awareness. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2000; 13:314-319. [PMID: 10960923 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1492(200008)13:5<314::aid-nbm627>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of NMR in biomedicine. Each bibliography is divided into 9 sections: 1 Books, Reviews ' Symposia; 2 General; 3 Technology; 4 Brain and Nerves; 5 Neuropathology; 6 Cancer; 7 Cardiac, Vascular and Respiratory Systems; 8 Liver, Kidney and Other Organs; 9 Muscle and Orthopaedic. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- PV Hecke
- Katholicke Universiteit Leuven, Facultiet der Geneeskunde, Biomedische NMR Eenheid, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Abstract
Several biocompatible carrier agents, in which xenon is highly soluble and has a long T(1), were tested, and injected in living rats. These included saline, Intralipid suspension, perfluorocarbon emulsion and (129)Xe gas-filled liposomes. The T(1) of (129)Xe in these compounds ranged from 47 to 116 s. Vascular injection of these carrier agents was tolerated well, encouraging their use for further experiments in live animals. In vivo spectra, obtained from gas-filled liposomes and perfluorocarbon solutions, suggest that these carrier agents have potential for use in angiography and perfusion imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Venkatesh
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Ramirez MP, Sigaloff KC, Kubatina LV, Donahue MA, Venkatesh AK, Albert MS. Physiological response of rats to delivery of helium and xenon: implications for hyperpolarized noble gas imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2000; 13:253-264. [PMID: 10867705 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1492(200006)13:4<253::aid-nbm636>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of various hyperpolarized helium and xenon MRI-compatible breathing protocols were investigated in 17 Sprague-Dawley rats, by continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, EKG, temperature and endotracheal pressure. The protocols included alternating breaths of pure noble gas and oxygen, continuous breaths of pure noble gas, breath-holds of pure noble gas for varying durations, and helium breath-holds preceded by two helium rinses. Alternate-breath protocols up to 128 breaths caused a decrease in oxygen saturation level of less than 5% for either helium or xenon, whereas 16 continuous-breaths caused a 31.5% +/- 2.3% decrease in oxygen saturation for helium and a 30.7% +/- 1. 3% decrease for xenon. Breath-hold protocols up to 25 s did not cause the oxygen saturation to fall below 90% for either of the noble gases. Oxygen saturation values below 90% are considered pathological. At 30 s of breath-hold, the blood oxygen saturation dropped precipitously to 82% +/- 0.6% for helium, and to 76.5% +/- 7. 4% for xenon. Breath-holds longer than 10 s preceded by pre-rinses caused oxygen saturation to drop below 90%. These findings demonstrate the need for standardized noble gas inhalation procedures that have been carefully tested, and for continuous physiological monitoring to ensure the safety of the subject. We find short breath-hold and alternate-breath protocols to be safe procedures for use in hyperpolarized noble gas MRI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ramirez
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Abstract
The spin-lattice relaxation time, T(1), of hyperpolarized (129)Xe in blood is sensitive to blood oxygenation. In particular, it has been shown that (129)Xe T(1) is shorter in venous blood than in arterial blood. We have studied the T(1) of hyperpolarized (129)Xe dissolved in human blood as a function of blood oxygenation level, sO(2), in the physiological oxygenation range. We show that the (129)Xe relaxation rate, T(1)(-1), varies in a nonlinear fashion as a function of sO(2). This finding suggests that direct interaction of xenon with the paramagnetic heme group of deoxyhemoglobin is not the dominant oxygenation-dependent relaxation mechanism for (129)Xe in blood. These results corroborate the idea that the oxygenation-dependence of (129)Xe T(1) is determined by conformational changes of hemoglobin induced by oxygen binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolber
- CRC Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
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