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Yang L, Wang K, Yang J, Hu FX. Effects of Smoking on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Artery Spasm: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2024; 33:1259-1271. [PMID: 38816281 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is an established independent risk factor for coronary artery spasm (CAS), but its effects on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with CAS have not been systematically assessed. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published from January 2000 to July 2023 was conducted to examine the relationship between smoking and MACE in patients with CAS. Data on MACE were obtained from both smoking and non-smoking CAS patient groups. The effects of smoking on MACE in patients with CAS were assessed through meta-analysis, utilising Stata 17.0 software for all statistical analyses. RESULTS Nine studies, encompassing 9,376 patients, from Japan (5 studies), Korea (4 studies) and Spain (1 study) were included in the final analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that smoking significantly impacted MACE in patients with CAS (RR 1.965; 95% CI 1.348-2.865), a finding further validated by sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analyses identified a stronger correlation between smoking and increased MACE endpoints in Japanese patients and in those with >3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis strongly indicates that smoking escalates the risk of MACE in patients with CAS, with a more pronounced association observed in Japanese patients and those with extended follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Fang-Xiao Hu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Seike T, Chen CH, Mochly-Rosen D. Impact of common ALDH2 inactivating mutation and alcohol consumption on Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1223977. [PMID: 37693648 PMCID: PMC10483235 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1223977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an enzyme found in the mitochondrial matrix that plays a central role in alcohol and aldehyde metabolism. A common ALDH2 polymorphism in East Asians descent (called ALDH2*2 or E504K missense variant, SNP ID: rs671), present in approximately 8% of the world's population, has been associated with a variety of diseases. Recent meta-analyses support the relationship between this ALDH2 polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD). And AD-like pathology observed in ALDH2-/- null mice and ALDH2*2 overexpressing transgenic mice indicate that ALDH2 deficiency plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Recently, the worldwide increase in alcohol consumption has drawn attention to the relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and AD. Of potential clinical significance, chronic administration of alcohol in ALDH2*2/*2 knock-in mice exacerbates the pathogenesis of AD-like symptoms. Therefore, ALDH2 polymorphism and alcohol consumption likely play an important role in the onset and progression of AD. Here, we review the data on the relationship between ALDH2 polymorphism, alcohol, and AD, and summarize what is currently known about the role of the common ALDH2 inactivating mutation, ALDH2*2, and alcohol in the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Zhou T, Wang X, Wang K, Lin Y, Meng Z, Lan Q, Jiang Z, Chen J, Lin Y, Liu X, Lin H, Wu S, Lin D. Activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 improves ischemic random skin flap survival in rats. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127610. [PMID: 37441072 PMCID: PMC10335790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Random skin flaps have many applications in plastic and reconstructive surgeries. However, distal flap necrosis restricts wider clinical utility. Mitophagy, a vital form of autophagy for damaged mitochondria, is excessively activated in flap ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, thus inducing cell death. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2), an allosteric tetrameric enzyme, plays an important role in regulating mitophagy. We explored whether ALDH2 activated by N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (Alda-1) could reduce the risk of ischemic random skin flap necrosis, and the possible mechanism of action. Methods Modified McFarlane flap models were established in 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats assigned randomly to three groups: a low-dose Alda-1 group (10 mg/kg/day), a high-dose Alda-1 group (20 mg/kg/day) and a control group. The percentage surviving skin flap area, neutrophil density and microvessel density (MVD) were evaluated on day 7. Oxidative stress was quantitated by measuring the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Blood perfusion and skin flap angiogenesis were assessed via laser Doppler flow imaging and lead oxide-gelatin angiography, respectively. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), ALDH2, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and E3 ubiquitin ligase (Parkin) were immunohistochemically detected. Indicators of mitophagy such as Beclin-1, p62, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results Alda-1 significantly enhanced the survival area of random skin flaps. The SOD activity increased and the MDA level decreased, suggesting that Alda-1 reduced oxidative stress. ALDH2 was upregulated, and mitophagy-related proteins (PINK1, Parkin, Beclin-1, p62, and LC3) were downregulated, indicating that ALDH2 inhibited mitophagy through the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. Treatment with Alda-1 reduced neutrophil infiltration and expressions of inflammatory cytokines. Alda-1 significantly upregulated VEGF expression, increased the MVD, promoted angiogenesis, and enhanced blood perfusion. Conclusion ALDH2 activation can effectively enhance random skin flap viability via inhibiting PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Moreover, enhancement of ALDH2 activity also exerts anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zhou
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xibin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaitao Wang
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhefeng Meng
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qicheng Lan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhikai Jiang
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Chen
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuting Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuao Liu
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shijie Wu
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Xia J, Li S, Liu S, Zhang L. Aldehyde dehydrogenase in solid tumors and other diseases: Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e195. [PMID: 36694633 PMCID: PMC9842923 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) contains 19 isozymes and is involved in the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to carboxylic acids, which contributes to cellular and tissue homeostasis. ALDHs play essential parts in detoxification, biosynthesis, and antioxidants, which are of important value for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in normal body tissues. However, ALDHs are frequently dysregulated and associated with various diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and especially solid tumors. Notably, the involvement of the ALDHs in tumor progression is responsible for the maintenance of the stem-cell-like phenotype, triggering rapid and aggressive clinical progressions. ALDHs have captured increasing attention as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Nevertheless, these require further longitudinal clinical studies in large populations for broad application. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding ALDHs as potential biomarkers in tumors and several non-tumor diseases, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of ALDHs in disease development. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of ALDHs in diseases, especially in tumor therapy with an emphasis on their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Siqin Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Suling Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lixing Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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5
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Shi XY, Yue XL, Xu YS, Jiang M, Li RJ. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 inflammasome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review of the current evidence. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1062502. [PMID: 36910525 PMCID: PMC9996072 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1062502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and dyslipidemia underlie the pathological basis of atherosclerosis (AS). Clinical studies have confirmed that there is still residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) even after intense reduction of LDL. Some of this residual risk can be explained by inflammation as anti-inflammatory therapy is effective in improving outcomes in subjects treated with LDL-lowering agents. NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation is closely related to early-stage inflammation in AS. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an important enzyme of toxic aldehyde metabolism located in mitochondria and works in the metabolism of toxic aldehydes such as 4-HNE and MDA. Despite studies confirming that ALDH2 can negatively regulate NLRP3 inflammasome and delay the development of atherosclerosis, the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is a common downstream pathway activated for NLRP3 inflammasome. ALDH2 can reduce the multiple sources of ROS, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial damage, thereby reducing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Further, according to the downstream of ALDH2 and the upstream of NLRP3, the molecules and related mechanisms of ALDH2 on NLRP3 inflammasome are comprehensively expounded as possible. The potential mechanism may provide potential inroads for treating ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yun Shi
- Qilu Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yue
- Qilu Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - You-Shun Xu
- Qilu Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui-Jian Li
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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6
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ALDH2 mutation results in excessive basal nitric oxide production and a delayed response to nitroglycerin. CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/cp9.0000000000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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7
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2-associated metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular diseases: current status, underlying mechanisms, and clinical recommendations. CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/cp9.0000000000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yang JH, Kweon SS, Lee YH, Choi SW, Ryu SY, Nam HS, Park KS, Kim HY, Shin MH. Association between Alcohol Consumption and Serum Cortisol Levels: a Mendelian Randomization Study. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e195. [PMID: 34342185 PMCID: PMC8329388 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported conflicting results regarding the relationship between alcohol consumption and cortisol levels. However, the causality between alcohol consumption and cortisol levels has not been evaluated. METHODS This study examined 8,922 participants from the Dong-gu Study. The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rs671 polymorphism was used as an instrumental variable for alcohol consumption. The association between the genetically predicted alcohol consumption and cortisol level was evaluated with Mendelian randomization (MR) using two-stage least squares regression. RESULTS Alcohol consumption was positively associated with the serum cortisol level in both sexes in the observational analysis. In the MR analysis, the genetically predicted alcohol consumption was positively related to the cortisol level in men, with cortisol levels increasing by 0.18 μg/dL per drink per day. However, there was no relationship in women in the MR analysis. CONCLUSION The predicted alcohol consumption according to the ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism was positively related to the cortisol levels, suggesting a causal relationship between alcohol consumption and cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Sun Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seong Woo Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - So Yeon Ryu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hae Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyeong Soo Park
- Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Mokpo Jung-Ang Hospital, Mokpo, Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Kim
- Gwangju-Jeonnam Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea.
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Goodnough CL, Gross ER. Precision Medicine Considerations for the Management of Heart Disease and Stroke in East Asians. CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2020; 5:101-108. [PMID: 33954271 PMCID: PMC8095722 DOI: 10.4103/cp.cp_17_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in Asian Americans. Importantly, people of East Asian descent are more likely to carry a loss-of-function point mutation in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), ALDH2*2, which reduces ALDH2 enzymatic activity by at least 40% relative to wild type ALDH2. Given the role of ALDH2 in removing toxic aldehydes from the cell, ALDH2 is intimately involved in the cardioprotective mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning and the pathophysiology of ischemia reperfusion injury. The ALDH2*2 variant is associated with an increased incidence of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Furthermore, this variant is associated with insensitivity to nitroglycerin, which is commonly prescribed in patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the genetic susceptibility and pathophysiology associated with the ALDH2*2 variant in regards to cardiovascular disease. We also present the considerations for the management of heart disease and stroke specific to East Asians carrying the ALDH2*2 genetic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida L Goodnough
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Geltser BI, Tsivanyuk MM, Kotelnikov VN, Karpov RS. Vasospastic angina: pathophysiology and clinical significance. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2020. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-1-2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The review discusses an analysis of the literature on various aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of vasospastic angina (VA). Data on the prevalence of coronary artery spasm (CAS) in various populations, as well as risk factors and triggers, are presented. We considered pathophysiological mechanisms of CAS, including hyperreactivity of coronary smooth muscle cells, endothelial dysfunction, nonspecific inflammation, oxidative stress, magnesium deficiency, autonomic imbalance, etc. The relationship of CAS with coronary atherosclerosis and thrombosis is emphasized. Modern recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of VA are presented. Invasive verification of CAS is performed by pharmacological provocation tests with certain contraindications. Calcium antagonists and their combination with long-acting nitrates play a key role in the treatment of VA. Medications with a prospect for use in VA are Rho-kinase inhibitors, ATP-sensitive potassium channel activators, alpha-1 blockers. The management of patients with refractory VA and the prospects for endovascular treatment are discussed. It was noted that patients with multi-vessel VA are more likely to develop life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. M. Tsivanyuk
- Far Eastern Federal University; Vladivostok clinical hospital №1
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Nannelli G, Ziche M, Donnini S, Morbidelli L. Endothelial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 as a Target to Maintain Vascular Wellness and Function in Ageing. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E4. [PMID: 31947800 PMCID: PMC7168060 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are the main determinants of vascular function, since their dysfunction in response to a series of cardiovascular risk factors is responsible for disease progression and further consequences. Endothelial dysfunction, if not resolved, further aggravates the oxidative status and vessel wall inflammation, thus igniting a vicious cycle. We have furthermore to consider the physiological manifestation of vascular dysfunction and chronic low-grade inflammation during ageing, also known as inflammageing. Based on these considerations, knowledge of the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for endothelial loss-of-function can be pivotal to identify novel targets of intervention with the aim of maintaining endothelial wellness and vessel trophism and function. In this review we have examined the role of the detoxifying enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in the maintenance of endothelial function. Its impairment indeed is associated with oxidative stress and ageing, and in the development of atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Strategies to improve its expression and activity may be beneficial in these largely diffused disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Nannelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.N.); (S.D.)
| | - Marina Ziche
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Donnini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.N.); (S.D.)
| | - Lucia Morbidelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.N.); (S.D.)
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