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Martins GF, Serrão JE, Ramalho-Ortigão JM, Pimenta PFP. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the mosquito Aedes aegypti fat body: effects of aging and diet type. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:1032-9. [PMID: 21509905 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue world wide and a major vector of urban yellow fever. Despite its epidemiological importance, not much is known regarding cellular and structural changes in the fat body in this mosquito. Here, we applied light and transmission electron microscopies to investigate structural changes in the fat body of three groups of A. aegypti females: newly emerged, 18-day-old sugar-fed, and 18-day-old blood-fed. The fat body consists of a layer of cells attached to the abdomen integument, formed by trophocytes and oenocytes. Trophocytes are strongly positive for carbohydrates, while oenocytes are strongly positive for proteins and lipids. Ultrastructural analyses of trophocytes from newly emerged and 18-day-old blood-fed indicate that these cells are rich in glycogen and free ribosomes. Many lipid droplets and protein granules, which are broken down after the blood meal, are also detected. In 18-day-old sugar-fed, trophocytes display a disorganized cytoplasm filled with lipid droplets, and reduced numbers of free ribosomes, glycogen, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and mitochondria. Following a blood meal, the RER and mitochondria display enlarged sizes, suggestive of increased activity. With regard to oenocytes, these cells display an electron-dense cytoplasm and plasma membrane infoldings facing the hemolymph. As the A. aegypti female ages, trophocyte and oenocyte cell nuclei become larger but decrease in diameter after blood feeding. Our findings suggest that the trophocytes and oenocytes remodeling is likely involved in functional changes of fat body that take place during aging and following a blood meal in A. aegypti females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 36570-000.
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2
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Zaffagnini F, Zeni C. Considerations on some cytological and ultrastructural observations on fat cells ofDaphnia(Crustacea, Cladocera). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250008609355480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Zaffagnini
- a Istituto di Anatomia Comparata , Università di Ferrara , Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44100, Italy
| | - Cristina Zeni
- a Istituto di Anatomia Comparata , Università di Ferrara , Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44100, Italy
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3
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Dittmer NT, Raikhel AS. Analysis of the mosquito lysosomal aspartic protease gene: an insect housekeeping gene with fat body-enhanced expression. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 27:323-335. [PMID: 9134712 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(97)00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the fat body of insects with cyclic egg maturation, lysosomes play a critical role in the termination of vitellogenesis by selectively degrading the secretory machinery involved in the massive production of yolk protein precursors. To investigate this fat body-specific lysosomal activity in the mosquito, a cathepsin D-like aspartic protease (LAP) was previously purified and its cDNA cloned. Here we report the isolation of the AaLAP gene from an Aedes aegypti genomic library. The transcribed region of the gene is comprised of five exons, spanning 1904 base pairs. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and genomic clone analyses show this gene to be single copy and polymorphic. Primer extension analysis revealed two putative transcription start sites (TSS). The extension products corresponding to the distal and proximal TSSs were present in both pre- and vitellogenic fat bodies, suggesting that both TSSs are involved in housekeeping as well as tissue-specific expression of this gene. TATA box-like and arthropod initiator sequences, hallmarks of regulated genes, were present near each putative TSS. Several sequences resembling binding sites for liver- and fat body-specific transcription factors were identified within 1 kb upstream and downstream of the gene. Significantly, direct binding for the C/EBP and GATA families of transcription factors was demonstrated in vitro by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Three sequences located upstream of AaLAP resembled the Drosophila melanogaster yolk protein fat body enhancer (Dm Yp FBE). Potential hormone-response elements were also recognized in the gene; however, they did not bind the mosquito ecdysteroid receptor/Ultraspiracle heterodimer in EMSA experiments, indicating that these sequences may interact with different nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Dittmer
- Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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4
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Maurizii MG, Mazzini M, Giorgi F. Structural modifications of the fat body in the stick insectBacillus rossiusduring larval development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/11250009209386698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Raikhel AS, Lea AO. Juvenile hormone controls previtellogenic proliferation of ribosomal RNA in the mosquito fat body. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1990; 77:423-34. [PMID: 1970970 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(90)90233-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the previtellogenic development of mosquito fat body cells, the nucleolus, the organelle responsible for producing ribosomes, enlarges threefold, reaching maximal size between 2 and 3 days after eclosion. The granular component of the nucleolus containing ribosomal precursors increases considerably as well. These signs of nucleolar activation correlate with the synthetic rate and accumulation of poly(A)- RNA (predominantly ribosomal RNA) in the fat body cells. The amount of poly(A)- RNA in fat body cells increases during the first 2 days after eclosion and then declines gradually. The rate of RNA synthesis exhibits similar kinetics, but both the rise and the decline are sharper than for the accumulation of RNA. All the characteristics of nucleolar activation, its enlargement, accumulation of poly(A)- RNA, and the increased rate of RNA synthesis, are blocked by removal of the corpora allata (CA) in newly eclosed adult females but could be restored by either implantation of CA or topical application of juvenile hormone III or its analog, 7-S-methoprene, to allatectomized females. Thus, previtellogenic activation of fat body nucleoli for ribosomal RNA production is controlled by juvenile hormone from the corpora allata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Raikhel
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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6
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An autoradiographic analysis of vitellogenin synthesis and secretion in the fat body of the stick insect Bacillus rossius. Tissue Cell 1989; 21:543-58. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1988] [Revised: 04/15/1989] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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7
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The secretory pathway of vitellogenin in the fat body of the stick insect bacillus rossius: An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Tissue Cell 1989; 21:589-604. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1988] [Revised: 04/15/1989] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Armbruster L, Levy M, Mathieu M, Bautz A. Acid phosphatase activity in the hemolymph, hemocytes, fat body and salivary glands during larval and prepupal development in Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(86)90088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Observations on nutrition and ultrastructure of digestive tract and fat body of the giant paranthurid Accalathura gigantissima Kussakin. Polar Biol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00286815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Beenakkers AM, Van der Horst DJ, Van Marrewijk WJ. Insect lipids and lipoproteins, and their role in physiological processes. Prog Lipid Res 1985; 24:19-67. [PMID: 3916237 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(85)90007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Della-Cioppa G, Engelmann F. Juvenile hormone regulation of phospholipid synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum of vitellogenic fat body cells from Leucophaea maderae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(84)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Raikhel AS, Lea AO. Previtellogenic development and vitellogenin synthesis in the fat body of a mosquito: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Tissue Cell 1983; 15:281-99. [PMID: 6349013 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(83)90023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe two phases, previtellogenic and vitellogenic, in the activity of the trophocytes in the fat body of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The previtellogenic phase, leading to trophocyte competence to synthesize vitellogenin (Vg), occurred during the first 3 days after eclosion. This phase was characterized by enlargement and activation of the nucleoli, proliferation of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), development of Golgi complexes, and extensive invaginations of the plasma membrane. During the vitellogenic phase, initiated by a blood meal, Vg was first detected, by immunofluorescence, 1 hr after feeding. The intensity of the immunoreaction increased for the next 24 hr, was declining at 30 hr, and had disappeared by 48 hr. Vg synthesis was characterized ultrastructurally by the enlargement of the RER and the formation of dense secretion granules in Golgi complexes. These secretion granules were two to three times larger at the peak of Vg synthesis than at the beginning. The granules discharged their contents by exocytosis. Two electron microscopical immunocytochemical methods, immunoferritin and peroxidase-antiperoxidase, confirmed this pathway of Vg processing. For the first 12 hr after feeding. Vg synthetic organelles proliferated and the active nucleoli were multilobed; thereafter, while Vg synthesis continued, the nucleoli began to regress into compact bodies. Termination of Vg synthesis was marked by autophagical degradation of Vg synthetic and processing organelles.
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13
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Marshall AT. X-ray micronalysis of copper and sulphur-containing granules in the fat body cells of homopteran insects. Tissue Cell 1983; 15:311-5. [PMID: 6879595 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(83)90025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regions of the fat body of larvae of Chaetophyes compacta and Pectinariophyes sp. (Machaerotidae, Homoptera) which are closely associated with mycetomes have been analysed by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. It is shown that cells in these regions contain electron probe X-ray microanalysis. It is shown that cells in these regions contain electron dense granules which are rich in copper and sulphur. These two elements occur in the atomic ratio of 3:2 respectively. It is conjectured that copper may be bound to a sulphur containing metallothionein and that the granules represent either the end products of copper detoxification or serve as copper stores for synthesis of enzymes and macromolecules by the mycetomal symbionts.
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Coons LB, Tarnowski B, Ourth DD. Rhipicephalus sanguinius: localization of vitellogenin synthesis by immunological methods and electron microscopy. Exp Parasitol 1982; 54:331-9. [PMID: 6818045 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(82)90042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Han SH, Bordereau C. Origin and formation of the royal fat body of the higher termite queens. J Morphol 1982; 173:17-28. [PMID: 30089346 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051730103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the royal fat body was studied by electron microscopy in three species of higher termites (Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermes subhyalinus, and Cubitermes fungifaber). The swarming alate imago has a storage fat body typical of most insects. In non-physogastric young queens, during the fasting period, the adipocytes deplete their reserves and then, along with the increased vitellogenesis, acquire protein-synthesizing structures (R.E.R.). During the development of physogastry they progressively specialize in protein synthesis and secretion and undergo many cell divisions. The cytological change is paralleled by a spatial reorganization of the fat body. Observations on the transformation of imaginal adipocytes into royal adipocytes show that the royal fat body is derived from the imaginal fat body and not from the tracheal cells as previously claimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Heat Han
- Equipe de recherche associée au C.N.R.S. N°231, Laboratorie de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences, 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21100 Dijon, France
| | - Christian Bordereau
- Equipe de recherche associée au C.N.R.S. N°231, Laboratorie de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences, 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21100 Dijon, France
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16
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Han SH, Bordereau C. Ultrastrucuture of the fat body of the reproductive pair in higher termites. J Morphol 1982; 172:313-322. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051720306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Correlation between ovarian growth, vitellogenin titer, and yolk polypeptide pattern in the haemolymph ofCalliphora vicina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01949396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Stoppie P, Briers T, Huybrechts R, De Loof A. Moulting hormone, juvenile hormone and the ultrastructure of the fat body of adult Sarcophaga bullata (Diptera). Cell Tissue Res 1981; 221:233-44. [PMID: 7307050 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the ovoviviparous fly, Sarcophaga bullata, vitellogenesis in cyclic; a process reflected in ultrastructural changes in the fat body cells and oenocytes. At eclosion the larval fat body has not yet completely disappeared. During vitellogenesis the fat body cells are specialized for intensive protein synthesis showing a very extensive RER and numerous invaginations of the plasma membrane. These features disappear when the eggs descend into the oviducts to complete embryogenesis. The predominant feature of the oenocytes is their very prominent SER. The fat body cells of the males are never as specialized for protein synthesis as those of the females. Feeding of ecdysterone to males for 3 or more days induces a rather extensive subcellular apparatus for protein synthesis, i.e., invaginations of the plasma membrane and an extensive RER. Juvenile hormone is completely ineffective in this respect. Both ecdysterone and juvenile hormone have pronounced but different effects on the oenocytes of males.
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19
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Kaczor WJ, Hagedorn HH. The effects of α-amanitin and cordycepin on vitellogenin synthesis by mosquito fat body. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402140216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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della-Cioppa G, Engelmann F. Juvenile hormone-stimulated proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum in fat body cells of a vitellogenic insect, Leucophaea maderae (Blattaria). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 93:825-32. [PMID: 7387679 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Lundquist A, Emanuelsson H. Membrane production and yolk degradation in the early fly embryo (Calliphora erythrocephala meig.): An ultrastructural analysis. J Morphol 1979; 161:53-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051610105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Tadkowski TM, Jones JC. Changes in the fat body and oocysts during starvation and vitellogenesis in a mosquito,Aedes aegypti (L.). J Morphol 1979; 159:185-203. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051590203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Dortland J, de Kort C. Protein synthesis and storage in the fat body of the colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(78)90044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Lauverjat S. [The post-ecdysis development of female fat tissue Locusta migratoria and its endocrine control]. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1977; 33:13-34. [PMID: 924107 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(77)90123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Duve H. Test for the operation of the glyoxylate cycle in the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(77)90041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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