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Wang Y, Zhang K, Zhao Y, Li Y, Su W, Li S. Construction and Applications of Mammalian Cell-Based DNA-Encoded Peptide/Protein Libraries. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1874-1888. [PMID: 37315219 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
DNA-encoded peptide/protein libraries are the starting point for protein evolutionary modification and functional peptide/antibody selection. Different display technologies, protein directed evolution, and deep mutational scanning (DMS) experiments employ DNA-encoded libraries to provide sequence variations for downstream affinity- or function-based selections. Mammalian cells promise the inherent post-translational modification and near-to-natural conformation of exogenously expressed mammalian proteins and thus are the best platform for studying transmembrane proteins or human disease-related proteins. However, due to the current technical bottlenecks of constructing mammalian cell-based large size DNA-encoded libraries, the advantages of mammalian cells as screening platforms have not been fully exploited. In this review, we summarize the current efforts in constructing DNA-encoded libraries in mammalian cells and the existing applications of these libraries in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Weijun Su
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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2
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Oliveira SN, Segabinazzi LGTM, Canuto L, Lisboa FP, Medrado FE, Dell'Aqua JA, Aguiar AJA, Papa FO. Comparative Efficacy of Histrelin Acetate and hCG for Inducing Ovulation in Brazilian Northeastern Jennies (Equus africanus asinus). J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103146. [PMID: 32797776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare the efficiency of histrelin acetate (GnRH analog) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to hasten ovulation in Brazilian Northeastern jennies (Equus africanus asinus). Thirty cycles of ten jennies were randomly assigned in one of the three groups: G0 (control group), saline; G1, 250 μg of histrelin acetate; G2, 2500 IU of hCG. Jennies were evaluated by transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, and had the administration of an ovulation-inducing agent when a follicle measuring between 29 and 32 mm of diameter was diagnosed. Jennies were monitored every 6 hours by transrectal ultrasonography until ovulation. The interval between prostaglandin administration and ovulation was lower (P < .05) in jennies from the G1 (145.2 ± 34.6 hours) and G2 (147.4 ± 27.3 hours) groups compared with the control cycle (220.0 ± 41.8 hours). Both treatments (G1, 41.15 ± 3.5 hours; G2, 37.8 ± 2.5 hours) also reduced (P < .05) the interval that jennies took to ovulate after the administration of the ovulation-inducing agent compared with the control (81.8 ± 28.8 hours). All jennies from G1 and G2 ovulated up to 48 hours after ovulation induction, whereas 100% of jennies in the control cycle ovulated later (>48 hours from the administration of saline). In conclusion, both histrelin acetate and hCG at the used dose are efficient ovulation-inducing agents in jennies promoting ovulation up to 48 hours after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidnei N Oliveira
- Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Lorenzo G T M Segabinazzi
- Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lucas Canuto
- Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe E Medrado
- Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jose A Dell'Aqua
- Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Antonio J A Aguiar
- Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Frederico O Papa
- Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
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3
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Kisielow P. How does the immune system learn to distinguish between good and evil? The first definitive studies of T cell central tolerance and positive selection. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:513-518. [PMID: 31418051 PMCID: PMC6790186 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Demonstration that immature CD4 + 8+ thymocytes contain T cell precursors that are subjected to positive and negative selection was the major step towards understanding how the adaptive immune system acquires the ability to distinguish foreign or abnormal (mutated or infected) self-cells from normal (healthy) cells. In the present review, the roles of TCR, CD4, CD8, and MHC molecules in intrathymic selection and some of the crucial experiments that contributed to the solution of the great immunological puzzle of self/nonself discrimination are described in an historical perspective. Recently, these experiments were highlighted by the immunological community by awarding the 2016 Novartis Prize for Immunology to Philippa Marrack, John Kappler, and Harald von Boehmer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kisielow
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl St. 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
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4
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Balelli I, Milišić V, Wainrib G. Random walks on binary strings applied to the somatic hypermutation of B-cells. Math Biosci 2018; 300:168-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Mora T. [IGoR: a tool for learning and simulating the random generation of antigen receptors]. Biol Aujourdhui 2018; 211:229-231. [PMID: 29412133 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2017033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antigen receptors, which form the base of the adaptive immune system, are created stochastically by a DNA editing process called V(D)J recombination. As high-throughput sequencing enables to study the repertoire of these receptors, it is now possible to learn the probabilistic laws of this random process, and to use them to analyse receptors of interest, generate synthetic repertoires to create controls, or aid the identification of receptors that are specific to diseases, with possible applications for medical diagnostics. This article describes how these tasks can be performed using the IGoR software, which can learn statistical models from data, annotate existing sequences, or generate new synthetic ones with the same laws as the recombination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique statistique, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UPMC et UPD, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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6
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Lee KY. A common immunopathogenesis mechanism for infectious diseases: the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis. Infect Chemother 2015; 47:12-26. [PMID: 25844259 PMCID: PMC4384454 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2015.47.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It was once believed that host cell injury in various infectious diseases is caused solely by pathogens themselves; however, it is now known that host immune reactions to the substances from the infectious agents and/or from the injured host cells by infectious insults are also involved. All biological phenomena in living organisms, including biochemical, physiological and pathological processes, are performed by the proteins that have various sizes and shapes, which in turn are controlled by an interacting network within the living organisms. The author proposes that this network is controlled by the protein homeostasis system (PHS), and that the immune system is one part of the PHS of the host. Each immune cell in the host may recognize and respond to substances, including pathogenic proteins (PPs) that are toxic to target cells of the host, in ways that depend on the size and property of the PPs. Every infectious disease has its own set of toxic substances, including PPs, associated with disease onset, and the PPs and the corresponding immune cells may be responsible for the inflammatory processes that develop in those infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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7
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Dekker L, Wu S, Vanduijn M, Tolić N, Stingl C, Zhao R, Luider T, Paša-Tolić L. An integrated top-down and bottom-up proteomic approach to characterize the antigen-binding fragment of antibodies. Proteomics 2014; 14:1239-48. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lennard Dekker
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Si Wu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | | | - Nikolai Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | | | - Rui Zhao
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Theo Luider
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
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8
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Auger JL, Haasken S, Steinert EM, Binstadt BA. Incomplete TCR-β allelic exclusion accelerates spontaneous autoimmune arthritis in K/BxN TCR transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2354-62. [PMID: 22706882 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Allelic exclusion of antigen receptor loci is a fundamental mechanism of immunological self-tolerance. Incomplete allelic exclusion leads to dual T-cell receptor (TCR) expression and can allow developing autoreactive αβ T lymphocytes to escape clonal deletion. Because allelic exclusion at the TCR-β locus is more stringent than at the TCR-α locus, dual TCR-β expression has not been considered a likely contributor to autoimmunity. We show here that incomplete TCR-β allelic exclusion permits developing thymocytes bearing the autoreactive, transgene-encoded KRN TCR to be positively selected more efficiently, thereby accelerating the onset of spontaneous autoimmune arthritis. Our findings highlight dual TCR-β expression as a mechanism that can enhance the maturation of autoreactive pathogenic T cells and lead to more rapid development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Auger
- Center for Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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9
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Strategies of statistical image analysis of 2D immunoblots: The case of IgG response in experimental Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis. J Immunol Methods 2009; 351:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Lamason R, Zhao P, Rawat R, Davis A, Hall JC, Chae JJ, Agarwal R, Cohen P, Rosen A, Hoffman EP, Nagaraju K. Sexual dimorphism in immune response genes as a function of puberty. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:2. [PMID: 16504066 PMCID: PMC1402325 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than in males, whereas males have higher mortality associated with infectious diseases. To increase our understanding of this sexual dimorphism in the immune system, we sought to identify and characterize inherent differences in immune response programs in the spleens of male and female mice before, during and after puberty. RESULTS After the onset of puberty, female mice showed a higher expression of adaptive immune response genes, while males had a higher expression of innate immune genes. This result suggested a requirement for sex hormones. Using in vivo and in vitro assays in normal and mutant mouse strains, we found that reverse signaling through FasL was directly influenced by estrogen, with downstream consequences of increased CD8+ T cell-derived B cell help (via cytokines) and enhanced immunoglobulin production. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that sexual dimorphism in innate and adaptive immune genes is dependent on puberty. This study also revealed that estrogen influences immunoglobulin levels in post-pubertal female mice via the Fas-FasL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lamason
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Po Zhao
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Rashmi Rawat
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Davis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John C Hall
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Antony Rosen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington DC, 20010, USA
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington DC, 20010, USA
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11
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Berek C. Somatic Hypermutation and B-Cell Receptor Selection as Regulators of the Immune Response. Transfus Med Hemother 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000089118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Morbach H, Singh SK, Faber C, Lipsky PE, Girschick HJ. Analysis of RAG expression by peripheral blood CD5+ and CD5- B cells of patients with childhood systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 65:482-7. [PMID: 16126793 PMCID: PMC1798085 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assembly of immunoglobulin genes during B cell development in the bone marrow is dependent on the expression of recombination activating genes (RAG) 1 and 2. Recently, RAG expression in peripheral blood IgD+ B cells outside the bone marrow has been demonstrated and is associated with the development of autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate RAG expression in the CD5+ or CD5- IgD+ B cell compartment in childhood systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Using a combination of flow cytometric cell sorting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of cDNA libraries generated from individual cells, the expression of RAG, VpreB, and CD154 mRNA by individual peripheral blood B cells of three paediatric SLE patients was examined in detail. RESULTS While only one patient had a significantly increased frequency of RAG+ B cells in the CD5- B cell population, all patients showed higher frequencies of RAG+ B cells in the CD5+IgD+ B cell population. The frequency of RAG+ IgD+CD5+/- B cells was reduced during intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment. In healthy age matched children, RAG expressing IgD+ B cells were hardly detectable. Coexpression of RAG and VpreB or CD154 mRNA could only be found in SLE B cells. CONCLUSIONS RAG expression in peripheral blood B cells of SLE patients is particularly increased in the IgD+CD5+ B cell population. CD5+ and CD5- B cells in SLE have the potential to undergo receptor revision leading to the generation of high affinity pathogenic autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Morbach
- Section of Paediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Hörner C, Bouchon A, Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP, Martin E, Bardenheuer HJ, Weigand MA. [Role of the innate immune response in sepsis]. Anaesthesist 2004; 53:10-28. [PMID: 14749872 PMCID: PMC7095818 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-003-0626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system succeeds against the majority of infections before the adaptive immune system is activated. New findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis and lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. The innate immune system, being responsible for the first response to infections, can trigger adaptive immune responses in case the initial response is ineffective. Both arms of the immune system interact with each other, mainly via cell-cell-interactions but also by soluble factors, such as cytokines and chemokines. Two sub-populations of helper T-cells direct both balanced activation and inhibition of the two arms of the immune systems using specific patterns of cytokine release. Results obtained in new animal models of sepsis, taking a progressive growth of bacteria into account, have implied that existing knowledge has to be reanalyzed. The idea of sepsis as a mere "over-reaction to inflammation" has to be abandoned. Various so-called pattern recognition receptors (e.g. toll-like receptors, TLRs, NOD proteins) are located intracellularly or in the plasma membrane of innate immune cells and recognize certain patterns expressed exclusively by extracellular pathogens. Upon receptor engagement, intracellular signaling pathways lead to cellular activation, followed by release of various cytokines and anti-microbial substances. During the course of sepsis a cytokine shift towards increasing immune suppression occurs. The innate immune system also contributes to the migration of leukocytes in inflammed tissue, involving chemokines and adhesion molecules. Leukocytes also secrete the tissue factor leading to formation of thrombin. The environment in sepsis can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), but at the same time thrombin triggers the release of chemokines and adhesion molecules through endothelial cells, which represents a positive feedback mechanism for innate immune responses. New therapeutic strategies for sepsis try to establish a well-balanced immune response. Intervention is accomplished through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, their receptors or through activation of immunostimulatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Hörner
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg,
| | - A. Bouchon
- Department of Pain Research, Bayer Health Care, Wuppertal
| | - A. Bierhaus
- Abteilung Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg,
| | - P. P. Nawroth
- Abteilung Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg,
| | - E. Martin
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg,
| | | | - M. A. Weigand
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg,
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg
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14
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Gatfield J, Pieters J. Molecular Mechanisms of Host–Pathogen Interaction: Entry and Survival of Mycobacteria in Macrophages. Adv Immunol 2003; 81:45-96. [PMID: 14711053 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(03)81002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Gatfield
- Biozentrum der Universitaet Basel, Department of Biochemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Abstract
A microbial pathogen species can adapt to its host species to the extent that members of the host species are uniform. Loss of this uniformity would make it difficult for a pathogen species to transfer, from one member of the host species to another, what it had "learned" through selection of its members with advantageous mutations. The existence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphism indicates that non-uniformity within a species is an effective host defence strategy. By virtue of this molecular discontinuity among its members the host species can "present a moving target" to the pathogen. Many proteins other than MHC proteins show polymorphism - a phenomenon which has suggested that mutations in regions of protein molecules which do not affect overt function are neutral. However, in the context of the author's differential aggregation theory of intracellular self/not-self discrimination as previously applied to the problem of the antigenicity of cancer cells, such polymorphism should serve for the recruitment of subsets of self-antigens into the antigenic repertoire of an infected cell. These would act as "intracellular antibodies" by virtue of their weak, but specific, aggregation with pathogen proteins. Peptides from the self-antigens, as well as (or instead of) those from the antigens of the pathogen, would then serve as targets for attack by cytotoxic T cells. Thus, polymorphism of intracellular proteins should be of adaptive value, serving to amplify and individualize the immune response to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Forsdyke
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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16
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Abstract
Systemic inflammation involves a large number of mediators and effector mechanisms. One approach to understanding systemic inflammation is to interpret the nature of the response based on the effector mechanisms that are observed. An alternative approach is to consider these effector responses in the context of our current understanding of immunoregulation. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the immune response and discuss the mechanisms of immunoregulation in order to provide non-immunologists with a framework for understanding the normal and aberrant immune responses that can be precipitated by major trauma. The clinical manifestations of the inflammatory response to major trauma resemble those observed after other significant insults (surgery, burns, and pancreatitis). Furthermore, the clinical manifestations, changes in serum proteins, and pattern of immune activation point to the presence of infection, yet proof of a contribution by infection to the pathogenesis by infection remains elusive. Although inflammation dominates the early phase of the response, there is often evidence of a paradoxical combination of inflammation and immunosuppression later on. Consideration of the proinflammatory cascades, and the contribution of the innate immune system, helps explain why the clinical picture after major trauma may resemble other clinical states. It also explains the counter-regulatory response, which normally acts to downregulate inflammation, but may cause immunosuppression in the face of persistent inflammation after major trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Cook
- Canberra Clinical School, University of Sydney and The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia,
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17
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Holler PD, Holman PO, Shusta EV, O'Herrin S, Wittrup KD, Kranz DM. In vitro evolution of a T cell receptor with high affinity for peptide/MHC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:5387-92. [PMID: 10779548 PMCID: PMC25838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.080078297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) exhibit genetic and structural diversity similar to antibodies, but they have binding affinities that are several orders of magnitude lower. It has been suggested that TCRs undergo selection in vivo to maintain lower affinities. Here, we show that there is not an inherent genetic or structural limitation on higher affinity. Higher-affinity TCR variants were generated in the absence of in vivo selective pressures by using yeast display and selection from a library of Valpha CDR3 mutants. Selected mutants had greater than 100-fold higher affinity (K(D) approximately 9 nM) for the peptide/MHC ligand while retaining a high degree of peptide specificity. Among the high-affinity TCR mutants, a strong preference was found for CDR3alpha that contained Pro or Gly residues. Finally, unlike the wild-type TCR, a soluble monomeric form of a high-affinity TCR was capable of directly detecting peptide/MHC complexes on antigen-presenting cells. These findings prove that affinity maturation of TCRs is possible and suggest a strategy for engineering TCRs that can be used in targeting specific peptide/MHC complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers
- Dimerization
- Directed Molecular Evolution/methods
- Gene Library
- Genetic Variation
- Glycine
- Ligands
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Proline
- Protein Conformation
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Holler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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18
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Iritani BM, Alberola-Ila J, Forbush KA, Perimutter RM. Distinct signals mediate maturation and allelic exclusion in lymphocyte progenitors. Immunity 1999; 10:713-22. [PMID: 10403646 PMCID: PMC5310940 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Successful in-frame rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes or T cell antigen receptor (TCR) beta chain genes in lymphocyte progenitors results in formation of pre-BCR and pre-TCR complexes. These complexes signal progenitor cells to mature, expand in cell number, and suppress further rearrangements at the immunoglobulin heavy chain or TCRbeta chain loci, thereby ensuring allelic exclusion. We used transgenic expression of a constitutively active form of c-Raf-1 (Raf-CAAX) to demonstrate that activation of the Map kinase pathway can stimulate both maturation and expansion of B and T lymphocytes, even in the absence of pre-TCR or pre-BCR formation. However, the same Raf signal did not mediate allelic exclusion. We conclude that maturation of lymphocyte progenitors and allelic exclusion require distinct signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Iritani
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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McFarland RD, Smith GJ. Novel electrophoretic protocol for collection of mutations in the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell strain. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1995; 15:43-51. [PMID: 7604391 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1770150106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous and chemically induced mutation was examined in the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell strain (T5-1). The hemizygous lambda gene is a unique mutational target gene which codes for a protein that is both expressed on the cell membrane and secreted. Mutations in the lambda gene were detected by analysis of western blots of isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis of T5-1 cell conditioned culture medium. None of 5,841 individual clones established from vehicle-exposed populations had detectable variations in the isoelectric banding pattern of the constitutively secreted lambda immunoglobulin protein. In contrast, 113 of 6,128 clonal populations established from N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-exposed populations exhibited stable variations in expression of the lambda immunoglobulin: isoelectric variants (n = 3) and non-secretors (n = 110). MNNG-induced mutations in the lambda gene, which resulted in lambda immunoglobulin proteins with altered isoelectric points (pIs), occurred at a frequency of no less than 4.9 x 10(-4) mutations/cell, indicating the mature rearranged lambda immunoglobulin gene is comparably sensitive to carcinogen induced mutation as other human autosomal target genes. Approximately one-half of the MNNG-induced non-secretor mutant clones lacked lambda mRNA while one-half maintained constitutive transcription and expression of the lambda immunoglobulin on the cell surface, demonstrating that carcinogen damage interdicted gene function at multiple points.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D McFarland
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7525, USA
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Abstract
The antigen-specific receptors on T and B cells are related by sequence similarities, mechanisms for the generation of diversity, and a common protein domain structure. In contrast, the form of antigen recognition for T- and B-cell antigen receptors is entirely different. Whereas the B cell antigen receptor, i.e., membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig), has the potential to recognize a vast diversity of chemical determinants, the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) invariably recognizes oligomeric peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules. A question is whether the variable domains of the TCR and Ig are similar in structure, and if so, can they be substituted one for the other. Recent experiments show that, in some combinations, the variable region of Ig can substitute for the variable region of a TCR, and convey, to a reactive T lymphocyte, the antigen specificity of an Ig molecule. This type of receptor engineering may have interesting applications in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hedrick
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0063
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Gallarda JL, Henrard DR, Liu D, Harrington S, Stramer SL, Valinsky JE, Wu P. Early detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by using an antigen conjugate immunoassay correlates with the presence of immunoglobulin M antibody. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2379-84. [PMID: 1401002 PMCID: PMC265509 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.9.2379-2384.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential plasma samples obtained from 16 individuals who seroconverted were tested for the presence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by an antigen conjugate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a conventional antibody conjugate assay. In 11 of these individuals, the antigen conjugate assay detected antibody to HIV-1 2 to 11 days (mean, 5.5 days) earlier than the antibody conjugate assay. In 11 individuals, HIV-1 p24 antigen was detected a median of 6.5 days (range, 3 to 14 days) prior to positivity by the antigen conjugate EIA. Using class-specific probes, we determined the profiles of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA antibodies for each individual and correlated these profiles with the EIA signals from both assays. In general, the appearance of IgM exhibited a peak at about 1 week postseroconversion, which was followed by gradually declining levels. Absorbance levels for IgG antibody, however, rose steadily and reached a plateau after 3 to 5 weeks. The levels of IgA were generally low and variable. In contrast to the progressive increase in EIA absorbance observed by the antibody conjugate assay, the antigen conjugate assay displayed a rapid early rise in absorbance which generally coincided with the transient expression of IgM antibody. The subsequent gradual increase coincided with rising levels of IgG. Because the configuration of the antigen conjugate EIA allows for an increased sensitivity for IgM compared with that for other classes of immunoglobulins, these results suggest that earlier detection of antibody to HIV-1 is due to the detection of IgM antibody during the early phase of seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gallarda
- Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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