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Boothe PF, Kumar VP, Kong Y, Wang K, Levinson H, Mu D, Brown ML. Radiation Induced Skin Fibrosis (RISF): Opportunity for Angiotensin II-Dependent Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8261. [PMID: 39125831 PMCID: PMC11312688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Medical procedures, such as radiation therapy, are a vital element in treating many cancers, significantly contributing to improved survival rates. However, a common long-term complication of such exposure is radiation-induced skin fibrosis (RISF), a complex condition that poses substantial physical and psychological challenges. Notably, about 50% of patients undergoing radiation therapy may achieve long-term remission, resulting in a significant number of survivors managing the aftereffects of their treatment. This article delves into the intricate relationship between RISF, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling. It proposes the underlying mechanisms and examines potential treatments for mitigating skin fibrosis. The primary goal is to offer essential insights in order to better care for and improve the quality of life of cancer survivors who face the risk of developing RISF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F. Boothe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Vidya P. Kumar
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Yali Kong
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Howard Levinson
- The Center for Plastic Surgery at Sentara, 301 Riverview Ave. #400, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA;
| | - David Mu
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.K.); (D.M.)
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Milton L. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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2
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Shukla AK, Awasthi K, Usman K, Banerjee M. Role of renin-angiotensin system/angiotensin converting enzyme-2 mechanism and enhanced COVID-19 susceptibility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:606-622. [PMID: 38680697 PMCID: PMC11045416 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease that caused a global pandemic and is caused by infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus. It has affected over 768 million people worldwide, resulting in approximately 6900000 deaths. High-risk groups, identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, include individuals with conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, chronic lung disease, serious heart conditions, and chronic kidney disease. Research indicates that those with T2DM face a heightened susceptibility to COVID-19 and increased mortality compared to non-diabetic individuals. Examining the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a vital regulator of blood pressure and pulmonary stability, reveals the significance of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 enzymes. ACE converts angiotensin-I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin-II, while ACE2 counters this by converting angiotensin-II to angiotensin 1-7, a vasodilator. Reduced ACE2 expression, common in diabetes, intensifies RAS activity, contributing to conditions like inflammation and fibrosis. Although ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers can be therapeutically beneficial by increasing ACE2 levels, concerns arise regarding the potential elevation of ACE2 receptors on cell membranes, potentially facilitating COVID-19 entry. This review explored the role of the RAS/ACE2 mechanism in amplifying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and associated complications in T2DM. Potential treatment strategies, including recombinant human ACE2 therapy, broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, and epigenetic signature detection, are discussed as promising avenues in the battle against this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumar Shukla
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Komal Awasthi
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kauser Usman
- Department of Medicine, King Georges’ Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Institute of Advanced Molecular Genetics, and Infectious Diseases (IAMGID), University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Rianto F, Hoang T, Revoori R, Sparks MA. Angiotensin receptors in the kidney and vasculature in hypertension and kidney disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111259. [PMID: 33781840 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease, blood pressure determination, hypertension pathogenesis, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are inextricably linked. Hence, understanding the RAS is pivotal to unraveling the pathophysiology of hypertension and the determinants to maintaining normal blood pressure. The RAS has been the subject of intense investigation for over a century. Moreover, medications that block the RAS are mainstay therapies in clinical medicine and have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, cardiovascular, and kidney diseases. The main effector peptide of the RAS is the interaction of the octapeptide- Ang II with its receptor. The type 1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R) is the effector receptor for Ang II. These G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ubiquitously expressed in a variety of cell lineages and tissues relevant to cardiovascular disease throughout the body. The advent of cell specific deletion of genes using Cre LoxP technology in mice has allowed for the identification of discreet actions of AT1Rs in blood pressure control and kidney disease. The kidney is one of the major targets of the RAS, which is responsible in maintaining fluid, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure. In this review we will discuss the role of AT1Rs in the kidney, vasculature, and immune cells and address their effects on hypertension and kidney disease.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin I/genetics
- Angiotensin I/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/genetics
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/pathology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/enzymology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Water-Electrolyte Balance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitra Rianto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thien Hoang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ritika Revoori
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Renal Section, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States.
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4
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Berra G, Farkona S, Mohammed-Ali Z, Kotlyar M, Levy L, Clotet-Freixas S, Ly P, Renaud-Picard B, Zehong G, Daigneault T, Duong A, Batruch I, Jurisica I, Konvalinka A, Martinu T. Association between renin-angiotensin system and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.02975-2020. [PMID: 33863738 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02975-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the major cause of death after lung transplantation. Angiotensin II (AngII), the main effector of the renin-angiotensin (RA) system, elicits fibrosis in both kidney and lung. We identified 6 AngII-regulated proteins (RHOB, BST1, LYPA1, GLNA, TSP1, LAMB1) increased in urine of patients with kidney allograft fibrosis. We hypothesized that RA system is active in CLAD and that AngII-regulated proteins are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) of CLAD patients.We performed immunostaining of AngII receptors (AGTR1 and AGTR2) and TSP1/GLNA in 10 CLAD lungs and 5 controls. Using mass spectrometry, we quantified peptides corresponding to AngII-regulated proteins in BAL of 40 lung transplant recipients (CLAD, stable and acute lung allograft dysfunction (ALAD)). Machine learning algorithms were developed to predict CLAD based on BAL peptide concentrations.Immunostaining demonstrated significantly more AGTR1+ cells in CLAD versus control lungs (p=0.02). TSP1 and GLNA immunostaining positively correlated with the degree of lung fibrosis (R2=0.42 and 0.57, respectively). In BAL, we noted a trend toward higher concentrations of AngII-regulated peptides in patients with CLAD at the time of bronchoscopy, and significantly higher concentrations of BST1, GLNA and RHOB peptides in patients that developed CLAD at follow-up (p<0.05). Support vector machine classifier discriminated CLAD from stable and ALAD patients at the time of bronchoscopy with AUC 0.86, and accurately predicted subsequent CLAD development (AUC 0.97).Proteins involved in the RA system are increased in CLAD lung and BAL. AngII-regulated peptides measured in BAL may accurately identify patients with CLAD and predict subsequent CLAD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Berra
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,First two authors contributed equally
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,First two authors contributed equally
| | - Zahraa Mohammed-Ali
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, Canada
| | - Liran Levy
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Phillip Ly
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Renaud-Picard
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guan Zehong
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tina Daigneault
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allen Duong
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum, Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada .,Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Last two authors contributed equally
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada .,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Last two authors contributed equally
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Renal Vascular Response to Angiotensin II Administration in Two Kidneys-One Clip Hypertensive Rats Treated with High Dose of Estradiol: The Role of Mas Receptor. Int J Vasc Med 2021; 2021:6643485. [PMID: 33747565 PMCID: PMC7943267 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6643485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds High blood pressure is one of the most important causes of death around the world. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and estradiol are two important items that regulate arterial blood pressure in women. However, hypertension, RAS, and sex hormone estradiol may influence renal vascular responses. This study was designed to determine the role of Mas receptor (MasR) on renal vascular response to angiotensin II (Ang II) administration in two kidneys-one clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats treated with estradiol. Method The ovariectomized rats were subjected to 2K1C or non-2K1C and simultaneously treated with estradiol (500 μg/kg/weekly) or placebo for a period of 4 weeks. Subsequently, under anesthesia, renal vascular responses to graded doses of Ang II administration with MasR blockade (A779) or its vehicle were determined. Results A779 or its vehicle did not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal perfusion pressure (RPP), and renal blood flow (RBF). However, in non-2K1C rats, Ang II infusion decreased RBF and increased renal vascular resistance (RVR) responses in a dose-related manner (Ptreat < 0.0001). The greatest responses were found in ovariectomized estradiol-treated rats that received A779 (Pgroup < 0.05) in non-2K1C rats. Such findings were not detected in 2K1C hypertensive rats. For example, in estradiol-treated rats that received A779, at 1000 ng/kg/min of Ang II infusion, RBF reduced from 1.6 ± 0.2 to 0.89 ± 0.19 ml/min in non-2K1C rats, and it reduced from 1.6 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.2 ml/min in 2K1C rats. Conclusion Hypertension induced by 2K1C may attenuate the role of A779 and estradiol in renal vascular responses to Ang II infusion. Perhaps, this response can be explained by the reduction of Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression in the 2K1C hypertensive rats.
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Saadi S, Ghazali HM, Saari N, Abdulkarim SM. The structural reconformation of peptides in enhancing functional and therapeutic properties: Insights into their solid state crystallizations. Biophys Chem 2021; 273:106565. [PMID: 33780688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides derived proteins with alpha-reconformation states like antibody shape have shown potential effects in combating terrible diseases linked with earlier signs of angiogensis, mutagenesis and transgenesis. Alpha reconformation in material design refers to the folding of the peptide chains and their transitions under reversible chemical bonds of disulfide chemical bridges and further non-covalence lesions. Thus, the rational design of signal peptides into alpha-helix is intended in increasing the defending effects of peptides into cores like adjuvant antibiotic and/or vaccines. Thereby, the signal peptides are able in displaying multiple eradicating regions by changing crystal-depositions and deviation angles. These types of molecular structures could have multiple advantages in tracing disease syndromes and impurities by increasing the host defense against the fates of pathogens and viruses, eventually leading to the loss in signaling by increasing peptide susceptibility levels to folding and unfolding and therefore, formation of transgenic peptide models. Alpha reconformation peptides is aimed in triggering as well as other regulatory functions such as remodulating metabolic chain disorders of lipolysis and glucolysis by increasing the insulin and leptin resistance for best lipid storages and lipoprotein density distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Saadi
- Institut de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-alimentaires INATAA 25017, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Algeria; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hasanah Mohd Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabo Mohammed Abdulkarim
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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7
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Iovino M, Messana T, De Pergola G, Iovino E, Guastamacchia E, Licchelli B, Vanacore A, Giagulli VA, Triggiani V. Brain Angiotensinergic Regulation of the Immune System: Implications for Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Responses. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:15-24. [PMID: 31237219 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190617160934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) plays a major role in the regulation of cardiovascular functions, water and electrolytic balance, and hormonal responses. We perform a review of the literature, aiming at providing the current concepts regarding the angiotensin interaction with the immune system in the brain and the related implications for cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses. METHODS Appropriate keywords and MeSH terms were identified and searched in Pubmed. Finally, references of original articles and reviews were examined. RESULTS Angiotensin II (ANG II), beside stimulating aldosterone, vasopressin and CRH-ACTH release, sodium and water retention, thirst, and sympathetic nerve activity, exerts its effects on the immune system via the Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (AT 1R) that is located in the brain, pituitary, adrenal gland, and kidney. Several actions are triggered by the binding of circulating ANG II to AT 1R into the circumventricular organs that lack the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB). Furthermore, the BBB becomes permeable during chronic hypertension thereby ANG II may also access brain nuclei controlling cardiovascular functions. Subfornical organ, organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, area postrema, paraventricular nucleus, septal nuclei, amygdala, nucleus of the solitary tract and retroventral lateral medulla oblongata are the brain structures that mediate the actions of ANG II since they are provided with a high concentration of AT 1R. ANG II induces also T-lymphocyte activation and vascular infiltration of leukocytes and, moreover, oxidative stress stimulating inflammatory responses via inhibition of endothelial progenitor cells and stimulation of inflammatory and microglial cells facilitating the development of hypertension. CONCLUSION Besides the well-known mechanisms by which RAAS activation can lead to the development of hypertension, the interactions between ANG II and the immune system at the brain level can play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iovino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Tullio Messana
- Infantile Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS - Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Iovino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Brunella Licchelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Aldo Vanacore
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito A Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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8
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Melatonin potentials against viral infections including COVID-19: Current evidence and new findings. Virus Res 2020; 287:198108. [PMID: 32768490 PMCID: PMC7405774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are dangerous diseases for human health worldwide, which lead to significant morbidity and mortality each year. Because of their importance and the lack of effective therapeutic approaches, further attempts should be made to discover appropriate alternative or complementary treatments. Melatonin, a multifunctional neurohormone mainly synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland, plays some roles in the treatment of viral infections. Regarding a deadly outbreak of COVID-19 across the world, we decided to discuss melatonin functions against various viral infections including COVID-19. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current evidence on melatonin therapy for viral infections with focus on possible underlying mechanisms of melatonin actions.
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9
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Michaud V, Deodhar M, Arwood M, Al Rihani SB, Dow P, Turgeon J. ACE2 as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19; its Role in Infectious Processes and Regulation by Modulators of the RAAS System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2096. [PMID: 32635289 PMCID: PMC7408699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the recognized host cell receptor responsiblefor mediating infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ACE2bound to tissue facilitates infectivity of SARS-CoV-2; thus, one could argue that decreasing ACE2tissue expression would be beneficial. However, ACE2 catalytic activity towards angiotensin I (AngI) and II (Ang II) mitigates deleterious effects associated with activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosteronesystem (RAAS) on several organs, including a pro-inflammatory status. At the tissuelevel, SARS-CoV-2 (a) binds to ACE2, leading to its internalization, and (b) favors ACE2 cleavage toform soluble ACE2: these actions result in decreased ACE2 tissue levels. Preserving tissue ACE2activity while preventing ACE2 shredding is expected to circumvent unrestrained inflammatoryresponse. Concerns have been raised around RAAS modulators and their effects on ACE2expression or catalytic activity. Various cellular and animal models report conflicting results invarious tissues. However, recent data from observational and meta-analysis studies in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have concluded that RAAS modulators do not increase plasma ACE2 levels orsusceptibility to infection and are not associated with more severe diseases. This review presentsour current but evolving knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection, ACE2levels, modulators of RAAS activity and the effects of RAAS modulators on ACE2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Meghan Arwood
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Sweilem B Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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10
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Massolini BD, Contieri SSG, Lazarini GS, Bellacosa PA, Dobre M, Petroianu G, Brateanu A, Campos LA, Baltatu OC. Therapeutic Renin Inhibition in Diabetic Nephropathy-A Review of the Physiological Evidence. Front Physiol 2020; 11:190. [PMID: 32231590 PMCID: PMC7082742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the scientific evidence to support the use of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) in diabetic nephropathy (DN). MEDLINE was searched for articles reported until 2018. A standardized dataset was extracted from articles describing the effects of DRIs on plasma renin activity (PRA) in DN. A total of three clinical articles studying PRA as an outcome measure for DRIs use in DN were identified. These clinical studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs): one double-blind crossover, one post hoc of a double-blind and placebo-controlled study, and one open-label and parallel-controlled study. Two studies reported a significant decrease of albuminuria associated with PRA reduction. One study had a DRI as monotherapy compared with placebo, and two studies had DRI as add-in to an angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker (ARB). Of 10,393 patients with DN enrolled in five studies with DRI, 370 (3.6%) patients had PRA measured. Only one preclinical study was identified that determined PRA when investigating the effects of aliskiren in DN. Moreover, most of observational preclinical and clinical studies identified report on a low PRA or hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism in DM. Renin inhibition has been suggested for DN, but proof-of-concept studies for this are scant. A small number of clinical and preclinical studies assessed the PRA effects of DRIs in DN. For a more successful translational research for DRIs, specific patient population responsive to the treatment should be identified, and PRA may remain a biomarker of choice for patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Domingues Massolini
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education-CITÉ, São José dos Campos Technology Park, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephanie San Gregorio Contieri
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education-CITÉ, São José dos Campos Technology Park, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giulia Severini Lazarini
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education-CITÉ, São José dos Campos Technology Park, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Antoun Bellacosa
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education-CITÉ, São José dos Campos Technology Park, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirela Dobre
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Georg Petroianu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Andrei Brateanu
- Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Luciana Aparecida Campos
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education-CITÉ, São José dos Campos Technology Park, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education-CITÉ, São José dos Campos Technology Park, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Noh H, Ha H, Yu MR, Kim YO, Kim JH, Lee HB. Angiotensin II Mediates High Glucose-Induced TGF-β1 and Fibronectin Upregulation in HPMC through Reactive Oxygen Species. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080502500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To demonstrate the presence of an independent renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the peritoneum and to determine the role of locally produced angiotensin (Ang) II in high glucose-induced upregulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and fibronectin by human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC). Methods In cultured HPMC, the expression of mRNAs for angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1), and TGF-β1 was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction; ACE, AT1, and fibronectin proteins by Western blot analysis; and Ang I, Ang II, and TGF-β1 proteins by ELISA. Dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-sensitive cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by fluorometry. Results HPMC constitutively expressed all the components of RAS, and 50 mmol/L D-glucose (high glucose) significantly increased angiotensinogen, ACE, and AT1 mRNAs and ACE, AT1, and Ang II proteins. Ang II increased TGF-β1 and fibronectin protein expression and DCF-sensitive cellular ROS. Losartan prevented Ang II-induced increase in cellular ROS. Both losartan and captopril inhibited high glucose-induced upregulation of TGF-β1 and fibronectin expression in HPMC in a dose-dependent manner. Antioxidant catalase and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodinium effectively inhibited Ang II-induced TGF-β1 and fibronectin protein expression. Conclusions The present data demonstrate that HPMC constitutively express RAS, that Ang II produced by HPMC mediates high glucose-induced upregulation of TGF-β1 and fibronectin expression, and that Ang II-induced TGF-β1 and fibronectin expression in HPMC is mediated by NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS. These data suggest that locally produced Ang II and ROS in the peritoneum may be potential therapeutic targets in peritoneal fibrosis during long-term peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Noh
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Ra Yu
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ok Kim
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hi Bahl Lee
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Wang L, Liu C, Chen X, Li P. Alamandine attenuates long‑term hypertension‑induced cardiac fibrosis independent of blood pressure. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4553-4560. [PMID: 31059021 PMCID: PMC6522836 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis secondary to long‑term hypertension is known to promote cardiac dysfunction; however, few therapeutic agents are available for the treatment of this condition in clinical practice. The heptapeptide alamandine (Ala) has recently been identified as a component of the renin‑angiotensin system (RAS), which exerts a protective effect against cardiac hypertrophy; however, it is unknown whether Ala may also be useful for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. In the present study, the potential therapeutic effects of Ala on long‑term hypertension‑induced cardiac fibrosis were investigated in an aged, spontaneous hypertensive rat model. Weekly blood pressure (BP) measurements revealed that daily Ala treatment significantly decreased the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP compared with the control. Of note, the observed reduction in BP in Ala‑treated animals markedly differed to that observed in rats treated with hydralazine (Hyd). Echocardiography further demonstrated that Ala treatment decreased the ratio of left ventricle mass to body weight, and alleviated structural and functional parameters associated with cardiac fibrosis, including left ventricular volume, ejection fraction and fractional shortening compared with the control and Hyd‑treated groups. Furthermore, Ala deceased the density of cardiac fibrosis, as assessed by Masson and Sirius red staining; reduced expression of fibrotic proteins, including connective tissue growth factor, collagen I (COL1A1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9, was also observed. In addition, Ala treatment further decreased the expression of angiotensin II‑induced fibrotic markers at the mRNA and protein levels in cultured cardiac fibroblasts; Ala‑mediated inhibition of COL1A1 expression and Akt phosphorylation was inhibited via the Mas‑related G protein receptor antagonist, PD123319. Collectively, the findings of the present study suggest that Ala is an effective anti‑hypertensive peptide that can attenuate cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis induced by chronic hypertension, independent of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210024, P.R. China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiru Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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13
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Mishra JS, More AS, Gopalakrishnan K, Kumar S. Testosterone plays a permissive role in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in male rats. Biol Reprod 2019; 100:139-148. [PMID: 30102356 PMCID: PMC6335213 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones contribute to sex differences in blood pressure. Inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system is involved in vascular dysfunction and hypertension. This study evaluated the role of androgens (testosterone) in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced increase in blood pressure, vascular reactivity, and cardiac hypertrophy. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats underwent sham operation, castration, or castration with testosterone replacement. After 12 weeks of chronic changes in androgen status, Ang II (120 ng/kg per minute) or saline was infused for 28 days via subcutaneous miniosmotic pump, and changes in blood pressure was measured. Vascular reactivity and Ang II receptor levels were examined in mesenteric arteries. Heart weight, cardiac ANP mRNA levels, and fibrosis were also assessed. Ang II infusion increased arterial pressure in intact males. The Ang II-induced increase in hypertensive response was prevented in castrated males. Testosterone replacement in castrated males restored Ang II-induced hypertensive responses. Castration reduced vascular AT1R/AT2R ratio, an effect that was reversed by testosterone replacement. Ang II-induced hypertension was associated with increased contractile response of mesenteric arteries to Ang II and phenylephrine in intact and testosterone-replaced castrated males; these increases were prevented in castrated males. Ang II infusion induced increased left ventricle-to-body weight ratio and ANP mRNA expression, indicators of left ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis in intact and testosterone-replaced castrated males, and castration prevented the increase in these parameters caused by Ang II. This study demonstrates that testosterone plays a permissive role in development and maintenance of Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Mishra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amar S More
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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14
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Neggazi S, Hamlat N, Canaple L, Gauthier K, Samarut J, Bricca G, Aouichat-Bouguerra S, Beylot M. TRα inhibits arterial renin-angiotensin system expression and prevents cholesterol accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2018; 80:89-95. [PMID: 30292450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis but is also implicated in atherosclerosis. Thyroid hormone (TH) contributes, via genomic effects, to control of tRAS gene expression in the arterial wall and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We investigated the specific functions of TH receptors-α and -β (TRα and TRβ) on tRAS gene expression in the aorta and VSMCs, and the potential protective effect of TRα against atherosclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using aorta and cultured aortic VSMCs from TRα and TRβ deficient mice, tRAS gene expression was analyzed by determining mRNA levels on real-time PCR. Gene regulation under cholesterol loading mimicking atherosclerosis conditions was also examined in VSMCs in vitro. RESULTS TRα deletion significantly increased expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II receptor type 1 subtype a (AT1Ra) at transcriptional level in aorta, a tissue with high TRα expression level. TRα activity thus seems to be required for maintenance of physiological levels of AGTand AT1Raexpression in the arterial wall. In addition, during cholesterol loading, TRα deletion significantly increased cholesterol content in VSMCs, with a weaker decrease in AGTexpression. CONCLUSION TRα seems to have an inhibitory impact on AGTand AT1Raexpression, and loss of TRα function in TRα0/0 mice increases tRAS expression in the aortic wall. More importantly, TRα deletion significantly increases VSMC cholesterol content. Our results are consistent with a protective role of TRα against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Neggazi
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms (Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team), BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algeria.
| | - Nadjiba Hamlat
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms (Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team), BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algeria.
| | - Laurence Canaple
- CNRS, Inra, University of Lyon, Functional Genomics Institute of Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, avenue d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France.
| | - Karine Gauthier
- CNRS, Inra, University of Lyon, Functional Genomics Institute of Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, avenue d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France.
| | - Jacques Samarut
- CNRS, Inra, University of Lyon, Functional Genomics Institute of Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, avenue d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France.
| | - Giampiero Bricca
- EA 4173, Functional Genomics of Arterial Hypertension, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Souhila Aouichat-Bouguerra
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms (Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team), BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algeria.
| | - Michel Beylot
- Platform ANIPHY, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France.
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15
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de Souza-Neto FP, Carvalho Santuchi M, de Morais E Silva M, Campagnole-Santos MJ, da Silva RF. Angiotensin-(1-7) and Alamandine on Experimental Models of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018. [PMID: 29541937 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the role of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and alamandine in experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a very complex system, composed of a cascade of enzymes, peptides, and receptors, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Ang-(1-7), identified and characterized in 1987, and alamandine, discovered 16 years after, are the newest two main effector molecules from the RAS, protecting the vascular system against hypertension and atherosclerosis. While the beneficial effects of Ang-(1-7) have been widely studied in several experimental models of hypertension, much less studies were performed in experimental models of atherosclerosis. Alamandine has shown similar vascular effects to Ang-(1-7), namely, endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and hypotensive effects in experimental hypertension. There are few studies on the effects of alamandine on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pedro de Souza-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Melissa Carvalho Santuchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mario de Morais E Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria José Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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16
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ANG II facilitated CD11
+
Ly6C
hi
cells reprogramming into M1‐like macrophage through Erk1/2 or p38‐Stat3 pathway and involved in EAM. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:719-730. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0617-264rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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17
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Baltatu OC, Amaral FG, Campos LA, Cipolla-Neto J. Melatonin, mitochondria and hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3955-3964. [PMID: 28791422 PMCID: PMC11107636 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, due to its multiple means and mechanisms of action, plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the organismal physiology by fine tunning several functions. The cardiovascular system is an important site of action as melatonin regulates blood pressure both by central and peripheral interventions, in addition to its relation with the renin-angiotensin system. Besides, the systemic management of several processes, melatonin acts on mitochondria regulation to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system. Hypertension affects target organs in different ways and cellular energy metabolism is frequently involved due to mitochondrial alterations that include a rise in reactive oxygen species production and an ATP synthesis decrease. The discussion that follows shows the role played by melatonin in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology in several levels of the cardiovascular system, including brain, heart, kidney, blood vessels and, particularly, regulating the renin-angiotensin system. This discussion shows the putative importance of using melatonin as a therapeutic tool involving its antioxidant potential and its action on mitochondrial physiology in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu C Baltatu
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE) at Anhembi Morumbi University-Laureate International Universities, 500 Dr. Altino Bondensan Ave, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, 862 Botucatu St, 5th Floor, São Paulo, SP, 04023-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana A Campos
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE) at Anhembi Morumbi University-Laureate International Universities, 500 Dr. Altino Bondensan Ave, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Jose Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, room 115/118, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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18
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Epigallocatechin gallate protects against homocysteine-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 439:131-140. [PMID: 28871467 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive ingredient of green tea, plays a protective role in the cardiovascular system. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to investigate the role of EGCG in Hcy-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and its underlying mechanism. We also explored the roles of rennin-angiotensin system (RAS), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in this process. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were treated with different drugs for different periods. The proliferation rate of HASMCs was detected using the CCK-8 and BrdU labeling assays. The Western blot assay was used to determine the expression levels of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1R), ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK. Compared with the control group, the HASMCs treated with Hcy at different doses (100, 200, 500, and 1000 µM) showed significantly increased proliferation. Hcy increased the expression of AT-1R, whereas EGCG decreased the protein expression of AT-1R. Furthermore, we found that Hcy-induced expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-p38MAPK was dependent on AT-1R. Compared with Hcy (500 µM)-treated cells, EGCG (20 µM)-treated cells showed decreased proliferation as well as expression of AT-1R, p-ERK1/2, and p-p38MAPK. In addition, HASMC proliferation was suppressed by the addition of an AT-1R blocker (olmesartan), an ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059), and a p38MAPK inhibitor (SB202190). EGCG can inhibit AT-1R and affect ERK1/2 and p38MAPK signaling pathways, resulting in the decrease of VSMC proliferation induced by Hcy.
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Ismail B, deKemp RA, Croteau E, Hadizad T, Burns KD, Beanlands RS, DaSilva JN. Treatment with enalapril and not diltiazem ameliorated progression of chronic kidney disease in rats, and normalized renal AT1 receptor expression as measured with PET imaging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177451. [PMID: 28542215 PMCID: PMC5438116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ACE inhibitors are considered first line of treatment in patients with many forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Other antihypertensives such as calcium channel blockers achieve similar therapeutic effectiveness in attenuating hypertension-related renal damage progression. Our objective was to explore the value of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of renal AT1 receptor (AT1R) to guide therapy in the 5/6 subtotal-nephrectomy (Nx) rat model of CKD. Ten weeks after Nx, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 10mg/kg/d enalapril (NxE), 30mg/kg/d diltiazem (NxD) or left untreated (Nx) for an additional 8-10 weeks. Kidney AT1R expression was assessed using in vivo [18F]fluoropyridine-losartan PET and in vitro autoradiography. Compared to shams, Nx rats exhibited higher systolic blood pressure that was reduced by both enalapril and diltiazem. At 18-20 weeks, plasma creatinine and albuminuria were significantly increased in Nx, reduced to sham levels in NxE, but enhanced in NxD rats. Enalapril treatment decreased kidney angiotensin II whereas diltiazem induced significant elevations in plasma and kidney levels. Reduced PET renal AT1R levels in Nx were normalized by enalapril but not diltiazem, and results were supported by autoradiography. Reduction of renal blood flow in Nx was restored by enalapril, while no difference was observed in myocardial blood flow amongst groups. Enhanced left ventricle mass in Nx was not reversed by enalapril but was augmented with diltiazem. Stroke volume was diminished in untreated Nx compared to shams and restored with both therapies. [18F]Fluoropyridine-Losartan PET allowed in vivo quantification of kidney AT1R changes associated with progression of CKD and with various pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ismail
- Cardiac PET Centre, Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rob A. deKemp
- Cardiac PET Centre, Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Croteau
- Cardiac PET Centre, Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tayebeh Hadizad
- Cardiac PET Centre, Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin D. Burns
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob S. Beanlands
- Cardiac PET Centre, Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean N. DaSilva
- Cardiac PET Centre, Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal; University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ferrão FM, Cardoso LHD, Drummond HA, Li XC, Zhuo JL, Gomes DS, Lara LS, Vieyra A, Lowe J. Luminal ANG II is internalized as a complex with AT 1R/AT 2R heterodimers to target endoplasmic reticulum in LLC-PK 1 cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F440-F449. [PMID: 28468964 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ANG II has many biological effects in renal physiology, particularly in Ca2+ handling in the regulation of fluid and solute reabsorption. It involves the systemic endocrine renin-angiotensin system (RAS), but tissue and intracrine ANG II are also known. We have shown that ANG II induces heterodimerization of its AT1 and AT2 receptors (AT1R and AT2R) to stimulate sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity. Thus, we investigated whether ANG II-AT1R/AT2R complex is formed and internalized, and also examined the intracellular localization of this complex to determine how its effect might be exerted on renal intracrine RAS. Living cell imaging of LLC-PK1 cells, quantification of extracellular ANG II, and use of the receptor antagonists, losartan and PD123319, showed that ANG II is internalized with AT1R/AT2R heterodimers as a complex in a microtubule-dependent and clathrin-independent manner, since colchicine-but not Pitstop2-blocked this process. This result was confirmed by an increase of β-arrestin phosphorylation after ANG II treatment, clathrin-mediated endocytosis being dependent on dephosphorylation of β-arrestin. Internalized ANG II colocalized with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker and increased levels of AT1R, AT2R, and PKCα in ER-enriched membrane fractions. This novel evidence suggests the internalization of an ANG II-AT1/AT2 complex to target ER, where it might trigger intracellular Ca2+ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Ferrão
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza H D Cardoso
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heather A Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xiao C Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Dayene S Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucienne S Lara
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Lowe
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; .,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
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Ribas J, Zhang YS, Pitrez PR, Leijten J, Miscuglio M, Rouwkema J, Dokmeci MR, Nissan X, Ferreira L, Khademhosseini A. Biomechanical Strain Exacerbates Inflammation on a Progeria-on-a-Chip Model. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201603737. [PMID: 28211642 PMCID: PMC5545787 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip platforms seek to recapitulate the complex microenvironment of human organs using miniaturized microfluidic devices. Besides modeling healthy organs, these devices have been used to model diseases, yielding new insights into pathophysiology. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disease showing accelerated vascular aging, leading to the death of patients due to cardiovascular diseases. HGPS targets primarily vascular cells, which reside in mechanically active tissues. Here, a progeria-on-a-chip model is developed and the effects of biomechanical strain are examined in the context of vascular aging and disease. Physiological strain induces a contractile phenotype in primary smooth muscle cells (SMCs), while a pathological strain induces a hypertensive phenotype similar to that of angiotensin II treatment. Interestingly, SMCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells of HGPS donors (HGPS iPS-SMCs), but not from healthy donors, show an exacerbated inflammatory response to strain. In particular, increased levels of inflammation markers as well as DNA damage are observed. Pharmacological intervention reverses the strain-induced damage by shifting gene expression profile away from inflammation. The progeria-on-a-chip is a relevant platform to study biomechanics in vascular biology, particularly in the setting of vascular disease and aging, while simultaneously facilitating the discovery of new drugs and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ribas
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Doctoral Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrícia R. Pitrez
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Miscuglio
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xavier Nissan
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, Evry Cedex 91030, France
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The inflammatory state provokes sexual dimorphism in left ventricular and electrocardiographic effects of chronic cyclosporine in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42457. [PMID: 28211883 PMCID: PMC5304161 DOI: 10.1038/srep42457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cardiotoxicity has been recognized as an adverse effect of cyclosporine A (CSA), no information exists regarding sex specificity of CSA cardiotoxicity. We tested the hypothesis that left ventricular (LV) and electrocardiographic (ECG) effects of CSA and related inflammatory/histopathological derangements are sex related. CSA reduced the LV slope of end-systolic pressure volume relationship and increased isovolumic relaxation constant. These effects were more pronounced in male compared to female rats, suggesting LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. ECG recordings showed elevated ST segments and increased QTc and T peak trend intervals in CSA-treated male rats, markers of LV ischemia and arrhythmogenesis. In female rats, CSA delayed AV conduction, as reflected by prolonged PR interval. Other sex-related effects for CSA included (i) increased blood cholesterol, and reduced rates of rise and fall in LV pressure and nuclear factor kappa B and angiotensin receptors type 1 expressions in male rats, and (ii) increased LV adiponectin in females. Histopatholgically, CSA caused vascular congestion, blood extravasation, and pyknotic or even absent nuclei in both sexes. In conclusion, rats exhibit sex-independent susceptibility to negative LV and histopathological influences of CSA. These effects become more intensified in male rats, perhaps on account of aggravated ischemic and inflammatory milieus.
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Sifi A, Adi-Bessalem S, Laraba-Djebari F. Role of angiotensin II and angiotensin type-1 receptor in scorpion venom-induced cardiac and aortic tissue inflammation. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pang X, Shimizu A, Kurita S, Zankov DP, Takeuchi K, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Kume S, Ishida T, Ogita H. Novel Therapeutic Role for Dipeptidyl Peptidase III in the Treatment of Hypertension. Hypertension 2016; 68:630-41. [PMID: 27456521 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP III) cleaves dipeptide residues from the N terminus of polypeptides ranging from 3 to 10 amino acids in length and is implicated in pathophysiological processes through the breakdown of certain oligopeptides or their fragments. In this study, we newly identified the biochemical properties of DPP III for angiotensin II (Ang II), which consists of 8 amino acids. DPP III quickly and effectively digested Ang II with Km = 3.7×10(-6) mol/L. In the in vivo experiments, DPP III remarkably reduced blood pressure in Ang II-infused hypertensive mice without alteration of heart rate. DPP III did not affect hemodynamics in noradrenalin-induced hypertensive mice or normotensive mice, suggesting specificity for Ang II. When DPP III was intravenously injected every other day for 4 weeks after Ang II osmotic minipump implantation in mice, Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy were significantly attenuated. This DPP III effect was at least similar to that caused by an angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan. Furthermore, administration of DPP III dramatically reduced the increase in urine albumin excretion and kidney injury and inflammation markers caused by Ang II infusion. Both DPP III and candesartan administration showed slight additive inhibition in the albumin excretion. These results reveal a novel potential use of DPP III in the treatment of hypertension and its protective effects on hypertension-sensitive organs, such as the heart and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Pang
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.)
| | - Akio Shimizu
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.)
| | - Souichi Kurita
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.)
| | - Dimitar P Zankov
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.)
| | - Keisuke Takeuchi
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.)
| | - Mako Yasuda-Yamahara
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.)
| | - Shinji Kume
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.)
| | - Tetsuo Ishida
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.)
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- From the Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.P., A.S., S.Kurita, D.P.Z., K.T., H.O.), Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Neurology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (M.Y-Y., S.Kume); Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan (T.I.); and Department of Emergency, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (X.P.).
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Anupama V, George M, Dhanesh SB, Chandran A, James J, Shivakumar K. Molecular mechanisms in H2O2-induced increase in AT1 receptor gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts: A role for endogenously generated Angiotensin II. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 97:295-305. [PMID: 27208880 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The AT1 receptor (AT1R) mediates the manifold actions of angiotensin II in the cardiovascular system. This study probed the molecular mechanisms that link altered redox status to AT1R expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that H2O2 enhances AT1R mRNA and protein expression via NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species induction. Activation of NF-κB and AP-1, demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, abolition of AT1R expression by their inhibitors, Bay-11-7085 and SR11302, respectively, and luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed transcriptional control of AT1R by NF-κB and AP-1 in H2O2-treated cells. Further, inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) using chemical inhibitors or by RNA interference attenuated AT1R expression. Inhibition of the MAPKs showed that while ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK suffice for NF-κB activation, all three kinases are required for AP-1 activation. H2O2 also increased collagen type I mRNA and protein expression. Interestingly, the AT1R antagonist, candesartan, attenuated H2O2-stimulated AT1R and collagen mRNA and protein expression, suggesting that H2O2 up-regulates AT1R and collagen expression via local Angiotensin II generation, which was confirmed by real-time PCR and ELISA. To conclude, oxidative stress enhances AT1R gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts by a complex mechanism involving the redox-sensitive transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 that are activated by the co-ordinated action of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK. Importantly, by causally linking oxidative stress to Angiotensin II and AT1R up-regulation in cardiac fibroblasts, this study offers a novel perspective on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Anupama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Mereena George
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Sivadasan Bindu Dhanesh
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Aneesh Chandran
- Bacterial and Parasite Disease Biology, Tropical Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Jackson James
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerala, India
| | - K Shivakumar
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India.
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Xu Q, Jensen DD, Peng H, Feng Y. The critical role of the central nervous system (pro)renin receptor in regulating systemic blood pressure. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:126-34. [PMID: 27113409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has long been recognized as a critically important system in blood pressure (BP) regulation. However, extensive evidence has shown that a majority of RAS components are also present in many tissues and play indispensable roles in BP regulation. Here, we review evidence that RAS components, notably including the newly identified (pro)renin receptor (PRR), are present in the brain and are essential for the central regulation of BP. Binding of the PRR to its ligand, prorenin or renin, increases BP and promotes progression of cardiovascular diseases in an angiotensin II-dependent and -independent manner, establishing the PRR a promising antihypertensive drug target. We also review the existing PRR blockers, including handle region peptide and PRO20, and propose a rationale for blocking prorenin/PRR activation as a therapeutic approach that does not affect the actions of the PRR in vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and development. Finally, we summarize categories of currently available antihypertensive drugs and consider future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Hua Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
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27
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Hattori Y, Hattori K, Matsuda N. Regulation of the Cardiovascular System by Histamine. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 241:239-258. [PMID: 27838850 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histamine mediates a wide range of cellular responses, including allergic and inflammatory reactions, gastric acid secretion, and neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Histamine also exerts a series of actions upon the cardiovascular system but may not normally play a significant role in regulating cardiovascular function. During tissue injury, inflammation, and allergic responses, mast cells (or non-mast cells) within the tissues can release large amounts of histamine that leads to noticeable cardiovascular effects. Owing to intensive research during several decades, the distribution, function, and pathophysiological role of cardiovascular H1- and H2-receptors has become recognized adequately. Besides the recognized H1- and H2-receptor-mediated cardiovascular responses, novel roles of H3- and H4-receptors in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology have been identified over the last decade. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of cardiovascular function and dysfunction mediated by histamine receptors, including H3- and H4-receptors, their potential mechanisms of action, and their pathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Kohshi Hattori
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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28
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Takamura C, Suzuki JI, Ogawa M, Watanabe R, Tada Y, Maejima Y, Akazawa H, Komuro I, Isobe M. Suppression of murine autoimmune myocarditis achieved with direct renin inhibition. J Cardiol 2015; 68:253-60. [PMID: 26475067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and inflammation. Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart, and the role of the RAS in its pathophysiology is unknown. Because the direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, is thought to block RAS completely, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of aliskiren in mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). METHODS A cardiac α-myosin heavy chain peptide was injected in mice on days 0 and 7. Aliskiren 25mg/kg per day (n=10) or vehicle (n=10) was administered to EAM mice starting on day 0 and the animals were killed on day 21. RESULTS Aliskiren significantly prevented the progression of left ventricular wall thickening in EAM hearts compared to the vehicle-treated group. Histologically, the inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis area ratios in the aliskiren-treated group were lower than that in the vehicle-treated group. Immunohistochemistry revealed that aliskiren suppressed CD4 positive cell infiltration in EAM hearts compared to vehicle. Moreover, aliskiren decreased mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and collagen 1. In vitro study showed that aliskiren inhibited T cell proliferation and IL-2 production induced by myosin stimulation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that aliskiren ameliorates EAM by suppressing T-cell activation and inflammatory cytokines, and has potential as a treatment for myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masahito Ogawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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The Renal Protective Effect of Jiangya Tongluo Formula, through Regulation of Adrenomedullin and Angiotensin II, in Rats with Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:428106. [PMID: 26557147 PMCID: PMC4628676 DOI: 10.1155/2015/428106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of Jiangya Tongluo (JYTL) formula on renal function in rats with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. A total of 21 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were randomized into 3 groups: valsartan (10 mg/kg/d valsartan), JYTL (14.2 g/kg/d JYTL), and a model group (5 mL/kg/d distilled water); Wistar Kyoto rats comprised the control group (n = 7, 5 mL/kg/d distilled water). Treatments were administered by gavage every day for 8 weeks. Blood pressure, 24-h urine protein, pathological changes in the kidney, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were estimated. The contents of adrenomedullin (ADM) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in both the kidney and plasma were evaluated. JYTL lowered BP, 24-h urine protein, serum creatinine, and BUN. ADM content in kidneys increased and negatively correlated with BP, while Ang II decreased and negatively correlated with ADM, but there was no statistically significant difference of plasma ADM between the model and the treatment groups. Possibly, activated intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in hypertensive nephrosclerosis and the protective function of ADM via local paracrine. JYTL may upregulate endogenous ADM level in the kidneys and antagonize Ang II during vascular injury by dilating renal blood vessels.
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Palmitoylethanolamide treatment reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats: involvement of cytochrome p450-derived eicosanoids and renin angiotensin system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123602. [PMID: 25951330 PMCID: PMC4423982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist, has been demonstrated to reduce blood pressure and kidney damage secondary to hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Currently, no information is available concerning the putative effect of PEA on modulating vascular tone. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underpinning PEA blood pressure lowering effect, exploring the contribution of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, CYP-dependent arachidonic acid metabolites, as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF), and renin angiotensin system (RAS) modulation. To achieve this aim SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated with PEA (30 mg/kg/day) for five weeks. Functional evaluations on mesenteric bed were performed to analyze EDHF-mediated vasodilation. Moreover, mesenteric bed and carotid were harvested to measure CYP2C23 and CYP2J2, the key isoenzymes in the formation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, and the soluble epoxide hydrolase, which is responsible for their degradation in the corresponding diols. Effect of PEA on RAS modulation was investigated by analyzing angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin receptor 1 expression. Here, we showed that EDHF-mediated dilation in response to acetylcholine was increased in mesenteric beds of PEA-treated SHR. Western blot analysis revealed that the increase in CYP2C23 and CYP2J2 observed in SHR was significantly attenuated in mesenteric beds of PEA-treated SHR, but unchanged in the carotids. Interestingly, in both vascular tissues, PEA significantly decreased the soluble epoxide hydrolase protein level, accompanied by a reduced serum concentration of its metabolite 14-15 dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid, implying a reduction in epoxyeicosatrienoic acid hydrolisis. Moreover, PEA treatment down-regulated angiotensin receptor 1 and angiotensin converting enzyme expression, indicating a reduction in angiotensin II-mediated effects. Consistently, a damping of the activation of angiotensin receptor 1 underlying pathways in mesenteric beds was shown in basal conditions in PEA-treated SHR. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the involvement of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and renin angiotensin system in the blood pressure lowering effect of PEA.
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31
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Murphy AM, Wong AL, Bezuhly M. Modulation of angiotensin II signaling in the prevention of fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2015; 8:7. [PMID: 25949522 PMCID: PMC4422447 DOI: 10.1186/s13069-015-0023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has become clear that the role of angiotensin II extends far beyond recognized renal and cardiovascular effects. The presence of an autologous renin-angiotensin system has been demonstrated in almost all tissues of the body. It is now known that angiotensin II acts both independently and in synergy with TGF-beta to induce fibrosis via the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1) in a multitude of tissues outside of the cardiovascular and renal systems, including pulmonary fibrosis, intra-abdominal fibrosis, and systemic sclerosis. Interestingly, recent studies have described a paradoxically regenerative effect of the angiotensin system via stimulation of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2). Activation of AT2 has been shown to ameliorate fibrosis in animal models of skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal, and neurologic diseases. Clinical reports suggest a beneficial role for modulation of angiotensin II signaling in cutaneous scarring. This article reviews current knowledge on the role that angiotensin II plays in tissue fibrosis, as well as current and potential therapies targeting this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Murphy
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, B3K 6R8 Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Alison L Wong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, B3K 6R8 Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Michael Bezuhly
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, B3K 6R8 Halifax, NS Canada ; IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, B3K 6R8 Halifax, NS Canada
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The expression of Mas-receptor of the renin-angiotensin system in the human eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:1053-9. [PMID: 25677099 PMCID: PMC4483252 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-2952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The local renin-angiotensin system has been held to be expressed in many organs, including the eye. It has an important role in the regulation of local fluid homeostasis, cell proliferation, fibrosis, and vascular tone. Mas-receptor (Mas-R) is a potential receptor acting mainly opposite to the well-known angiotensin II receptor type 1. The aim of this study was to determine if Mas-R is expressed in the human eye. METHODS Seven enucleated human eyes were used in immunohistochemical detection of Mas-R and its endogenous ligand angiotensin (1-7) [Ang(1-7)]. Both light microscopy and immunofluorescent detection methods were used. A human kidney preparation sample was used as control. RESULTS The Mas-R was found to have nuclear localization, and localized in the retinal nuclear layers and in the structures of the anterior segment of the eye. A cytoplasmic immunostaining pattern of Ang(1-7) was found in the inner and outer nuclear and plexiform layers of the retina and in the ciliary body. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing Mas-R expression in the human eye. Its localization suggests that it may have a role in physiological and pathological processes in the anterior part of the eye and in the retina.
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Back C, Thiesen KL, Skovgaard K, Edvinsson L, Jensen LT, Larsen VA, Iversen HK. RAAS and stress markers in acute ischemic stroke: preliminary findings. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 131:132-9. [PMID: 25214428 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade has neuroprotective effects in animal stroke models, but no effects in clinical stroke trials. We evaluated cerebral and peripheral changes in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and stress responses in acute ischemic stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood from a jugular and cubital vein was collected within 48 h of stroke onset, after 24 and 48 h, and renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, aldosterone, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol were measured. Post-stroke cubital vein samples were collected after 8 (4.7-10) months. RESULTS The acute systolic blood pressure was significantly increased, 148 (141-168) vs 140 (130-147) mmHg post-stroke. Angiotensin I, renin and aldosterone levels were significantly lower, angiotensin II was unchanged, and ACE activity was higher in the acute phase compared to post-stroke. No differences in RAAS were detected between jugular and cubital plasma levels. Jugular venous plasma levels of epinephrine and cortisol were elevated in the acute phase compared to cubital levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Increased epinephrine and cortisol levels in the jugular vein blood may reflect a higher peripheral turnover. The observed changes in RAAS in the acute stroke phase are consistent with responses to increased blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Back
- Stroke Unit; Department of Neurology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Translational Stroke Center; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - K. L. Thiesen
- Department of Anesthesiology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - K. Skovgaard
- Department of Anesthesiology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - L. Edvinsson
- Glostrup Research Institute; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - L. T. Jensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - V. A. Larsen
- Department of Radiology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - H. K. Iversen
- Stroke Unit; Department of Neurology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Translational Stroke Center; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
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Al Dera H, Brock JA. Spinal cord injury increases the reactivity of rat tail artery to angiotensin II. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:435. [PMID: 25610365 PMCID: PMC4285114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) suggest the vasculature is hyperreactive to angiotensin II (Ang II). In the present study, the effects of SCI on the reactivity of the rat tail and mesenteric arteries to Ang II have been investigated. In addition, the effects of SCI on the facilitatory action of Ang II on nerve-evoked contractions of these vessels were determined. Isometric contractions of artery segments from T11 (tail artery) or T4 (mesenteric arteries) spinal cord-transected rats and sham-operated rats were compared 6–7 weeks postoperatively. In both tail and mesenteric arteries, SCI increased nerve-evoked contractions. In tail arteries, SCI also greatly increased Ang II-evoked contractions and the facilitatory effect of Ang II on nerve-evoked contractions. By contrast, SCI did not detectably change the responses of mesenteric arteries to Ang II. These findings provide the first direct evidence that SCI increases the reactivity of arterial vessels to Ang II. In addition, in tail artery, the findings indicate that Ang II may contribute to modifying their responses following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Al Dera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James A Brock
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Structural and theoretical studies on rhodium and iridium complexes with 5-nitrosopyrimidines. Effects on the proteolytic regulatory enzymes of the renin-angiotensin system in human tumoral brain cells. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 143:20-33. [PMID: 25474363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of [RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2], [RhCl(CO)2]2 and [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] with different 5-nitrosopyrimidines afforded sixteen complexes which have been structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR ((1)H and (13)C) spectral methods and luminescence spectroscopy. The crystal and molecular structures of [Rh(III)Cl(VIOH-1)2(PPh3)], [Rh(III)Cl(DVIOH-1)2(PPh3)] and [Rh(II)(DVIOH-1)2(PPh3)2] have been established from single crystal x-ray structure analyses. The three complexes are six-coordinated with both violurato ligands into an equatorial N5,O4-bidentate fashion, but with different mutually arrangements. Theoretical studies were driven on the molecular structure of [Rh(III)Cl(VIOH-1)2(PPh3)] to assess the nature of the metal-ligand interaction as well as the foundations of the cis-trans (3L-2L) isomerism. An assortment of density functional (SOGGA11-X, B1LYP, B3LYP, B3LYP-D3 and wB97XD) has been used, all of them leading to a similar description of the target system. Thus, a topological analysis of the electronic density within AIM scheme and the study of the Mulliken charges yield a metal-ligand link of ionic character. Likewise, it has been proved that the cis-trans isomerism is mainly founded on that metal-ligand interaction with the relativistic effects playing a significant role. Although most of the compounds showed low direct toxicity against the human cell lines NB69 (neuroblastoma) and U373-MG (astroglioma), they differently modify in several ways the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-regulating proteolytic regulatory enzymes aminopeptidase A (APA), aminopeptidase N (APN) and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Therefore, these complexes could exert antitumor activity against both brain tumor types, acting through the paracrine regulating system mediated by tissue RAS rather than exerting a direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells.
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Jancovski N, Carter DA, Connelly AA, Stevens E, Bassi JK, Menuet C, Allen AM. Angiotensin type 1A receptor expression in C1 neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla contributes to the development of angiotensin-dependent hypertension. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1597-610. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.082073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Jancovski
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - David A. Carter
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Angela A. Connelly
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Elyse Stevens
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jaspreet K. Bassi
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Clement Menuet
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Andrew M. Allen
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
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Angiotensin II-regulated microRNA 483-3p directly targets multiple components of the renin-angiotensin system. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 75:25-39. [PMID: 24976017 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Improper regulation of signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by angiotensin II (AngII) can lead to hypertension, vascular hypertrophy and atherosclerosis. The extent to which the homeostatic levels of the components of signaling networks are regulated through microRNAs (miRNA) modulated by AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) in VSMCs is not fully understood. Whether AT1R blockers used to treat vascular disorders modulate expression of miRNAs is also not known. To report differential miRNA expression following AT1R activation by AngII, we performed microarray analysis in 23 biological and technical replicates derived from humans, rats and mice. Profiling data revealed a robust regulation of miRNA expression by AngII through AT1R, but not the AngII type 2 receptor (AT2R). The AT1R-specific blockers, losartan and candesartan antagonized >90% of AT1R-regulated miRNAs and AngII-activated AT2R did not modulate their expression. We discovered VSMC-specific modulation of 22 miRNAs by AngII, and validated AT1R-mediated regulation of 17 of those miRNAs by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. We selected miR-483-3p as a novel representative candidate for further study because mRNAs of multiple components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) were predicted to contain the target sequence for this miRNA. MiR-483-3p inhibited the expression of luciferase reporters bearing 3'-UTRs of four different RAS genes and the inhibition was reversed by antagomir-483-3p. The AT1R-regulated expression levels of angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE-1) proteins in VSMCs are modulated specifically by miR-483-3p. Our study demonstrates that the AT1R-regulated miRNA expression fingerprint is conserved in VSMCs of humans and rodents. Furthermore, we identify the AT1R-regulated miR-483-3p as a potential negative regulator of steady-state levels of RAS components in VSMCs. Thus, miRNA-regulation by AngII to affect cellular signaling is a novel aspect of RAS biology, which may lead to discovery of potential candidate prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Kotliar C, Kempny P, Gonzalez S, Castellaro C, Forcada P, Obregon S, Cavanagh E, Chiabaut Svane J, Casarini MJ, Rojas M, Inserra F. Lack of RAAS inhibition by high-salt intake is associated with arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 15:498-504. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320313503692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Kotliar
- Centre of Hypertension, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Pablo Kempny
- Centre of Hypertension, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Sergio Gonzalez
- Centre of Hypertension, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Carlos Castellaro
- Centre of Hypertension, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Pedro Forcada
- Centre of Hypertension, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Obregon
- Centre of Hypertension, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Elena Cavanagh
- Biomedical School of Medicine, Universidad Austral, Argentina
| | - Jorge Chiabaut Svane
- Centre of Hypertension, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Maria Jesus Casarini
- Centre of Hypertension, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Rojas
- Biochemical Central Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Austral, Argentina
| | - Felipe Inserra
- Biomedical School of Medicine, Universidad Austral, Argentina
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Aldi S, Takano KI, Tomita K, Koda K, Chan NYK, Marino A, Salazar-Rodriguez M, Thurmond RL, Levi R. Histamine H4-receptors inhibit mast cell renin release in ischemia/reperfusion via protein kinase C ε-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase type-2 activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:508-17. [PMID: 24696042 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin released by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) from cardiac mast cells (MCs) activates a local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) causing arrhythmic dysfunction. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) inhibits MC renin release and consequent activation of this local RAS. We postulated that MC histamine H4-receptors (H4Rs), being Gαi/o-coupled, might activate a protein kinase C isotype-ε (PKCε)-aldehyde dehydrogenase type-2 (ALDH2) cascade, ultimately eliminating MC-degranulating and renin-releasing effects of aldehydes formed in I/R and associated arrhythmias. We tested this hypothesis in ex vivo hearts, human mastocytoma cells, and bone marrow-derived MCs from wild-type and H4R knockout mice. We found that activation of MC H4Rs mimics the cardioprotective anti-RAS effects of IPC and that protection depends on the sequential activation of PKCε and ALDH2 in MCs, reducing aldehyde-induced MC degranulation and renin release and alleviating reperfusion arrhythmias. These cardioprotective effects are mimicked by selective H4R agonists and disappear when H4Rs are pharmacologically blocked or genetically deleted. Our results uncover a novel cardioprotective pathway in I/R, whereby activation of H4Rs on the MC membrane, possibly by MC-derived histamine, leads sequentially to PKCε and ALDH2 activation, reduction of toxic aldehyde-induced MC renin release, prevention of RAS activation, reduction of norepinephrine release, and ultimately to alleviation of reperfusion arrhythmias. This newly discovered protective pathway suggests that MC H4Rs may represent a new pharmacologic and therapeutic target for the direct alleviation of RAS-induced cardiac dysfunctions, including ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Aldi
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, (S.A., K.-i.T., K.T., K.K., N.C., A.M., M.S.-R., R.L.); and Department of Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (R.L.T.)
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Abstract
A decade ago, the (P)RR [(pro)renin receptor] was discovered and depicted as a potential activator of the tissue renin-angiotensin system. For this reason, the role of the (P)RR in cardiovascular diseases and diabetes has been particularly studied. However, the discovery of embryonic lethality after (P)RR gene deletion in mouse and zebrafish paved the way for additional roles of (P)RR in cell homoeostasis. Indeed, the (P)RR has been shown to associate with vacuolar H+-ATPase, hence its other name ATP6ap2. Developmental studies in Xenopus and Drosophila have revealed an essential role of this association to promote the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways, whereas studies with tissue-specific gene deletion have pointed out a role in autophagy. The present review aims to summarize recent findings on the cellular functions of (P)RR emerging from various mutated and transgenic animal models.
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De Mello WC, Frohlich ED. Clinical perspectives and fundamental aspects of local cardiovascular and renal Renin-Angiotensin systems. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:16. [PMID: 24600438 PMCID: PMC3928588 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the potential role of organ specific cardiovascular renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) has been demonstrated experimentally and clinically with respect to certain cardiovascular and renal diseases. These findings have been supported by studies involving pharmacological inhibition during ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac failure; hypertension associated with left ventricular ischemia, myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy; structural and functional changes of the target organs associated with prolonged dietary salt excess; and intrarenal vascular disease associated with end-stage renal disease. Moreover, the severe structural and functional changes induced by these pathological conditions can be prevented and reversed by agents producing RAS inhibition (even when not necessarily coincident with alterations in arterial pressure). In this review, we discuss specific fundamental and clinical aspects and mechanisms related to the activation or inhibition of local RAS and their implications for cardiovascular and renal diseases. Fundamental aspects involving the role of angiotensins on cardiac and renal functions including the expression of RAS components in the heart and kidney and the controversial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on angiotensin peptide metabolism in humans, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmor C. De Mello
- School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
- *Correspondence: Walmor C. De Mello, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Suite A-322, Main Building, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA e-mail:
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Baltatu OC, Zaugg CE, Schumacher C, Louie P, Campos LA, Bader M. Avosentan is protective in hypertensive nephropathy at doses not causing fluid retention. Pharmacol Res 2013; 80:9-13. [PMID: 24368192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies indicate that endothelin antagonism may have a protective effect for chronic kidney disease. Despite that, clinical studies using avosentan have been halted due to adverse effects including fluid overload. Therefore, we aimed at investigating whether avosentan may have protective effects against hypertensive nephropathy at doses below those inducing fluid-retention. We used double transgenic rats (dTGR), overexpressing both the human renin and angiotensinogen gene, which develop malignant hypertension. Effects of avosentan alone or in combination with low-dose of valsartan (angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist) on end-organ damage were studied. Avosentan induced a decrease of diuresis (18.3%) with a consequent decrease in hematocrit (8.3%) only at the highest dose investigated (100mg/kg). Treatment with the combination of avosentan and valsartan (10 and 0.1mg/kg, once daily by gavage, respectively) decreased albuminuria to a greater extent than each compound given alone (avosentan: 19.6mg/24h; valsartan: 12.9mg/24h; avosentan+valsartan: 1.7mg/24h, data are median values). Histological severity score also showed a drastic reduction of kidney damage. Furthermore, avosentan alone or in combination therapy dramatically decreased mortality compared to the 100% in untreated animals. These data support a therapeutic effect of avosentan at doses below those inducing fluid overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu C Baltatu
- Camilo Castelo Branco University (UNICASTELO), Sao Jose dos Campos Technology Park, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Pat Louie
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luciana A Campos
- Camilo Castelo Branco University (UNICASTELO), Sao Jose dos Campos Technology Park, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Batra R, Sinclair A. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension; research progress and emerging themes. J Neurol 2013; 261:451-60. [PMID: 24085346 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition characterised by increased intracranial pressure of unknown cause predominantly seen in obese women of childbearing age and associated with a history of recent weight gain. The aetiology is poorly understood and there are no evidence-based guidelines on the management of the disease. We aim to provide a review of the recent literature outlining the latest advances in this field over the past few years. Areas of emerging interest related to the pathophysiology of IIH will be discussed, such as the role of obesity, adipose tissue and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. We consider the latest research on the role of venous sinus stenosis in IIH and ex vivo advances into cerebrospinal fluid drainage via the arachnoid granulation tissue. The latest techniques for optic nerve head evaluation and the role of optical coherence tomography will be summarised. Finally, we will discuss recent advances in the management of IIH, including weight loss, and medical and surgical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Batra
- Birmingham Neuro-ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK,
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Redox signaling is an early event in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18640-56. [PMID: 24025423 PMCID: PMC3794800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a critical role in the development of chronic renal damage in patients with renovascular hypertension. Although angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, it is not known how these pathways intersect to produce chronic renal damage. We tested the hypothesis that renal parenchymal cells are subjected to oxidant stress early in the development of RVH and produce signals that promote influx of inflammatory cells, which may then propagate chronic renal injury. We established a reproducible murine model of RVH by placing a tetrafluoroethylene cuff on the right renal artery. Three days after cuff placement, renal tissue demonstrates no histologic abnormalities despite up regulation of both pro- and anti-oxidant genes. Mild renal atrophy was observed after seven days and was associated with induction of Tnfα and influx of CD3⁺ T cells and F4/80⁺ macrophages. By 28 days, kidneys developed severe renal atrophy with interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, despite normalization of plasma renin activity. Based on these considerations, we propose that renal parenchymal cells initiate a progressive cascade of events leading to oxidative stress, interstitial inflammation, renal fibrosis, and atrophy.
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Rosenbaugh EG, Savalia KK, Manickam DS, Zimmerman MC. Antioxidant-based therapies for angiotensin II-associated cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R917-28. [PMID: 23552499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00395.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and heart failure, are associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and increased circulating and tissue levels of ANG II, a primary effector peptide of the RAS. Through its actions on various cell types and organ systems, ANG II contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases by inducing cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, vasoconstriction, sodium and water reabsorption in kidneys, sympathoexcitation, and activation of the immune system. Cardiovascular research over the past 15-20 years has clearly implicated an important role for elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating these pathophysiological actions of ANG II. As such, the use of antioxidants, to reduce the elevated levels of ROS, as potential therapies for various ANG II-associated cardiovascular diseases has been intensely investigated. Although some antioxidant-based therapies have shown therapeutic impact in animal models of cardiovascular disease and in human patients, others have failed. In this review, we discuss the benefits and limitations of recent strategies, including gene therapy, dietary sources, low-molecular-weight free radical scavengers, polyethylene glycol conjugation, and nanomedicine-based technologies, which are designed to deliver antioxidants for the improved treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Although much work has been completed, additional research focusing on developing specific antioxidant molecules or proteins and identifying the ideal in vivo delivery system for such antioxidants is necessary before the use of antioxidant-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases become a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Rosenbaugh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Nebraska Center for Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is present in human placental tissue and participates in regulation of maternal-fetal blood flow during pregnancy. RAS expression in placental tissue is regulated by various hormones and is altered in various disease conditions. An in vitro system is needed to further investigate regulation of the placental RAS. To this end, we studied RAS expression in the human placenta-derived cell line, CRL-7548. METHODS CRL-7548 cells were cultured in plastic plates. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers. Angiotensin II peptide in the culture media was measured by radioimmunoassay. Renin activity was detected by radioimmunoassay measuring angiotensin I generated. Angiotensin receptor type I was detected by Western blot. RESULTS Specific mRNA for angiotensin, renin, angiotensin converting enzyme, and angiotensin receptor type I was detected by real-time PCR. Renin activity was detected in the placental cell lysate, and angiotensin II peptide, the final product of the RAS system, was detected in cell culture media by radioimmunoassay. Angiotensin receptor type I was identified as a 41 kDa protein in cell lysates by Western blot. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that all necessary components of the classic RAS are expressed in the human placental cell line CRL-7548. This cell line may prove useful as an in vitro system for studying RAS regulation in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Pan
- Core Laboratory, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Dart
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Duane Tewksbury
- Emeritus Scientist, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Jiangming Luo
- Hospitalist, Department of Hospital Medicine, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA
- Corresponding Author: Jiangming Luo, MD, PhD; Hospitalist, Department of Hospital Medicine; Marshfield Clinic; 1000 North Oak Avenue; Marshfield, WI, 54449; Tel: 715.387.5537; Fax: 715.389.5757; E-mail:
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Damasceno DD, Lima MP, Motta DF, Ferreira AJ, Quintão-Junior JF, Drummond LR, Natali AJ, Almeida AP, Pesquero JL. Cardiovascular and electrocardiographic parameters after tonin administration in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 181:30-6. [PMID: 23318501 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanisms of interaction between tonin-angiotensin and renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) we evaluated, "in vivo" and "in vitro", in Wistar rats, cardiovascular and electrocardiographic parameters after tonin administration. Arterial pressure (AP) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded in awake animals before and after tonin administration. Langendorff technique was used to analyze cardiac function in isolated heart in the presence of tonin and video motion edge detection system was used to evaluate the effect of tonin upon contractile function of isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. After tonin infusion rats presented significantly higher diastolic and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) as compared with control. The ECG analysis revealed shorter RR interval, increase in the low-frequency (LF) range of the heart rate variability (HRV) power (%) and decrease in the high-frequency (HF) of HRV power (%). Isolated hearts perfused with tonin presented an increase in the arterial coronary pressure (ACP) and decline in the ventricular systolic tension (ST), maximal (dT/dt+) and minimal (dT/dt) contractility. The rates of contraction and relaxation of isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes were significantly increased due to the presence of tonin. The angiotensin II (Ang II) levels in the coronary sinus effluent increased in the presence of tonin in a dose-dependent manner and the effect of tonin upon ACP was completely blocked by candesartan. Tonin is able to generate the vasoconstrictor peptide Ang II in the isolated heart of the rat and the cardiovascular response induced by tonin was completely blocked by candesartan, an indication that the action of Ang II on Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors is the major mechanism of the heart effects. Tonin affects cardiomyocyte contractile function which may be due to interference with Ca(2+) handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis D Damasceno
- Department of Educational Development, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southeast Minas Gerais, Campus Barbacena, MG, Brazil.
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Campos LA, Cipolla-Neto J, Amaral FG, Michelini LC, Bader M, Baltatu OC. The Angiotensin-melatonin axis. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:521783. [PMID: 23365722 PMCID: PMC3556444 DOI: 10.1155/2013/521783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that various biological and neuroendocrine circadian rhythms may be disrupted in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. These circadian alterations may contribute to the progression of disease. Our studies direct to an important role of angiotensin II and melatonin in the modulation of circadian rhythms. The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may modulate melatonin synthesis, a hormone with well-established roles in regulating circadian rhythms. Angiotensin production in the central nervous system may not only influence hypertension but also appears to affect the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. Drugs acting on RAS have been proven effective in the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders including hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM). On the other hand, since melatonin is capable of ameliorating metabolic abnormalities in DM and insulin resistance, the beneficial effects of RAS blockade could be improved through combined RAS blocker and melatonin therapy. Contemporary research is evidencing the existence of specific clock genes forming central and peripheral clocks governing circadian rhythms. Further research on the interaction between these two neurohormones and the clock genes governing circadian clocks may progress our understanding on the pathophysiology of disease with possible impact on chronotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A. Campos
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education—(CITE), Camilo Castelo Branco University (UNICASTELO), São José dos Campos Technology Park, Presidente Dutra Road Km 138, 12247-004 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lisete C. Michelini
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Cardiovascular Research, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ovidiu C. Baltatu
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education—(CITE), Camilo Castelo Branco University (UNICASTELO), São José dos Campos Technology Park, Presidente Dutra Road Km 138, 12247-004 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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The Prorenin and (Pro)renin Receptor: New Players in the Brain Renin-Angiotensin System? Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:290635. [PMID: 23316344 PMCID: PMC3536329 DOI: 10.1155/2012/290635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the brain renin-angiotensin (RAS) system plays an essential role in
the development of hypertension, mainly through the modulation of autonomic activities
and vasopressin release. However, how the brain synthesizes angiotensin (Ang) II has
been a debate for decades, largely due to the low renin activity. This paper first
describes the expression of the vasoconstrictive arm of RAS components in the brain as
well as their physiological and pathophysiological significance. It then focus on the
(pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly discovered component of the RAS which has a high
level in the brain. We review the role of prorenin and PRR in peripheral organs and
emphasize the involvement of brain PRR in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Some
future perspectives in PRR research are heighted with respect to novel therapeutic
target for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Cao S, Wu R. Expression of Angiotensin II and Aldosterone in Radiation-induced Lung Injury. Cancer Biol Med 2012; 9:254-60. [PMID: 23691486 PMCID: PMC3643675 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is the most common, dose-limiting complication in thoracic malignancy radiotherapy. Considering its negative impact on patients and restrictions to efficacy, the mechanism of RILI was studied. METHODS Wistar rats were locally irradiated with a single dose of 0, 16, and 20 Gy to the right half of the lung to establish a lung injury model. Two and six months after irradiation, the right half of the rat lung tissue was removed, and the concentrations of TGF-β1, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Statistical differences were observed in the expression levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone between the non-irradiation and irradiation groups. Moreover, the expression level of the angiotensin II-aldosterone system increased with increasing doses, and the difference was still observed as time progressed. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin II-aldosterone system has an important pathophysiological function in the progression of RILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Cao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
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