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Munari EV, Amer M, Amodeo A, Bollino R, Federici S, Goggi G, Giovanelli L, Persani L, Cangiano B, Bonomi M. The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1201313. [PMID: 37455904 PMCID: PMC10338218 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of diagnosing hypogonadism and hypotestosteronemia shows us the many steps that were necessary to achieve our current knowledge and the ability to improve these patients' well-being. Moreover, so far, criteria for diagnosing hypotestosteronemia varies according to the underlying condition, and according to the consensus or guideline adopted. Furthermore, besides the many signs and symptoms, there are several complications associated with low testosterone levels such as osteoporosis, metabolic alterations, as well as cardiovascular disorders. However, data are often conflicting regarding the severity, timing or even the real clinical relevance of these complications, although these studies often lack essential information such as gonadotropin levels or the underlying cause of hypogonadism. The present review focus on the complications of male hypogonadism according to the cause of testosterone deficiency, highlighting the lack of information found in many studies investigating its effects. We thereby stress the necessity to always perform a complete evaluation of the type of hypogonadism (including at least gonadotropins and secondary causes) when investigating the effects of low testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Amer
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Amodeo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Bollino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Federici
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Goggi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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2
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Zhang K, Yang X, Zhang M, Wang C, Fang P, Xue M, Zhao J, Gao X, Pan R, Gong P. Revisiting the relationships of 2D:4D with androgen receptor (AR) gene and current testosterone levels: Replication study and meta-analyses. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:353-370. [PMID: 31359506 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationships of digit ratio (2D:4D) with the length of AR (CAG)n, and testosterone levels from saliva and blood have been extensively debated over the years. This research including three studies further clarifies such controversies. To do so, we re-examined the relationships between the length of AR (CAG)n, 2D:4D, and current testosterone levels, through replication study and meta-analysis for each study. The results indicate: (a) the length of AR (CAG)n is not significantly associated with 2D:4D; (b) current testosterone levels are not significantly associated with the ratio; and (c) the length is not significantly associated with testosterone levels. Thus, AR (CAG)n and current testosterone levels are not significantly related to 2D:4D at individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunlan Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengpeng Fang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengying Xue
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaocai Gao
- Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruliang Pan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,School of Human Sciences, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pingyuan Gong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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3
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Ryan CP, Georgiev AV, McDade TW, Gettler LT, Eisenberg DTA, Rzhetskaya M, Agustin SS, Hayes MG, Kuzawa CW. Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat length (AR‐CAGn) modulates the effect of testosterone on androgen‐associated somatic traits in Filipino young adult men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:317-327. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calen P. Ryan
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
| | | | - Thomas W. McDade
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
| | - Lee T. Gettler
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
- The Eck Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
| | - Dan T. A. Eisenberg
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
- Center for Studies in Demography and EcologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| | - Margarita Rzhetskaya
- Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
| | - Sonny S. Agustin
- USC‐Office of Population Studies FoundationUniversity of San CarlosCebu City Philippines
| | - M. Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
- Center for Genetic MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
| | - Christopher W. Kuzawa
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
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4
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Tirabassi G, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, delli Muti N, Furlani G, Gallo M, Pallotti F, Paoli D, Giorgino F, Lombardo F, Gandini L, Lenzi A, Balercia G. Influence of CAG Repeat Polymorphism on the Targets of Testosterone Action. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:298107. [PMID: 26421011 PMCID: PMC4572434 DOI: 10.1155/2015/298107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, ample evidence has demonstrated the growing importance of androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat polymorphism in andrology. This genetic parameter is able to condition the peripheral effects of testosterone and therefore to influence male sexual function and fertility, cardiovascular risk, body composition, bone metabolism, the risk of prostate and testicular cancer, the psychiatric status, and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we extensively discuss the literature data and identify a role for AR CAG repeat polymorphism in conditioning the systemic testosterone effects. In particular, our main purpose was to provide an updated text able to shed light on the many and often contradictory findings reporting an influence of CAG repeat polymorphism on the targets of testosterone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tirabassi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola delli Muti
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Furlani
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Gallo
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Gandini
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Balercia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- *Giancarlo Balercia:
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5
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Tirabassi G, delli Muti N, Gioia A, Biagioli A, Lenzi A, Balercia G. Effects of testosterone replacement therapy on bone metabolism in male post-surgical hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: focus on the role of androgen receptor CAG polymorphism. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:393-400. [PMID: 24458833 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM The relationship between androgen receptor (AR) CAG polymorphism and bone metabolism is highly controversial. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the independent role of AR CAG repeat polymorphism on bone metabolism improvement induced by testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in male post-surgical hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a condition frequently associated with hypopituitarism and in which the effects of TRT have to be distinguished from those resulting from concomitant administration of pituitary function replacing hormones. METHODS 12 men affected by post-surgical hypogonadotropic hypogonadism [mean duration of hypogonadism 8.3 ± 2.05 (SD) months] were retrospectively assessed before and after TRT (from 74 to 84 weeks after the beginning of therapy). The following measures were studied: parameters of bone metabolism [serum markers and bone mineral density (BMD)], pituitary dependent hormones and genetic analysis (AR CAG repeat number). RESULTS Total testosterone, estradiol, free T4 (FT4) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) increased between the two phases, while follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased. While serum markers did not vary significantly between the two phases, BMD improved slightly but significantly in all the studied sites. The number of CAG triplets correlated negatively and significantly with all the variations (Δ-) of BMDs. Conversely, Δ-testosterone correlated positively and significantly with all studied Δ-BMDs, while Δ-FSH, Δ-estradiol, Δ-FT4, and Δ-IGF-1 did not correlate significantly with any of the Δ-BMDs. Multiple linear regression analysis, after correction for Δ-testosterone, showed that CAG repeat length was negatively and significantly associated with ∆-BMD of all measured sites. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that, in post-surgical male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, shorter AR CAG tract is independently associated with greater TRT-induced improvement of BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tirabassi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
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Bojesen A, Hertz JM, Gravholt CH. Genotype and phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome - impact of androgen receptor polymorphism and skewed X inactivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e642-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Yanovich R, Milgrom R, Friedman E, Moran DS. Androgen receptor CAG repeat size is associated with stress fracture risk: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469:2925-31. [PMID: 21327417 PMCID: PMC3171536 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-011-1805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress fractures commonly affect military recruits during basic training. Several lines of evidence suggest genetic factors are involved in stress fracture predisposition. As gender steroid hormone levels and activity have been implicated in affecting bone strength, one of the candidate genes likely to be involved is the androgen receptor gene. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We assessed the possible involvement of the androgen receptor gene in stress fracture predisposition in Israeli soldiers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2007 and December 2009, we collected clinical and imaging data from 454 Israeli soldiers referred for bone scans with clinical symptoms compatible with stress fractures: 171 soldiers (154 men, 17 women) (patients) with bone scan-proven stress fractures and 283 soldiers (242 men, 41 women) with normal bone scans (control subjects). All participants were genotyped for the length of the CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) repeat in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene using PCR and subsequent fragment analysis on sequence analyzer. RESULTS The androgen receptor gene CAG repeat was ranged between six and 31 (mean ± SD, 20.6 ± 4.3) among patients and between 11 and 32 (mean ± SD, 20.0 ± 3.8) among control subjects. Smaller-sized (< 16) androgen receptor CAG repeats were more prevalent among control subjects (23%) than among patients (13%); the risk for having SFs was almost halved if the size of the repeat was shorter than 16 repeats. CONCLUSIONS The androgen receptor gene CAG repeat has a different allele distribution among Israeli soldiers with stress fractures than in control subjects. While our finding must be validated, it could be used for screening individuals at risk for stress fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, prognostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yanovich
- Institute of Military Physiology, Heller Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Roni Milgrom
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621 Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621 Israel ,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel S. Moran
- Institute of Military Physiology, Heller Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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8
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Different mechanisms in Klinefelter syndrome contribute to reduced bone mass and osteoporosis, which have a precocious onset and are detected in up to 40% of patients, irrespectively of testosterone levels. Androgen receptor, X chromosome inactivation and INSL3 levels are hypothesized to cooperate with and modulate the effect of testosterone on the bone. CONCLUSION New perspectives on genetic topics are opening exciting areas of research on the pathophysiology of reduced bone mass in Klinefelter patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferlin
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Clinical Pathology & Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova, Italy
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9
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Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Vinanzi C, Garolla A, Di Mambro A, Selice R, Lenzi A, Foresta C. Bone mass in subjects with Klinefelter syndrome: role of testosterone levels and androgen receptor gene CAG polymorphism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E739-45. [PMID: 21270324 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal alteration characterized by supernumerary X-chromosome(s), primary hypogonadism, decreased pubertal peak bone mineral density (BMD), and accelerated bone loss during adulthood. Decreased bone mass has been traditionally related to low testosterone levels. However, testosterone replacement therapy does not necessarily increase bone mass in these patients, and low BMD can be observed also in patients with normal testosterone levels. The androgen receptor (AR) gene CAG polymorphism seems to modulate the sensitivity to testosterone and previous studies have related it to some clinical aspects of KS, to include BMD, gynecomastia, testes and prostate volume, and hemoglobin concentration. OBJECTIVE To analyze the relation between bone mass, testosterone, and AR CAG polymorphism in men with KS. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING University department. PATIENTS One hundred twelve consecutive treatment-naïve 47,XXY Klinefelter patients (mean age 33.5 ± 4.7 yr) and 51 age-matched normal male controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, CAG repeat length polymorphism, X-chromosome inactivation, and testosterone levels. RESULTS Forty-nine of 112 KS subjects (42.5%) had low bone mass (osteopenia or osteoporosis). Lumbar and/or femoral T-scores were lower in KS patients compared with controls. No significant relationship was observed between testosterone levels and bone parameters, and the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis was similar in subjects with normal and low testosterone levels (43.7% and 40.5%, respectively). The mean CAG repeat length calculated after X-chromosome inactivation analysis showed no differences between patients with normal and low bone mass. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone levels and AR CAG polymorphism are not associated with bone mass phenotype in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Histology, Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova,35121 Padova, Italy.
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Okudaira S, Shimizu M, Otsuki B, Nakanishi R, Ohta A, Higuchi K, Hosokawa M, Tsuboyama T, Nakamura T. Quantitative trait locus on chromosome X affects bone loss after maturation in mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2010; 28:520-31. [PMID: 20354743 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic programming is known to affect the peak bone mass and bone loss after maturation. However, little is known about how polymorphic genes on chromosome X (Chr X) modulate bone loss after maturation. We previously reported a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on Chr X, designated Pbd3, which had a suggestive linkage to bone mass, in male SAMP2 and SAMP6 mice. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of Pbd3 on the skeletal phenotype. We generated a congenic strain, P2.P6-X, carrying a 45.6-cM SAMP6-derived Chr X interval on a SAMP2 genetic background. The effects of Pbd3 on the bone phenotype were determined by microcomputed tomography (microCT), whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), serum bone turnover markers, and histomorphometric parameters. Both the bone area fraction (BA/TA) on microCT and whole-body DXA revealed reduced bone loss in P2.P6-X compared with that in SAMP2. The serum concentrations of bone turnover markers at 4 months of age were significantly lower in P2.P6-X than in SAMP2, but did not differ at 8 months of age. These results were observed in female mice, but not in male mice. In conclusion, a QTL within a segregated 45.6-cM interval on Chr X is sex-specifically related to the rate of bone loss after maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Okudaira
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Xu XH, Dong SS, Guo Y, Yang TL, Lei SF, Papasian CJ, Zhao M, Deng HW. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis: the 2009 update. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:447-505. [PMID: 20357209 PMCID: PMC3365849 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex human disease that results in increased susceptibility to fragility fractures. It can be phenotypically characterized using several traits, including bone mineral density, bone size, bone strength, and bone turnover markers. The identification of gene variants that contribute to osteoporosis phenotypes, or responses to therapy, can eventually help individualize the prognosis, treatment, and prevention of fractures and their adverse outcomes. Our previously published reviews have comprehensively summarized the progress of molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis and have covered the data available to the end of September 2007. This review represents our continuing efforts to summarize the important and representative findings published between October 2007 and November 2009. The topics covered include genetic association and linkage studies in humans, transgenic and knockout mouse models, as well as gene-expression microarray and proteomics studies. Major results are tabulated for comparison and ease of reference. Comments are made on the notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of the genetics of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hong Xu
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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12
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Guadalupe-Grau A, Rodríguez-González FG, Ponce-González JG, Dorado C, Olmedillas H, Fuentes T, Pérez-Gómez J, Sanchís-Moysi J, Díaz-Chico BN, Calbet JAL. Bone mass and the CAG and GGN androgen receptor polymorphisms in young men. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11529. [PMID: 20634949 PMCID: PMC2902510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine whether androgen receptor (AR) CAG (polyglutamine) and GGN (polyglycine) polymorphisms influence bone mineral density (BMD), osteocalcin and free serum testosterone concentration in young men. Methodology/Principal Findings Whole body, lumbar spine and femoral bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD, Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), AR repeat polymorphisms (PCR), osteocalcin and free testosterone (ELISA) were determined in 282 healthy men (28.6±7.6 years). Individuals were grouped as CAG short (CAGS) if harboring repeat lengths of ≤21 or CAG long (CAGL) if CAG >21, and GGN was considered short (GGNS) or long (GGNL) if GGN ≤23 or >23. There was an inverse association between logarithm of CAG and GGN length and Ward's Triangle BMC (r = −0.15 and −0.15, P<0.05, age and height adjusted). No associations between CAG or GGN repeat length and regional BMC or BMD were observed after adjusting for age. Whole body and regional BMC and BMD values were similar in men harboring CAGS, CAGL, GGNS or GGNL AR repeat polymorphisms. Men harboring the combination CAGL+GGNL had 6.3 and 4.4% higher lumbar spine BMC and BMD than men with the haplotype CAGS+GGNS (both P<0.05). Femoral neck BMD was 4.8% higher in the CAGS+GGNS compared with the CAGL+GGNS men (P<0.05). CAGS, CAGL, GGNS, GGNL men had similar osteocalcin concentration as well as the four CAG-GGN haplotypes studied. Conclusion AR polymorphisms have an influence on BMC and BMD in healthy adult humans, which cannot be explained through effects in osteoblastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Francisco Germán Rodríguez-González
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Canary Islands Cancer Research Institute (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Teresa Fuentes
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Joaquín Sanchís-Moysi
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Bonifacio Nicolás Díaz-Chico
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Canary Islands Cancer Research Institute (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José A. L. Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Travison TG, Shackelton R, Araujo AB, Morley JE, Williams RE, Clark RV, McKinlay JB. Frailty, serum androgens, and the CAG repeat polymorphism: results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:2746-54. [PMID: 20410235 PMCID: PMC2902073 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor, denoted (CAG)n, is thought to (inversely) index androgen sensitivity. We hypothesized that (CAG)n would exhibit a modifying influence on the association between circulating total and calculated free testosterone (TT and FT) and physical frailty in aging men. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to establish the influence of (CAG)n on the relation between circulating TT, FT, LH, SHBG, and frailty. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study of health and endocrine functioning in randomly selected men, with a baseline (T1: 1987-89) and two follow-up (T2: 1995-1997; T3: 2002-2004) visits. SETTING This was an observational study of men residing in greater Boston, MA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 624 subjects aged 50-86 yr were retained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The frailty phenotype was measured at T3. Components included weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, weakness, and slowness. Subjects exhibiting two of these five components were considered to be in an intermediate state, and those exhibiting three or more were considered frail. RESULTS (CAG)n was positively associated with TT and FT. Multivariable regression analyses revealed no influence of CAG on longitudinal within-subject changes in hormone levels or cross-sectional (T3) associations between hormone concentrations and the prevalence of intermediate frailty or frailty. Models incorporating subjects' history of hormone decline produced similar negative results. CONCLUSIONS This population-based study does not support the hypothesis that interindividual differences in (CAG)n can account for a lack of association between circulating androgens and the frailty phenotype. Longitudinal analyses are needed to confirm these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Travison
- Department of Epidemiology, New England Research Institutes, 9 Galen Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, USA.
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Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Di Mambro A, Vinanzi C, Foresta C. Osteoporosis in Klinefelter's syndrome. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:402-10. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:260-77. [PMID: 19390324 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32832c937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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