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Wu L, Wang R, Yao Y, Tong Y, Li H, Meng XZ, Gong X, Bao LJ, You J, Zeng EY. Occurrence, Spatial Distribution, and Bioaccumulation of Dissolved Synthetic Musks in Freshwaters across China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7617-7627. [PMID: 38632682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Commercial chemicals, such as synthetic musks, are of global concern, but data on their occurrence and spatial distribution in aquatic environments of large scale are scarce. Two sampling campaigns were conducted in the present study to measure freely dissolved synthetic musks in freshwaters across China using passive samplers, along with biological coexposure at selected sites. Polycyclic musks (PCMs) dominated synthetic musks, with a detection frequency of 95%. Higher concentrations of PCMs were observed in densely populated Mid, East, and South China compared to less populated regions, indicating the significance of anthropogenic activities for synthetic musks in water. The concentration ratios of galaxolide (HHCB)/tonalide (AHTN) were significantly higher in low-latitude areas than in high-latitude areas from June to September, suggesting that solar radiation played an important role in the degradation of HHCB/AHTN. Significant correlations were found between dissolved concentrations of HHCB and AHTN and their lipid-normalized concentrations in coexposed fish and clam. The estimated hazard quotients for HHCB and AHTN in freshwater fish consumed by humans were less than 0.01 at all sampling sites except the Yangtze River Basin. These results help to understand the environmental fate and ecological risks of synthetic musks on a large geographical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yao Yao
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Yujun Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
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2
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Pintado-Herrera MG, Aguirre-Martínez GV, Martin-Díaz LM, Blasco J, Lara-Martín PA, Sendra M. Personal care products: an emerging threat to the marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20461-20476. [PMID: 38376785 PMCID: PMC10927873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in understanding the behavior of personal care products (PCPs) in the aquatic environment. In this regard, the aim of this study is to estimate the accumulation and effects of four PCPs within the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The PCPs selected were triclosan, OTNE, benzophenone-3, and octocrylene. A progressive uptake was observed and maximum concentrations in tissues were reached at the end of the exposure phase, up to levels of 0.68 µg g-1, 24 µg g-1, 0.81 µg g-1, and 1.52 µg g-1 for OTNE, BP-3, OC, and TCS, respectively. After the PCP post-exposure period, the removal percentages were higher than 65%. The estimated logarithm bioconcentration factor ranged from 3.34 to 2.93, in concordance with the lipophobicity of each substance. No lethal effects were found although significant changes were observed for ethoxyresorufin O-demethylase activity, glutathione S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), 11510, Cadiz, Spain.
| | | | - Laura M Martin-Díaz
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), 11510, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Rio S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), 11510, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Marta Sendra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain
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3
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Su Y, Li F, Xiao X, Li H, Wang D, You J. Ecological risk of galaxolide and its transformation product galaxolidone: evidence from the literature and a case study in Guangzhou waterways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1337-1346. [PMID: 37387310 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00139c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Galaxolidone (HHCB-lac) is a major transformation product of the commonly used synthetic musk galaxolide (HHCB) and is ubiquitous in the environment along with the parent compound. Although many studies have shown the harmful effects of HHCB, little attention has been paid to the potential ecological risk of HHCB-lac. Herein, we reviewed the concentrations and ratios of HHCB and HHCB-lac (HHCB-lac : HHCB) in different media reported in the literature, derived the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for the two compounds using ECOSAR predictions and species sensitivity distribution (SSD) estimates, and assessed their ecological risks in the aquatic environment. The literature data indicated that HHCB-lac and HHCB were generally present in the environment at ratios of 0.01-10. Using the derived PNECs (2.14 and 18.4 μg L-1 for HHCB and HHCB-lac, respectively), HHCB in the aquatic environment was assessed to have medium to high risks, while HHCB-lac was assessed to have low risks. Furthermore, we carried out a case study on the occurrence and ecological risks of HHCB and HHCB-lac in Guangzhou waterways. The concentrations of the two compounds in Guangzhou waterways ranged from 20 to 2620 ng L-1 and 3 to 740 ng L-1, respectively, and the ratios were in the range of 0.15 to 0.64. The field study data also showed medium to high risks of HHCB and low risks of HHCB-lac. Additionally, the endocrine effects of HHCB and HHCB-lac were confirmed by Endocrine Disruptome, which calls for greater scrutiny of the potential effects of HHCB and HHCB-lac on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Faxu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Xiangxiang Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Dali Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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Wang T, Zou H, Li D, Gao J, Bu Q, Wang Z. Global distribution and ecological risk assessment of synthetic musks in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121893. [PMID: 37245793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks, as an alternative product of natural musks, are widely used in almost all fragrances of consumer products, such as perfumes, cosmetics and detergents. During the past few decades, the production of synthetic musks has been increasing year by year, subsequently followed by large concern about their adverse effects on ecosystems and human beings. Until now, several studies have reviewed the latest development of analytical methods of synthetic musks in biological samples and cosmetics products, while there is still lack of a systematic analysis of their global distribution in different environmental media. Thus, this review summarizes the occurrence of synthetic musks in the environment including biota around the world and explores their global distribution patterns. The results show that galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) are generally the most frequently detected synthetic musks in different samples with HHCB and AHTN being predominant. Higher concentrations of HHCB and AHTN are normally found in western countries compared to Asian countries, indicating more consumptions of these musks in western countries. The persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of synthetic musks (mainly for polycyclic musks and nitro musks) are also discussed. The risk quotients (RQs) of HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK in most waters and sediments are below 0.1, reflecting a low risk to aqueous and sediment-dwelling species. In some sites, e.g., close to STPs, high risks (RQs>1) are characterized. Currently, limited data are available for macrocyclic musks and alicyclic musks in terms of either occurrence or PBT properties. More studies with an expanded scope of chemical type, geographical distribution and (synergic) toxicological effects especially from a long-term point of view are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Danyang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ye J, Hua S, Liu S, Tian F, Ji X, Li Y, Hou M, Xu W, Meng L, Sun L. Enantioselective effects of chiral fragrance carvone (L- and D-carvone) on the physiology, oxidative damage, synthesis, and release of microcystin-LR in Microcystis aeruginosa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158631. [PMID: 36084777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carvone is a widely used chiral fragrance with two isomers (L-carvone and D-carvone). D-carvone smells like a caraway, whereas L-carvone smells like mint. Carvone imposes a potential burden on the aquatic ecosystem. However, the enantioselective toxic effect of carvone enantiomers on cyanobacteria remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of L- and D-carvone on the physiological processes and related gene transcription (phoU, rbcL, and mcyH) in M. aeruginosa. Results showed that in the presence of L- and D-carvone, the oxidative damage and inhibitory effects on growth occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The contents of chlorophyll a and protein and the rbcL transcription level were inhibited in M. aeruginosa. In addition, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was heavily depleted because of various biological processes, including growth, oxidation reactions, and gene regulation. Meanwhile, L- and D-carvone stimulated the production and release of MC-LR and upregulated the expression level of the MC-LR-related gene mcyH. Intracellular MC-LR likely leaked to the water body under L-carvone exposure, posing a potential threat to the water environment. This study indicated that L- and D-carvone can regulate the physiological and metabolic activity of M. aeruginosa and show enantioselective toxic effects. The findings will also provide important insights into the influence of chiral fragrance on cyanobacterial blooms. Furthermore, this study will guide the safe application of chiral fragrance as personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Sijia Hua
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Fuxiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xiyan Ji
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yuanting Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- School of Railway Transportation, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Liang Meng
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China
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Vimalkumar K, Mayilsamy M, Arun E, Gobinath B, Prasanth S, Nikhil PN, Krishna-Kumar S, Srimurali S, Mkandawire M, Babu-Rajendran R. Screening of antimicrobials, fragrances, UV stabilizers, plasticizers and preservatives in sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their risk assessment in India. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136452. [PMID: 36116630 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Community/industrial wastewater is the prime source of anthropogenic chemicals, its treatment is often a daunting task and unaffordable for many countries. Emerging Contaminants (ECs) have been drained into wastewater after continuous use/misuse and Conventional treatments in STPs do not remove them completely. ECs including antimicrobial agents, synthetic musks, Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVSs), plasticizers, and preservatives are frequently reported in environment, and cause health effects to non-target organisms. Monitoring of ECs is important to understand their status in aquatic environment. Hence, it was aimed to monitor ECs (n = 21) from 11 STPs in Tamil Nadu, India. The detection frequency of most of these analytes was >90%. Antimicrobials ranged from 247 to 22,714 ng/L and 11-14,369 ng/L in influents and effluents, respectively. The synthetic musks were in the order of Tonalide > Galaxolide > Musk Ketone. BUVSs ranged from 4 to 1632 ng/L (influents) and < LOD to 29,853 ng/L (effluents). Concentration of phthalates in influents and effluents were < LOD - 11,311 ng/L and < LOD - 17,618 ng/L, respectively. Parabens were found in the order of Prophyl > Methyl > Ethyl > Butyl in influents and Methyl > Prophyl > Butyl > Ethyl in effluents. Mass loads of ECs through STPs were found as antimicrobials > plasticizers > fragrances > BUVSs > Preservatives. This study reveals increasing usage of ECs and inadequate treatment processes at STPs in India. Also helps to adopt suitable treatment processes to remove ECs from wastewater and to reuse the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthi Vimalkumar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Environmental Medicine and Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Murugasamy Mayilsamy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Hiyoshi India Ecological Services Private Limited, TICEL Biopark Ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elayaraja Arun
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramanian Gobinath
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Prasanth
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Patil Nishikant Nikhil
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Krishna-Kumar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sampath Srimurali
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Food Chemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Martin Mkandawire
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Novo Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada
| | - Ramaswamy Babu-Rajendran
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Kobe, 658-0022, Japan.
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7
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Bernardini I, Fabrello J, Vecchiato M, Ferraresso S, Babbucci M, Peruzza L, Rovere GD, Masiero L, Marin MG, Bargelloni L, Gambaro A, Patarnello T, Matozzo V, Milan M. Effects of environmental concentrations of the fragrance amyl salicylate on the mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119502. [PMID: 35605833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyl salicylate (AS) is a fragrance massively used as a personal care product and following the discharged in wastewaters may end up in the aquatic environment representing a potential threat for the ecosystem and living organisms. AS was recently detected in water of the Venice Lagoon, a vulnerable area continuously subjected to the income of anthropogenic chemicals. The lagoon is a relevant area for mollusc farming, including the Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) having an important economic and ecological role. Despite high levels of AS occurred in water of the Lagoon of Venice, no studies investigated the possible consequences of AS exposures on species inhabiting this ecosystem to date. For the first time, we applied a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the potential effects of the fragrance AS on Mediterranean mussels. To reach such a goal, bioaccumulation, cellular, biochemical, and molecular analyses (RNA-seq and microbiota characterization) were measured in mussels treated for 7 and 14 days with different AS Venice lagoon environmental levels (0.1 and 0.5 μg L-1). Despite chemical investigations suggested low AS bioaccumulation capability, cellular and molecular analyses highlighted the disruption of several key cellular processes after the prolonged exposures to the high AS concentration. Among them, potential immunotoxicity and changes in transcriptional regulation of pathways involved in energy metabolism, stress response, apoptosis and cell death regulations have been observed. Conversely, exposure to the low AS concentration demonstrated weak transcriptional changes and transient increased representation of opportunistic pathogens, as Arcobacter genus and Vibrio aestuarianus. Summarizing, this study provides the first overview on the effects of AS on one of the most widely farmed mollusk species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bernardini
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - J Fabrello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - M Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - S Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - L Peruzza
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - G Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - L Masiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - M G Marin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - L Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - A Gambaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - T Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - V Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - M Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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8
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Zheng M, Xu L, Chen C, Labiadh L, Yuan B, Fu ML. MOFs and GO-based composites as deliberated materials for the adsorption of various water contaminants. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Bu Q, Cao H, Wu D, Zhou M. Sorption of Polycyclic Musks on Soil Components of Different Aggregate Sizes: The Effect of Organic Matter-Mineral Interactions. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:417-423. [PMID: 35639119 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic musks (PCMs) in soils have been of increasing concern because of their potential characteristics of persistence, bioaccumulation, and ecological risk. However, little is known about their fate process in soil environment. Here, two PCMs namely galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were selected as sorbates to explore their sorption process in soils. Sorption batch experiments with six soils and their different aggregate fractions were carried out to elucidate the effect of organic matter-mineral interactions in different aggregate fractions on sorption of these two PCMs. The possible causes of variation in the organic carbon-normalized partition coefficient (Koc) for HHCB and AHTN have been investigated. The strong influence of organic matter-mineral interactions on Koc was evidenced by the large variation in Koc on HF-treatment for both bulk soils and their different aggregate fractions. This study verified the dual effect of organic matter-mineral interactions among selected soils, and in promoting or inhibiting sorption may be related to the types of organic matter-mineral interactions. There were also interactions between soil components with different aggregate sizes, which affected the variation of Koc in the bulk soil. This study represents a valuable contribution to the understanding of the fate processes and behaviors of HHCB and AHTN in soils and its implication on the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongmei Cao
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongkui Wu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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10
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Effects of the Fragrance Galaxolide on the Biomarker Responses of the Clam Ruditapes philippinarum. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The musk fragrance Galaxolide® (HHCB) is widely used in personal care and household products. Its large use leads to a continuous release of the compound into aquatic environments. Although some studies on the presence of HHCB in ecosystems and biota have been conducted, limited data about its effects on organism biomarkers are available. This study aimed at investigating both cellular and biochemical effects of HHCB in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Mussels were exposed for 7, 14 and 21 days to 100 ng/L and 500 ng/L of HHCB in seawater, and the effects on haemocyte parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities in the gills and digestive gland were evaluated. In addition, the neurotoxic potential of HHCB and its capacity to cause oxidative damage to proteins were assessed. Overall, our results demonstrated that exposure to HHCB was able to induce changes in biomarker responses of mussels, mainly at the cellular level.
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11
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Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide® and Tonalide® on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research investigated the potential environmental risk of the polycyclic musk compounds, Galaxolide® (HHCB) and Tonalide® (AHTN), in the marine environments. These substances are lipophilic, bioaccumulated, and potentially biomagnified in aquatic organisms. To understand the toxicity of HHCB and AHTN, acute toxicity tests were performed by exposing marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tretraselmis chuii, and Isochrysis galbana), crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis), fish (Sparus aurata), and a candidate freshwater microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.005–5 µg/L) following standardized protocols (US EPA, Environment Canada and OECD). P. tricornutum and I. galbana were sensitive to both substances and for P. tricornutum exposed to HHCB and AHTN, the IC10 values (the inhibition concentration at which 10% microalgae growth inhibition was observed) were 0.127 and 0.002 µg/L, respectively, while IC10 values calculated for I. galbana were 5.22 µg/L (a little higher than the highest concentration) and 0.328 µg/L, for HHCB and AHTN, respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) concentration dependent responses were measured in P. lividus and M. galloprovincialis larvae developments, as well as S. aurata mortality tested with HHCB. The effect of HHCB on P. lividus larvae development was the most sensitive endpoint recorded, producing an EC50 value (the effect concentration at which 50% effect was observed) of 4.063 µg/L. Considering the risk quotients both substances seem to represent high environmental risk to P. tricornutum and M. galloprovincialis in marine environments.
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Tasselli S, Guzzella L. Polycyclic musk fragrances (PMFs) in wastewater and activated sludge: analytical protocol and application to a real case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30977-30986. [PMID: 31933071 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two different analytical methods for the determination of polycyclic musk fragrances (PMFs) in wastewater and in activated sludge were developed. PMFs in filtered water samples were determined by gas chromatography coupled with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Activated sludge samples were extracted using an ultrasonic bath and analysed using a GC-Ion trap. The developed methods respected a linear model (R2 > 0.995). Detection limits of selected compounds (Celestolide, Galaxolide, Galaxolidone, Phantolide and Tonalide) varied from 1.7 to 80 ng L-1 for water and from 0.1 ng g-1 to 210 ng g-1 for activated sludge considering laboratory contamination for each PMF. Recovery studies were performed on spiked water samples and, for sludges, on procedural blanks, showing recoveries above 70% for all the considered compounds, while recovery of the internal standard was always above limit of acceptance (30%). Proposed methods were used to determine PMFs concentrations in wastewaters and activated sludges of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in Northern Italy. Concentrations in the range of μg L-1 of Galaxolide and of its metabolite Galaxolidone were detected even in the WWTP effluent. Biotransformation of Galaxolide into Galaxolidone occurred during biological treatment with the consequent release of this compound through WWTP effluents. In activated sludges, concentrations of all PMFs except Galaxolidone were one order of magnitude higher than wastewaters, as expected according to their physicochemical properties. Present wastewater treatment technologies were confirmed to not be efficient in removing PMFs from influent wastewaters since with only ≃ 30% of Celestolide and Tonalide were removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tasselli
- National Research Council-Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), S.S. Brugherio via del Mulino 19 (MB), 20861, Brugherio, Italy.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Licia Guzzella
- National Research Council-Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), S.S. Brugherio via del Mulino 19 (MB), 20861, Brugherio, Italy
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Ehiguese FO, Alam MR, Pintado-Herrera MG, Araújo CVM, Martin-Diaz ML. Potential of environmental concentrations of the musks galaxolide and tonalide to induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the marine environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 160:105019. [PMID: 32907733 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic musk compounds have been identified in environmental matrices (water, sediment and air) and in biological tissues in the last decade, yet only minimal attention has been paid to their chronic toxicity in the marine environment. In the present research, the clams Ruditapes philippinarum were exposed to 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L of the fragrances Galaxolide® (HHCB) and Tonalide® (AHTN) for 21 days. A battery of biomarkers related with xenobiotics biotransformation (EROD and GST), oxidative stress (GPx, GR and LPO) and genotoxicity (DNA damage) were measured in digestive gland tissues. HHCB and AHTN significantly (p < 0.05) induced EROD and GST enzymatic activities at environmental concentrations. Both fragrances also induced GPx activity. All concentrations of both compounds induced an increase of LPO and DNA damage on day 21. Although these substances have been reported as not acutely toxic, this study shows that they might induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friday O Ehiguese
- Chemical Physics Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Md Rushna Alam
- Chemical Physics Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Chemical Physics Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Laura Martin-Diaz
- Chemical Physics Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Zhang H, Bu Q, Wu D, Yu G. Polycyclic musks in surface water and sediments from an urban catchment in the megacity Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114548. [PMID: 32302895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two typical polycyclic musks (PCMs), namely 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(g)-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), were determined in 63 surface water and 42 sediment samples collected from the North Canal River watershed, an urban catchment located in the megacity Beijing, China. Concentrations of HHCB and AHTN were 13.2 ng/L-395 ng/L and 2.98 ng/L-232 ng/L in surface water, while 4.10 ng/g-818 ng/g and 1.21 ng/g-731 ng/g in sediments. The results showed that PCM concentrations in the North Canal River watershed were at the high end when compared to that in other regions in China and worldwide. A watershed-wide annual mass budget showed that HHCB (∼150 kg/year) and AHTN (∼80 kg/year) mainly originated from urban wastewaters. Both PCMs were eliminated primarily by outflowing water (72 kg/year and 43 kg/year for HHCB and AHTN, respectively) and due to losses to the atmosphere (40 kg/year and 26 kg/year for HHCB and AHTN, respectively). An assessment of ecological risks posed by HHCB and AHTN to aquatic organisms in the North Canal River watershed was performed by using a tiered ecological risk assessment. The results showed that PCMs were unlikely to pose an ecological risk at the watershed scale (the probability of the incidence of adverse effect was <3.5% at the 99% protection level). However, according to the results from the risk quotient method, the tributaries draining wastewater effluents should be hotspots that warrant further research in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Dongkui Wu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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Ding T, Li W, Cai M, Jia X, Yang M, Yang B, Li J. Algal toxicity, accumulation and metabolic pathways of galaxolide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121360. [PMID: 31648896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Galaxolide (HHCB) is known to be persistent during wastewater treatment and has raised increasing concern due to its high detection frequency in the environment and potentially negative effects. However, little information is available on the degradation of HHCB by algae, the degradation mechanisms and the toxicity of HHCB on algae. In the present study, HHCB was found to be toxic to Navicula sp. and Scenedesmus quadricauda, with a 3 d EC50 of 0.050 and 0.336 mg L-1, respectively. Both microalgae showed high removal efficiency (72.9-100%) for HHCB. S. quadricauda showed a more satisfactory effect in the bioremediation of HHCB than Navicula sp. A total of four metabolites were found in the biotransformation processes of HHCB, and its possible metabolic pathways were proposed. Hydroxylation, methoxylation, methylation, ketonization, demethylation, and oxaloacetate conjunction contributed to the metabolism of HHCB in algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengda Ding
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Miao Cai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Juying Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Fan B, Wang X, Li J, Gao X, Li W, Huang Y, Liu Z. Deriving aquatic life criteria for galaxolide (HHCB) and ecological risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 681:488-496. [PMID: 31121399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic musk galaxolide (HHCB) is widely used as fragrances in personal care products (PCPs) and has been detected in various environmental media. There is an urgent need to derive aquatic life criteria (ALC) of HHCB for the protection of aquatic organisms. Toxicity tests with 8 Chinese resident aquatic organisms from 3 phyla and 8 families were conducted, and three methods were used for deriving the ALC. A criterion maximum concentration (CMC) of 8.33 μg/L and a criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of 2.20 μg/L were derived according to the USEPA guidelines. The acute predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) values derived by log-normal species sensitivity distribution (SSD) and log-logistic SSD method were 77.41 and 66.47 μg/L, respectively. In addition, a significant sensitivity difference was observed between the planktonic crustacean and benthic crustacean, and there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among SSDs based on resident and non-resident species. A comparison of chronic SSDs between HHCB, tonalide (AHTN) and musk ketone (MK) showed that nitro musk (MK) was more toxic to aquatic organisms than polycyclic musks (HHCB and AHTN). Finally, an assessment of risk to aquatic organisms in surface waters and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) worldwide showed that potential risk may exist at several locations. HHCB concentrations in 4.08 and 46.17% of the WWTP effluents in China and 1.71 and 16.13% of the WWTP effluents in other countries exceed the hazard concentration for 5% and 1% aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effects and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effects and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effects and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiangyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effects and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effects and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effects and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Peng FJ, Hu LX, Pan CG, Ying GG, Van den Brink PJ. Insights into the sediment toxicity of personal care products to freshwater oligochaete worms using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:296-302. [PMID: 30716664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their wide use in daily life. However, there are insufficient sediment toxicity data of PCPs under ecologically relevant conditions. Here we used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate the sediment toxicity of triclosan (TCS) and galaxolide (HHCB) to two freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Branchiura sowerbyi, in microcosms containing a diverse biological community. Exposure to 8 µg TCS/g and 100 µg HHCB/g dry weight (dw) sediment induced significant biochemical alterations in the L. hoffmeisteri tissue. 8 µg TCS/g primarily affected proteins and nucleic acid while 100 µg HHCB/g mainly affected proteins and lipids of L. hoffmeisteri. However, 0.8 µg TCS/g and 30 µg HHCB/g did not cause significant subcellular toxicity to L. hoffmeisteri. In contrast, exposure of B. sowerbyi to 30 µg HHCB/g led to significant biochemical changes, including proteins, polysaccharides and lipids. Therefore, B. sowerbyi was more sensitive to sediment-associated HHCB than L. hoffmeisteri. Such effects were significantly enhanced when the HHCB concentration increased to 100 µg/g dw where death of B. sowerbyi occurred. These results demonstrate the application of FTIR spectroscopy to sediment toxicity testing of chemicals to benthic invertebrates with biochemical alterations as endpoints that are more sensitive than standard toxic endpoints (e.g., survival and growth).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Peng FJ, Kiggen F, Pan CG, Bracewell SA, Ying GG, Salvito D, Selck H, Van den Brink PJ. Fate and effects of sediment-associated polycyclic musk HHCB in subtropical freshwater microcosms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:902-910. [PMID: 30597790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Galaxolide (HHCB) is used as a fragrance ingredient in household and personal care products, and has been ubiquitously detected in the environment. Here we investigated the fate of HHCB in subtropical freshwater microcosms, and evaluated effects of sediment-associated HHCB on a biological community consisting of algae, Daphnia, benthic macroinvertebrates and bacteria. The concentrations of sediment-associated HHCB did not change significantly during a 28 days exposure period, but HHCB accumulated in worms with biota-sediment accumulation-factor (BSAF) values in the range of 0.29-0.66 for Branchiura sowerbyi and 0.94-2.11 for Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. There was no significant effects of HHCB (30 μg/g dry weight (dw) sediment) on chlorophyll-a content, sediment bacterial community composition, and survival and growth of benthic macroinvertebrates. However, the presence of benthic macroinvertebrates altered the sediment bacterial community structure relative to microcosms without introduced organisms. The findings of this study suggest that a single high-dose of HHCB, over 28 days, at environmentally relevant concentrations would not impose direct toxicological risks to aquatic organisms such as benthic macroinvertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Fionne Kiggen
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Sally A Bracewell
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - Henriette Selck
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Denmark
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Tumová J, Šauer P, Golovko O, Koba Ucun O, Grabic R, Máchová J, Kocour Kroupová H. Effect of polycyclic musk compounds on aquatic organisms: A critical literature review supplemented by own data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2235-2246. [PMID: 30326456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds are extensively used in personal care and cosmetic products around the world. Because they are not completely removed in sewage treatment plants, they eventually end up in aquatic environments. The aim of this review was to summarize published information on effects of polycyclic musks on aquatic organisms and to discuss whether the experimental design of toxicological studies involving these substances could influence the results obtained. With the exception of one study run in a flow-through system, all published toxicological studies on synthetic polycyclic musks have been conducted in semi-static or even static systems. Based upon data in the literature and our own results, we conclude that in toxicological tests with semi-static set-ups, concentrations of polycyclic musks decrease with time between bath exchanges, and, as a result, tested organisms are not being exposed to stable concentrations but rather to concentration pulses. The duration and character of these pulses are influenced mainly by aeration of experimental baths, as polycyclic musks have a tendency to volatilize from water baths. Under semi-static conditions, tested organisms may be subjected to lower concentration of the tested substance for relatively long periods. Those levels may even fall below the limits of quantification. During these periods, some level of detoxification and/or elimination (depuration) of the toxicant may reduce toxic effect of the previous exposures. Consequently, toxicity of polycyclic musk substances for aquatic organisms obtained under these conditions may be underestimated. Based upon existing data in the literature, therefore, it is very difficult to correctly estimate risk of polycyclic musks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Tumová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Koba Ucun
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Máchová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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Li X, Chu Z, Yang J, Li M, Du M, Zhao X, Zhu ZJ, Li Y. Synthetic Musks: A Class of Commercial Fragrance Additives in Personal Care Products (PCPs) Causing Concern as Emerging Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:213-280. [PMID: 30471657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are promising fragrance additives used in personal care products (PCPs). The widespread presence of SMs in environmental media remains a serious risk because of their harmful effects. Recently, the environmental hazards of SMs have been widely reported in various environmental samples including those from coastal and marine regions. This paper provides a systematic review of SMs, including their classification, synthetic routes, analysis and occurrence in environmental samples, fate and toxicity in the environment, as well as the associated risk assessment and pollution control. Research gaps and future opportunities were also identified with the hope of raising interest in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Zhenhua Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Joy Zhu
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
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Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Checchini L, Del Bubba M, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodriguez JJ. Analytical approaches for the determination of personal care products and evaluation of their occurrence in marine organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:405-425. [PMID: 29579652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the aquatic environment caused by multiple human activities may exert a negative impact on all living organisms. Several contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products (PCPs) are continuously released into the aquatic environment where they are biologically active and persistent. This work reviews the current knowledge, provided by papers published after 2010 and indexed by SciFinder, Scopus, and Google search engines, about the determination and occurrence of PCPs in marine biota. Analytical methodologies have been critically reviewed, emphasizing the importance of green and high-throughput approaches and focusing the discussion on the complexity of the solute-matrix interaction in the extraction step, as well as the matrix effect in the instrumental determination. Finally, the worldwide distribution of PCPs is surveyed, taking into account the concentrations found in the same organism in different marine environments. Differences among various world areas have been highlighted, evidencing some critical aspects from an environmental point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Leonardo Checchini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Blahova J, Divisova L, Plhalova L, Enevova V, Hostovsky M, Doubkova V, Marsalek P, Fictum P, Svobodova Z. Multibiomarker Responses of Juvenile Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) to Subchronic Exposure to Polycyclic Musk Tonalide. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:568-576. [PMID: 29177677 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polycyclic musks, widely used as additives in personal care products, are present in both biotic and abiotic matrices of the aquatic environment at concentrations of ng/l to µg/l. Although they are determined at comparatively low concentrations, these levels are biologically relevant and pose a significant growing risk as stressors to aquatic organisms. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of 28-day-long exposure to polycyclic musk tonalide in zebrafish juvenile stages (Danio rerio) using selected biomarkers. Environmentally relevant concentrations of tonalide caused significant changes in selected enzyme activities in the experimental groups exposed to the highest concentrations. The activity of glutathione S-transferase and lipid peroxidation increased significantly (p < 0.05) after exposure to the highest concentration (50,000 ng/l) compared with the control. A similar trend was observed in catalase activity; there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) after exposure to two highest concentrations of tonalide (5000 and 50,000 ng/l). In addition, a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in glutathione reductase activity was found in the lowest test concentration of tonalide (50 ng/l). None of the tested concentrations resulted in histopathological changes in liver, kidney, skin, or gill. Furthermore, no effects on body weight, body length, specific growth rate, and behavior were observed. Our results showed that tonalide exposure induced profound changes in the activities of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, such changes representing an adaptive response of the fish organism to tonalide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Divisova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Plhalova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Enevova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hostovsky
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Doubkova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marsalek
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Fictum
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
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Montes-Grajales D, Fennix-Agudelo M, Miranda-Castro W. Occurrence of personal care products as emerging chemicals of concern in water resources: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:601-614. [PMID: 28399499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are a diverse group of common household substances used for health, beauty and cleaning purposes. These include disinfectants, fragrances, insect repellents, preservatives and UV filters, among others. Some of them are considered chemicals of emerging concern due to their presence and negative impact on aquatic ecosystems, specially related to endocrine disruption and reproductive disorders. The entry of those chemicals to water bodies occurs mainly through the sewage effluents from wastewater treatment plants due to their incomplete or inefficient removal. The purpose of this review was to collect and analyze data about the incidence and concentrations of PCPs reported as emerging pollutants in different water matrices, including wastewater influents and effluents. Our database is composed of 141 articles with information about 72 PCPs recorded as emerging pollutants in 30 countries, in concentrations ranging from 0.029ng/L to 7.811×106ng/L. Fragrances, antiseptics and sunscreens were the most reported groups. As expected, the largest number of PCPs documented as emerging pollutants were found in wastewater treatment plant effluents with a total of 64 compounds, compared to 43 in surface water and 23 in groundwater, which evidence the anthropological contribution of PCPs to water bodies. These molecules were found in all the continents, however, there is a lack of information regarding the presence of emerging pollutants from PCPs in developing countries. Therefore, we suggest further efforts in assessing the occurrence and concentrations of these chemicals in those areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Montes-Grajales
- Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, School of Basic Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Cartagena 130010, Colombia; Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 565-A, Mexico.
| | - Mary Fennix-Agudelo
- Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, School of Basic Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Cartagena 130010, Colombia
| | - Wendy Miranda-Castro
- Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, School of Basic Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Cartagena 130010, Colombia
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S R, A B, M P, T L. Occurrence and toxicity of musks and UV filters in the marine environment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 104:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang X, Yu Y, Gu Y, Li X, Zhang X, Yu Y. In vitro determination of transdermal permeation of synthetic musks and estimated dermal uptake through usage of personal care products. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:417-424. [PMID: 28129620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks, chemical constituents of personal care products, enter the human body through dermal contact. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying transdermal permeation of synthetic musks should enhance our understanding of their uptake and distribution in human skin and allow accurate evaluation of associated human exposure. Here, the transdermal permeation dynamics and distribution of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were investigated using an in vitro skin diffusion model. The transdermal permeation amounts of HHCB and AHTN increased rapidly during the first 6 h. The applied HHCB and AHTN amounts did not affect percutaneous absorption rates. HHCB and AHTN remained primarily in the stratum corneum, accounting for 70.0% and 70.3% of the totals during the 24-h period, respectively. The percutaneous absorption rate of both chemicals was ∼11%. HHCB, AHTN, musk ketone, musk xylene, and Musk-T were detected in 29 personal care products. The average total concentrations of the musks were 3990, 54.0, 17.7, and 9.8 μg g-1 in perfume, shampoo, lotion, and shower gel, respectively. Among the four product categories, HHCB was dominant (57.4%-99.6%), followed by AHTN. The data clearly indicate that polycyclic and nitro musks are most commonly used in personal care products. The total estimated dermal intake (51.6 μg kg-1bw day-1) was markedly higher than total dermal uptake (5.9 μg kg-1bw day-1) when percutaneous absorption rates of the chemicals were added into the calculation. Uptake of HHCB and AHTN via dermal contact of personal care products was significantly higher than that from dust inhalation calculated according to earlier literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yuling Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yue Gu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Seoane M, Esperanza M, Rioboo C, Herrero C, Cid Á. Flow cytometric assay to assess short-term effects of personal care products on the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:339-347. [PMID: 28030786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of personal care products (PCPs) are used daily and many of their chemical ingredients are subsequently released into marine environments. Cultures of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica were exposed for 24 h to three emerging compounds included in the main classes of PCPs: the UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP-3), the disinfectant triclosan (TCS) and the fragrance tonalide (AHTN). Concentrations tested, expressed as cellular quota (pg cell-1), ranged from 5 to 40 for BP-3, from 2 to 16 for TCS and from 1.2 to 2.4 for AHTN. A small cytometric panel was carried out to evaluate key cytotoxicity biomarkers including inherent cell properties, growth and metabolic activity and cytoplasmic membrane properties. BP-3 caused a significant increase in growth rate, metabolic activity and chlorophyll a fluorescence from 10 pg cell-1. However, growth and esterase activity decreased in cells exposed to all TCS and AHTN concentrations, except the lowest ones. Also these two compounds provoked a significant swelling of cells, more pronounced in the case of TCS-exposed cells. Although all treated cells remained viable, changes in membrane potential were observed. BP-3 and AHTN caused a significant depolarization of cells from 10 to 1.6 pg cell-1, respectively; however all TCS concentrations assayed caused a noticeable hyperpolarization of cells. Metabolic activity and cytoplasmic membrane potential were the most sensitive parameters. It can be concluded that the toxicological model used and the toxicological parameters evaluated are suitable to assess the toxicity of these emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Concepción Herrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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Wang Q, Kelly BC. Occurrence and distribution of synthetic musks, triclosan and methyl triclosan in a tropical urban catchment: Influence of land-use proximity, rainfall and physicochemical properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1439-1447. [PMID: 27586166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study involved a comprehensive thirteen month survey of synthetic musks, triclosan (TCS) and methyl triclosan (MTCS) in surface water, as well as suspended particular matter (SPM) and bottom sediments in a tropical urban catchment in Singapore. The polycyclic musk, Galaxolide (HHCB), exhibited the highest concentration among musk compounds, ranging from 5.16 to 42.9ng/L in surface water, 11.0 to 108ng/g dry wt. in sediments and 44.1 to 81.3ng/g dry wt. in SPM. Concentrations of musk ketone, the dominant nitroaromatic musk, ranged from 0.08 to 6.45ng/L in water, 0.082 to 0.72ng/g dry wt. in sediments and 1.75 to 5.50ng/g dry wt. in SPM. Concentrations of MTCS ranged from 0.0056 to 5.6ng/L in water, 0.01 to 0.17ng/g dry wt. in bottom sediments and 0.75 to 2.81ng/g dry wt. in SPM. These concentrations are below predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC). Principal components analysis (PCA) results showed that synthetic musk concentrations were positively correlated, indicating common source emissions. Rainfall amount and land-use index were found to be key determinants of hydrophobic organic contaminant concentrations in this catchment. Concentrations of TCS and its methylated degradation product, MTCS, were also positively correlated. However, the relative composition of MTCS to total triclosans was relatively low in water (2.8±2.5%) and bottom sediments (0.3±0.1%), suggesting only minor transformation of TCS to MTCS. The organic carbon-water distribution ratio, log Koc (observed), ranged between 3.8 and 5.4 for musks, TCS and MTCS, indicating relatively strong partitioning from dissolved to solid phases. These field-derived log Koc (observed) values are comparable to estimated values based on physicochemical properties. The results provide insight into the occurrence, transport pathways and exposure risks of synthetic musks, triclosan and methyl triclosan in this tropical catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Huang W, Xie Z, Yan W, Mi W, Xu W. Occurrence and distribution of synthetic musks and organic UV filters from riverine and coastal sediments in the Pearl River estuary of China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 111:153-159. [PMID: 27431750 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the occurrence and distribution of synthetic musks (SMs) and organic UV filters (UVFs) in sediment samples collected in 8 riverine runoffs from the Pearl River and Pearl River estuary (PRE). Here, 6 of the 8 target compounds were detected in all sediments with concentrations ranging from 0.35ngg(-1) to 456ngg(-1). Higher concentrations of SMs and UVFs were evident in the eastern outlets compared to the western suggesting greater input of these contaminants from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. All the compounds showed a decreasing trend toward the seaward side which confirming that riverine runoff was the most important source of SMs and UVFs to the coastal environment. Notably, high levels of SMs and UVFs were detected in two fishing harbors in the PRE area. In comparison to UVFs, the SM compounds exhibited a significant correlation with TOC content in the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Wen Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Weihai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Pablos MV, Jiménez MÁ, San Segundo L, Martini F, Beltrán E, Fernández C. Effects of dietary exposure of polycyclic musk HHCB on the metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1428-1435. [PMID: 26472276 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The compound 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-[γ]-2-benzopyrane (HHCB; galaxolide, Chemical Abstracts Service number 1222-05-5) is a synthetic musk used extensively as a fragrance in many consumer products and classified as an emerging pollutant. The ecotoxicological information available for HHCB addresses exposure via water, but this compound is frequently adsorbed into particulate matter. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of dietary exposure to several environmentally relevant HHCB concentrations adsorbed in food during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. The authors sought to determine if such exposure to this synthetic musk resulted in histological changes in the thyroid gland in conjunction with changes in development (staging, timing to metamorphosis), body weight, and length. Developmental acceleration on day 14, together with hypertrophy of the thyroid follicular epithelium in tadpoles, suggested a possible agonistic effect of HHCB, which would have been compensated after metamorphosis by regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Further research into the potential thyroid-related mechanisms of action of HHCB should be conducted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1428-1435. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Pablos
- Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Jiménez
- Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura San Segundo
- Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federica Martini
- Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia Beltrán
- Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández
- Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain
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Li W, Nanaboina V, Chen F, Korshin GV. Removal of polycyclic synthetic musks and antineoplastic drugs in ozonated wastewater: Quantitation based on the data of differential spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:242-250. [PMID: 26555374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the degradation behavior of polycyclic musks (PMs) and antineoplastic drugs (ADs) and the absorbance spectra of effluent organic matter (EfOM) in municipal wastewater by ozone. Specific ozone doses used in the experiments ranged from 0 to 1mg O3/mg dissolved organic matter (DOC). The examined PMs included galaxolide, tonalide, celestolide, traseolide and phantolide. ADs included busulfan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, flutamide, ifosfamide, tamoxifen and methotrexate. Strong monotonic albeit nonlinear correlations were found to exist between relative changes of EfOM absorbance at 254 nm (i.e. ΔA254/A(0)254) and the degradation of the selected PMs and ADs. This result was interpreted based on the concept of the simultaneous oxidation of EfOM and, on the other hand, PMs and ADs. This interpretation showed that PMs were degraded primarily via OH radical attack, with tonalide and phantolide being less reactive compared with the other PMs. ADs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and busulfan were also determined to undergo oxidation by OH radicals. Comparison of the behavior of the radical probe para-chlorobenzoic acid and the examined ADs and PMs allowed evaluating corresponding reaction rate constants for reactions between these species and OH radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Venkateswarlu Nanaboina
- Sri Lakshmi Bhargavi Pharma Pvt. Ltd., 3GF & 3,4,5FF, SDF Block-2, EPIP, TSIIC, Pashmylaram, Patancheru Mandal, Medak District, Telangana 502305, India
| | - Fang Chen
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Box 352700 University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
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Lee S, Kim S, Park J, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Choi G, Choi S, Kim S, Kim SY, Choi K, Kim S, Moon HB. Synthetic musk compounds and benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in breast milk: Occurrence, time-course variation and infant health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:466-473. [PMID: 25988989 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are used as additives in many consumer products. Limited data are available on the accumulation of SMCs in human fluids, and no data are available on BUVSs. In this study, 208 human breast milk samples were collected from 87 participants during the lactation period at <7, 15, 30, and 90 days after delivery in Korea. The total concentrations of SMCs and BUVSs ranged from <LOQ to 1593 (median: 286) ng/g lipid weight and from <LOQ to 2172 (median: 64.7) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The residue levels of HHCB and AHTN in our samples were the highest, compared to those reported in the US, Europe, and China. The predominant compounds were HHCB and AHTN for SMCs and UV-328 for BUVSs, consistent with consumption patterns of these contaminants. Over the lactation period, no significant changes were found in concentrations of SMCs and BUVSs for both parity groups. Maternal age, body mass index, and parity were not associated with the concentrations of SMCs and BUVSs, while gestational age and delivery mode were associated with these contaminants. The estimated daily intakes of HHCB and AHTN were lower than the provisional tolerable daily intake values, suggesting a limited health risk to Korean infants. This study is the first to comprehensively investigate the current levels, accumulation features, contributing factors of BUVSs associated with breast milk consumption in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooran Choi
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Parolini M, Magni S, Traversi I, Villa S, Finizio A, Binelli A. Environmentally relevant concentrations of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) induced oxidative and genetic damage in Dreissena polymorpha. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 285:1-10. [PMID: 25462865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are extensively used as fragrances in several personal care products and have been recognized as emerging aquatic pollutants. Among SMCs, galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are extensively used and have been measured in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, their potential risk to organisms remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 21-day exposures to HHCB and AHTN concentrations frequently measured in aquatic ecosystems can induce oxidative and genetic damage in Dreissena polymorpha. The lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were measured as oxidative stress indexes, while the DNA precipitation assay and the micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigate genetic injuries. HHCB induced significant increases in LPO and PCC levels, while AHTN enhanced only protein carbonylation. Moreover, significant increases in DNA strand breaks were caused by exposure to the highest concentrations of HHCB and AHTN tested in the present study, but no fixed genetic damage was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Traversi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Villa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Finizio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Wang X, Liu Z, Wang W, Zhang C, Chen L. Derivation of predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for HHCB to terrestrial species (plants and invertebrates). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:122-127. [PMID: 25474169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(γ)-2-benzopyrane (HHCB) is a synthetic musk which is used as a fragrance in a variety of personal care products, and due to this it is widely spread in the environment. However, there is no paper dealing with the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for HHCB to terrestrial species using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method, mainly results from the shortage of species toxicity data of different taxonomic levels. In this study, toxicity data were obtained from 10 chronic toxicity tests using 10 terrestrial species (3 dicotyledonous plants, 5 monocotyledonous plants and 2 terrestrial invertebrates) from 3 Phyla and 9 Families. The PNEC of HHCB was derived using the SSD method. The result of present research showed that the dicotyledonous Solanum lycopersicum was the most sensitive plants to HHCB contamination. The PNEC ranged between 0.70 and 3.52 mg HHCB/kg when using the log-logistic SSD method. It is recommended to use toxicity data of different taxonomic levels for the development of PNEC values in terrestrial environment due to different species sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- China Offshore Environmental Services Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300452, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Villa S, Vighi M, Finizio A. Experimental and predicted acute toxicity of antibacterial compounds and their mixtures using the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:239-244. [PMID: 24529397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article investigates the bioluminescence inhibition effects of the antimicrobials triclocarban, triclosan and its metabolite methyl triclosan, using the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri as the test organism (Microtox©). The concentration response analysis was performed for the three individual substances and for a mixture in which the three compounds were mixed in a ratio of the IC50 of the individual components (equitoxic ratio). Toxicity values (the median inhibitory concentration value, in mg L(-1)) in the decreasing order of sensitivity were triclosan (0.73)>triclocarban (0.91)>methyl-triclosan (1.76). The comparison of the experimental data with those obtained by using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) equations indicated that triclosan and triclocarban act as polar narcotic compounds towards V. fischeri, whereas methyl-triclosan acts as a narcotic (baseline toxicity). The toxicity of the mixture was measured experimentally and predicted by two models (CA: concentration addition; IA: independent action). The results showed that the observed mixture toxicity (IC50=0.23 mg L(-1)) had no significant differences from those predicted by both CA and IA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Villa
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 1-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Vighi
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 1-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Finizio
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 1-20126 Milano, Italy.
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Moon HB, An YR, Choi SG, Choi M, Choi HG. Accumulation of PAHs and synthetic musk compound in minke whales (Balanoptera acutorostrata) and long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis) from Korean coastal waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:477-485. [PMID: 22139736 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Information on the occurrence and accumulation profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in marine mammals is scarce. In the present study, we recorded the concentrations and profiles of PAHs and SMCs in liver tissue and blubber from minke whales and common dolphins from Korean coastal waters. The overall concentrations of PAHs and SMCs in blubber from both cetacean species were approximately three to five times higher than those in liver tissues. Residue levels of PAHs were lower, whereas levels of SMCs were relatively higher than those reported in other studies. Lack of species- and sex-dependent differences in the concentrations of PAHs and SMCs were found. Naphthalene and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-r-2-benzopyran (HHCB) were predominant compounds in all the samples for PAHs and SMCs, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs and SMCs were significantly correlated with each other, but were not correlated with body size of cetaceans. The present data provide valuable information on the exposure of Korean cetaceans to PAHs and SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea.
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Moon HB, Lee DH, Lee YS, Kannan K. Occurrence and accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds in adipose tissues of Korean females. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:485-490. [PMID: 22055311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Very few studies have reported on the occurrence and accumulation profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in human adipose tissue. In this study, concentrations of PAHs and SMCs in adipose tissues collected from Korean women in 2007 and 2008 were determined. Total concentrations of PAHs and SMCs in adipose tissues ranged from 15 to 361 (mean: 119) ngg(-1) lipid weight and from 38 to 253 (mean: 106) ngg(-1) lipid weight, respectively. Concentrations of SMCs in Korean adipose tissues were lower than those reported for European countries and the United States. Naphthalene was the most predominant PAH and HHCB was the dominant SMC found in adipose tissues. The concentrations of PAHs and SMCs were not correlated with each other, suggesting that the sources of human exposure to these two classes of compounds are different. No correlation was found between donor's age and residue levels of PAHs and SMCs. The results of this study provide baseline information on exposure of PAHs and SMCs to the general population in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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Moon HB, An YR, Park KJ, Choi SG, Moon DY, Choi M, Choi HG. Occurrence and accumulation features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds in finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from Korean coastal waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1963-1968. [PMID: 21784494 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reports of the occurrence and accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in marine mammals are scarce. In this study, the concentrations and accumulation profiles of PAHs and SMCs were determined in blubber from finless porpoises in Korean coastal waters. Total concentrations of PAHs and SMCs ranged from 6.0 to 432 (mean: 160) ng/g lipid weight and from 17 to 144 (mean: 52) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Residue levels of PAHs were lower than those reported from other studies, while residue levels of SMCs were relatively higher than those reported in other studies. Naphthalene was the most abundant PAH and HHCB was the dominant SMC observed in finless porpoises. The concentrations of PAHs and SMCs were not correlated with each other, but were significantly correlated within the same chemical groups. No correlations were found between body size and residue levels of PAHs and SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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Liu S, Zhou Q, Wang Y. Ecotoxicological responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to soil contaminated with HHCB. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1080-1086. [PMID: 21334043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic musks have been shown to cause lethal and sub-lethal effects on organisms, their biochemical toxicity to earthworms is not well understood. In the current study, we investigated the responses of antioxidant systems and lipid peroxidation after exposing Eisenia fetida to soil contaminated with 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta-γ-2-benzopyran (HHCB). Significant increase in lipid peroxidation level was observed on day 14 at two high concentrations, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1). Among antioxidant enzymes, the primary response to chronic HHCB exposure can be attributed to superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Of the two enzymes, SOD exhibited more sensitive response to HHCB stress. In addition, these two enzymes could have a combined effect on fighting damage by reactive oxygen species, evidenced by a marked relationship between lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity. On the other hand, dose-dependent inhibition of peroxidase (POD) activity has been observed throughout the test. The results suggest that the variations in investigated parameters of E. fetida could be used as responsive biomarkers for oxidative stress caused by HHCB in a soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Brausch JM, Rand GM. A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: environmental concentrations and toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:1518-32. [PMID: 21185057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Considerable research has been conducted examining occurrence and effects of human use pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment; however, relatively little research has been conducted examining personal care products although they are found more often and in higher concentrations than pharmaceuticals. Personal care products are continually released into the aquatic environment and are biologically active and persistent. This article examines the acute and chronic toxicity data available for personal care products and highlights areas of concern. Toxicity and environmental data were synergized to develop a preliminary hazard assessment in which only triclosan and triclocarban presented any hazard. However, numerous PCPs including triclosan, paraben preservatives, and UV filters have evidence suggesting endocrine effects in aquatic organisms and thus need to be investigated and incorporated in definitive risk assessments. Additional data pertaining to environmental concentrations of UV filters and parabens, in vivo toxicity data for parabens, and potential for bioaccumulation of PCPs needs to obtained to develop definitive aquatic risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Brausch
- Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Laboratory, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
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Sumner NR, Guitart C, Fuentes G, Readman JW. Inputs and distributions of synthetic musk fragrances in an estuarine and coastal environment; a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:215-222. [PMID: 19656600 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Compartmental distributions (dissolved, suspended particle associated and sedimentary) of the compounds throughout an axial estuarine transect and in coastal waters are reported. High concentrations of Galaxolide (HHCB) and Tonalide (AHTN) (987-2098 ng/L and 55-159 ng/L, respectively) were encountered in final effluent samples from sewage treatment plants (STPs) discharging into the Tamar and Plym Estuaries (UK), with lower concentrations of Celestolide (ADBI) (4-13 ng/L), Phantolide (AHMI) (6-9 ng/L), musk xylene (MX) (4-7 ng/L) and musk ketone (MK) (18-30 ng/L). Rapid dilution from the outfalls is demonstrated with resulting concentrations of HHCB spanning from 5 to 30 ng/L and those for AHTN from 3 to 15 ng/L. The other musks were generally not detected in the estuarine and coastal waters. The suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sedimentary profiles and compositions (HHCB:AHTN ratios) generally reflect the distribution in the water column with highest concentrations adjacent to sewage outfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R Sumner
- School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Science, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Kagle J, Porter AW, Murdoch RW, Rivera-Cancel G, Hay AG. Biodegradation of pharmaceutical and personal care products. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 67:65-108. [PMID: 19245937 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)01003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Medical treatments and personal hygiene lead to the steady release of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) into the environment. Some of these PPCPs have been shown to have detrimental environmental effects and could potentially impact human health. Understanding the biological transformation of PPCPs is essential for accurately determining their ultimate environmental fate, conducting accurate risk assessments, and improving PPCP removal. We summarize the current literature concerning the biological transformation of PPCPs in wastewater treatment plants, the environment, and by pure cultures of bacterial isolates. Although some PPCPs, such as ibuprofen, are readily degraded under most studied conditions, others, such as carbamazepine, tend to be recalcitrant. This variation in the biodegradability of PPCPs can be attributed to structural differences, because PPCPs are classified by application, not chemical structure. The degradation pathways of octylphenol by Sphingomonas sp. strain PWE1, ibuprofen by Sphingomonas sp. strain Ibu-2, and DEET by Pseudomonas putida DTB are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Kagle
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, Pennsylvania, USA
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