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Ke X, Cui JH, Ren QJ, Zheng T, Wang XX, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Rerouting phytosterol degradation pathway for directed androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione microbial bioconversion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:186. [PMID: 38300290 PMCID: PMC10834601 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Steroid-based drugs are now mainly produced by the microbial transformation of phytosterol, and a two-step bioprocess is adopted to reach high space-time yields, but byproducts are frequently observed during the bioprocessing. In this study, the catabolic switch between the C19- and C22-steroidal subpathways was investigated in resting cells of Mycobacterium neoaurum NRRL B-3805, and a dose-dependent transcriptional response toward the induction of phytosterol with increased concentrations was found in the putative node enzymes including ChoM2, KstD1, OpccR, Sal, and Hsd4A. Aldolase Sal presented a dominant role in the C22 steroidal side-chain cleavage, and the byproduct was eliminated after sequential deletion of opccR and sal. Meanwhile, the molar yield of androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) was increased from 59.4 to 71.3%. With the regard of insufficient activity of rate-limiting enzymes may also cause byproduct accumulation, a chromosomal integration platform for target gene overexpression was established supported by a strong promoter L2 combined with site-specific recombination in the engineered cell. Rate-limiting steps of ADD bioconversion were further characterized and overcome. Overexpression of the kstD1 gene further strengthened the bioconversion from AD to ADD. After subsequential optimization of the bioconversion system, the directed biotransformation route was developed and allowed up to 82.0% molar yield with a space-time yield of 4.22 g·L-1·day-1. The catabolic diversion elements and the genetic overexpression tools as confirmed and developed in present study offer new ideas of M. neoaurum cell factory development for directed biotransformation for C19- and C22-steroidal drug intermediates from phytosterol. KEY POINTS: • Resting cells exhibited a catabolic switch between the C19- and C22-steroidal subpathways. • The C22-steroidal byproduct was eliminated after sequential deletion of opccR and sal. • Rate-limiting steps were overcome by promoter engineering and chromosomal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ke
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hao Cui
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jie Ren
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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Nunes VO, Vanzellotti NDC, Fraga JL, Pessoa FLP, Ferreira TF, Amaral PFF. Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103164. [PMID: 35630641 PMCID: PMC9147728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Androstenedione (AD) is a key intermediate in the body’s steroid metabolism, used as a precursor for several steroid substances, such as testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, testolactone, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone. The world market for AD and ADD (androstadienedione) exceeds 1000 tons per year, which stimulates the pharmaceutical industry’s search for newer and cheaper raw materials to produce steroidal compounds. In light of this interest, we aimed to investigate the progress of AD biosynthesis from phytosterols by prospecting scientific articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases) and patents (USPTO database). A wide variety of articles and patents involving AD and phytosterol were found in the last few decades, resulting in 108 relevant articles (from January 2000 to December 2021) and 23 patents of interest (from January 1976 to December 2021). The separation of these documents into macro, meso, and micro categories revealed that most studies (articles) are performed in China (54.8%) and in universities (76%), while patents are mostly granted to United States companies. It also highlights the fact that AD production studies are focused on “process improvement” techniques and on possible modifications of the “microorganism” involved in biosynthesis (64 and 62 documents, respectively). The most-reported “process improvement” technique is “chemical addition” (40%), which means that the addition of solvents, surfactants, cofactors, inducers, ionic liquids, etc., can significantly increase AD production. Microbial genetic modifications stand out in the “microorganism” category because this strategy improves AD yield considerably. These documents also revealed the main aspects of AD and ADD biosynthesis: Mycolicibacterium sp. (basonym: Mycobacterium sp.) (40%) and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum (known previously as Mycobacterium neoaurum) (32%) are the most recurrent species studied. Microbial incubation temperatures can vary from 29 °C to 37 °C; incubation can last from 72 h to 14 days; the mixture is agitated at 140 to 220 rpm; vegetable oils, mainly soybean, can be used as the source of a mixture of phytosterols. In general, the results obtained in the present technological prospecting study are fundamental to mapping the possibilities of AD biosynthesis process optimization, as well as to identifying emerging technologies and methodologies in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Oliveira Nunes
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
| | - Nathália de Castro Vanzellotti
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
| | - Jully Lacerda Fraga
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
| | - Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Pessoa
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
- Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Felix Ferreira
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
| | - Priscilla Filomena Fonseca Amaral
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3938-7623
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Mycolicibacterium cell factory for the production of steroid-based drug intermediates. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107860. [PMID: 34710554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-based drugs have been developed as the second largest medical category in pharmaceutics. The well-established route of steroid industry includes two steps: the conversion of natural products with a steroid framework to steroid-based drug intermediates and the synthesis of varied steroid-based drugs from steroid-based drug intermediates. The biosynthesis of steroid-based drug intermediates from phytosterols by Mycolicibacterium cell factories bypasses the potential undersupply of diosgenin in the traditional steroid chemical industry. Moreover, the biosynthesis route shows advantages on multiple steroid-based drug intermediate products, more ecofriendly processes, and consecutive reactions carried out in one operation step and in one pot. Androsta-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) and 9-hydroxyandrostra-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) are the representative steroid-based drug intermediates synthesized by mycolicibacteria. Other steroid metabolites of mycolicibacteria, like 4-androstene-17β-ol-3-one (TS), 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC), 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-1,4-diene-3-one (1,4-HBC), 9,22-dihydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (9-OH-HBC), 3aα-H-4α-(3'-propionic acid)-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione (HIP) and 3aα-H-4α-(3'-propionic acid)-5α-hydroxy-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1-indanone-δ-lactone (HIL), also show values as steroid-based drug intermediates. To improve the bio-production efficiency of the steroid-based drug intermediates, mycolicibacterial strains and biotransformation processes have been continuously studied in the past decades. Many mycolicibacteria that accumulate steroid drug intermediates have been isolated, and subsequently optimized by conventional mutagenesis and genetic engineering. Especially, with the clarification of the mycolicibacterial steroid metabolic pathway and the developments on gene editing technologies, rational design is becoming an important measure for the construction and optimization of engineered mycolicibacteria strains that produce steroid-based drug intermediates. Hence, by reviewing researches in the past two decades, this article updates the overall process of steroid metabolism in mycolicibacteria and provides comprehensive schemes for the rational construction of mycolicibacterial strains that accumulate steroid-based drug intermediates. In addition, the special strategies for the bioconversion of highly hydrophobic steroid in aqueous media are discussed as well.
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Savinova TS, Dovbnya DV, Khomutov SM, Kazantsev AV, Huy LD, Lukashev NV, Donova MV. Conversion of Soybean Phytosterol into Androsta-4,9(11)-diene-3,17-dione. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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An X, Gao P, Zhao S, Zhu L, You X, Li C, Zhang Q, Shan L. Biotransformation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione by three fungal species Fusarium solani BH1031, Aspergillus awamori MH18 and Mucor circinelloides W12. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:428-435. [PMID: 31429310 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1636238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The microbial transformation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (4-AD; I) by three fungal species, involved Fusarium solani BH1031, Aspergillus awamori MH18 and Mucor circinelloides W12, has been studied. The latter two fungi were studied for the first time on biotransformation of 4-AD. The main product obtained by Fusarium solani BH1031 was 17α-oxa-D-homo-androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (testolactone; IV), which can be used as an anticancer agent. The main derivative yielded by Aspergillus awamori MH18 was 11α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (11α-OH-4-AD; VI), which was an important intermediate to produce Eplerenone. Meanwhile, the microbial transformation of 4-AD by Mucor circinelloides W12 produced three derivatives. Possible metabolic pathway of 4-AD via Fusarium solani BH1031 was proposed. Furthermore, the optimization for the production of 11α-OH-4-AD was carried out and the conversion rate reached to 84.0%. In this process, the dextrin and corn flour showed significant effects by response surface analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Peipei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Li Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xueting You
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Congyu Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Qiurong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lihong Shan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Rohman A, Dijkstra BW. The role and mechanism of microbial 3-ketosteroid Δ 1-dehydrogenases in steroid breakdown. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105366. [PMID: 30991094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
3-Ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases are FAD-dependent enzymes that catalyze the introduction of a double bond between the C1 and C2 atoms of the A-ring of 3-ketosteroid substrates. These enzymes are found in a large variety of microorganisms, especially in bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria. They play a critical role in the early steps of the degradation of the steroid core. 3-Ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases are of particular interest for the etiology of some infectious diseases, for the production of starting materials for the pharmaceutical industry, and for environmental bioremediation applications. Here we summarize and discuss the biochemical and enzymological properties of these enzymes, their microbial sources, and their natural diversity. The three-dimensional structure of a 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase in connection with the enzyme mechanism is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; The Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; The Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke W Dijkstra
- The Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Bragin EY, Shtratnikova VY, Schelkunov MI, Dovbnya DV, Donova MV. Genome-wide response on phytosterol in 9-hydroxyandrostenedione-producing strain of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:39. [PMID: 31238923 PMCID: PMC6593523 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aerobic side chain degradation of phytosterols by actinobacteria is the basis for the industrial production of androstane steroids which are the starting materials for the synthesis of steroid hormones. A native strain of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D effectively produces 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) from phytosterol, but also is capable of slow steroid core degradation. However, the set of the genes with products that are involved in phytosterol oxidation, their organisation and regulation remain poorly understood. Results High-throughput sequencing of the global transcriptomes of the Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D cultures grown with or without phytosterol was carried out. In the presence of phytosterol, the expression of 260 genes including those related to steroid catabolism pathways significantly increased. Two of the five genes encoding the oxygenase unit of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase (kshA) were highly up-regulated in response to phytosterol (55- and 25-fold, respectively) as well as one of the two genes encoding its reductase subunit (kshB) (40-fold). Only one of the five putative genes encoding 3-ketosteroid-∆1-dehydrogenase (KstD_1) was up-regulated in the presence of phytosterol (61-fold), but several substitutions in the conservative positions of its product were revealed. Among the genes over-expressed in the presence of phytosterol, several dozen genes did not possess binding sites for the known regulatory factors of steroid catabolism. In the promoter regions of these genes, a regularly occurring palindromic motif was revealed. The orthologue of TetR-family transcription regulator gene Rv0767c of M. tuberculosis was identified in Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D as G155_05115. Conclusions High expression levels of the genes related to the sterol side chain degradation and steroid 9α-hydroxylation in combination with possible defects in KstD_1 may contribute to effective 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione accumulation from phytosterol provided by this biotechnologically relevant strain. The TetR-family transcription regulator gene G155_05115 presumably associated with the regulation of steroid catabolism. The results are of significance for the improvement of biocatalytic features of the microbial strains for the steroid industry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-019-0533-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeny Y Bragin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290. .,Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya, 4, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290.
| | - Victoria Y Shtratnikova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory, 1, building 40, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Mikhail I Schelkunov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobelya, 3, Moscow, Russian Federation, 121205.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny, 19, build. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127051
| | - Dmitry V Dovbnya
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290.,Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya, 4, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290
| | - Marina V Donova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290.,Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya, 4, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290
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Karpova NV, Stytsenko TS, Yaderets VV, Andryushina VA, Dzhavakhiya VV. Optimization of the Method of Obtaining 9α-Hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione—the Key Intermediate in the Synthesis of Highly Active Fluorinated Corticosteroids from Phytosterols. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Enhancing Expression of 3-Ketosteroid-9α-Hydroxylase Oxygenase, an Enzyme with Broad Substrate Range and High Hydroxylation Ability, in Mycobacterium sp. LY-1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:1238-1254. [PMID: 30209713 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
3-Ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase (KSH) consists of two protein systems, KshA and KshB, and is a key enzyme in microbial degradation pathway of natural sterols. 9α-Hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9α-OH-AD) is a valuable steroid pharmaceutical intermediate. The expression of a 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase oxygenase (KshA1) with a broad substrate range and high hydroxylation ability was enhanced in Mycobacterium sp. LY-1 to improve the yield of 9α-OH-AD. Through whole-genome sequence mining and homologous comparison, the putative genes (kshA1 and kshB) in wild strain LY-1 were firstly identified. Then they were heterogeneously co-expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The transformation results of recombinant BL21-KshA1/B demonstrated KshA1/B had high hydroxylation ability to AD. Moreover, substrate preference analysis suggested that KshA1LY-1 had a broad substrate range. After enhancing expression of kshA1 and kshB in the strain LY-1, the maximum productivity of 9α-OH-AD in recombinant LY-1-KshA1/B reached 0.064 g/L/h in a 5-L stirred fermenter.
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Mao S, Wang JW, Liu F, Zhu Z, Gao D, Guo Q, Xu P, Ma Z, Hou Y, Cheng X, Sun D, Lu F, Qin HM. Engineering of 3-ketosteroid-∆ 1-dehydrogenase based site-directed saturation mutagenesis for efficient biotransformation of steroidal substrates. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:141. [PMID: 30200975 PMCID: PMC6130075 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biosynthesis of steroidal drugs is of great benefit in pharmaceutical manufacturing as the process involves efficient enzymatic catalysis at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure compared to chemical synthesis. 3-ketosteroid-∆1-dehydrogenase from Arthrobacter simplex (KsdD3) catalyzes 1,2-desaturation of steroidal substrates with FAD as a cofactor. Results Recombinant KsdD3 exhibited organic solvent tolerance. W117, F296, W299, et al., which were located in substrate-binding cavity, were predicted to form hydrophobic interaction with the substrate. Structure-based site-directed saturation mutagenesis of KsdD3 was performed with W299 mutants, which resulted in improved catalytic activities toward various steroidal substrates. W299A showed the highest increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) compared with the wild-type enzyme. Homology modelling revealed that the mutants enlarged the active site cavity and relieved the steric interference facilitating recognition of C17 hydroxyl/carbonyl steroidal substrates. Steered molecular dynamics simulations revealed that W299A/G decreased the potential energy barrier of association of substrates and dissociation of the corresponding products. The biotransformation of AD with enzymatic catalysis and resting cells harbouring KsdD3 WT/mutants revealed that W299A catalyzed the maximum ADD yields of 71 and 95% by enzymatic catalysis and resting cell conversion respectively, compared with the wild type (38 and 75%, respectively). Conclusions The successful rational design of functional KsdD3 greatly advanced our understanding of KsdD family enzymes. Structure-based site-directed saturation mutagenesis and biochemical data were used to design KsdD3 mutants with a higher catalytic activity and broader selectivity. ![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0981-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wen Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangliang Zhu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Hou
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengyue Sun
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Chen X, Wang Y, Yao P, Zhang R, Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. New product identification in the sterol metabolism by an industrial strain Mycobacterium neoaurum NRRL B-3805. Steroids 2018; 132:40-45. [PMID: 29427574 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium neoaurum NRRL B-3805 metabolizes sterols to produce androst-4-en-3,17-dione (AD) as the main product, and androsta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione, 9α-hydroxy androst-4-en-3,17-dione and 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-en-3-one have been identified as by-products. In this study, a new by-product was isolated from the metabolites of sterols and identified as methyl 3-oxo-23,24-bisnorchol-4-en-22-oate (BNC methyl ester), which was proposed to be produced via the esterification of BNC catalyzed by an O-methyltransferase using S-adenosyl-l-methionine as the methyl group donor. These results might open a new dimension for improvement of the efficiency of microbial AD production by eliminating this by-product via genetic manipulation of the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Peiyuan Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
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12
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Tang J, Zeng C, Xie L, Wang J, Tian M, Guo C. Improved Synthesis of Fluocinolone Acetonide and Process Research of 6α,9α-Fluorination. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410205, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Zeng
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410205, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Longyong Xie
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410205, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha 410205, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Cancheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, P. R. China
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13
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Wang X, Feng J, Zhang D, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Characterization of new recombinant 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenases for the biotransformation of steroids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Tang J, Liu X, Zeng C, Meng H, Tian M, Guo C. A novel route for the preparation of betamethasone from 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9αOH-AD) by chemical synthesis and fermentation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14925986241025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient synthesis of betamethasone has been developed from the readily available 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9αOH-AD). The 16α-methyl was introduced stereoselectively with CH3Br and converted to the 16β-methyl, the 17-side chain was installed with 2-chlorovinyl ethyl ether in the place of the toxic KCN/HOAc, and a mild fermentation was employed for the 1,2-dehydrogenation, replacing the DDQ oxidation. By adjustments and improvements of the steps, this route produced betamethasone in 11 steps with a 22.9% overall yield, showing its potential for industrial application with relatively low toxicity and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xirong Liu
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410205, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Zeng
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410205, P.R. China
| | - Hao Meng
- Hunan Norchem Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410205, P.R. China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P.R. China
| | - Cancheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P.R. China
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15
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Effect of methyl-β-cyclodextrin on gene expression in microbial conversion of phytosterol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4659-4667. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Zhang X, Wu D, Yang T, Xu M, Rao Z. Over-expression of Mycobacterium neoaurum 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase in Corynebacterium crenatum for efficient bioconversion of 4-androstene-3,17-dione to androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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17
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Liu Y, Cao F, Xiong H, Shen Y, Wang M. Application of 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) in High-Throughput Screening for Microorganism Mutants Accumulating 9α-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9α-OH-AD). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163836. [PMID: 27706217 PMCID: PMC5051707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a quick method for the preliminarily screening of mutant strains that can accumulate 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9α-OH-AD), a high-throughput screening method was presented by applying the principle that 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) can react with ketones to produce precipitation. The optimal color assay conditions were the substrate androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) concentration at 2.0 g/L, the ratio of AD to DNPH solution at 1:4, and the sulfuric acid and ethanol solution percentages in DNPH solution at 2% and 35%, respectively. This method was used to preliminarily screen the mutants of Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM43269, from which the three ones obtained could produce more 9α-OH-AD. This DNPH color assay method not only broadens screening methods and increases screening efficiency in microbial mutation breeding but also establishes a good foundation for obtaining strains for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Yao K, Xu LQ, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Characterization and engineering of 3-ketosteroid-△1-dehydrogenase and 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase in Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25795 to produce 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione through the catabolism of sterols. Metab Eng 2014; 24:181-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Bragin EY, Shtratnikova VY, Dovbnya DV, Schelkunov MI, Pekov YA, Malakho SG, Egorova OV, Ivashina TV, Sokolov SL, Ashapkin VV, Donova MV. Comparative analysis of genes encoding key steroid core oxidation enzymes in fast-growing Mycobacterium spp. strains. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:41-53. [PMID: 23474435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A comparative genome analysis of Mycobacterium spp. VKM Ac-1815D, 1816D and 1817D strains used for efficient production of key steroid intermediates (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, AD, androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, ADD, 9α-hydroxy androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, 9-OH-AD) from phytosterol has been carried out by deep sequencing. The assembled contig sequences were analyzed for the presence putative genes of steroid catabolism pathways. Since 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylases (KSH) and 3-ketosteroid-Δ(1)-dehydrogenase (Δ(1) KSTD) play key role in steroid core oxidation, special attention was paid to the genes encoding these enzymes. At least three genes of Δ(1) KSTD (kstD), five genes of KSH subunit A (kshA), and one gene of KSH subunit B of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylases (kshB) have been found in Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D. Strains of Mycobacterium spp. VKM Ac-1815D and 1816D were found to possess at least one kstD, one kshB and two kshA genes. The assembled genome sequence of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D differs from those of 1815D and 1816D strains, whereas these last two are nearly identical, differing by 13 single nucleotide substitutions (SNPs). One of these SNPs is located in the coding region of a kstD gene and corresponds to an amino acid substitution Lys (135) in 1816D for Ser (135) in 1815D. The findings may be useful for targeted genetic engineering of the biocatalysts for biotechnological application.
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Key Words
- 2,3-dehydroxyphenyl dioxygenase
- 2-enoyl acyl-CoA hydratase
- 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate hydratase
- 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione 4,5-dioxygenase
- 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione monooxygenase
- 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione monooxygenase subunit
- 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase
- 3-ketosteroid-Δ(1)-dehydrogenase
- 3β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase
- 4,5:9,10-diseco-3-hydroxy-5,9,17-trioxoandrosta-1(10),2-diene-4-oate hydrolase
- 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase
- 9-OH-AD
- 9α-hydroxy androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
- AD
- ADD
- Androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione
- Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
- BWA
- Broadband-Wheeler Aligner
- CTAB
- ChoX
- ChoX(D,E)
- EchA19
- FAD
- FadA5
- FadD17
- FadD19
- FadE26
- FadE27
- FadE28
- Genome sequencing
- HSD
- HTH-type transcriptional repressor
- HsaA
- HsaAB
- HsaB
- HsaC
- HsaD
- HsaE
- HsaF
- HsaG
- Hsd4A
- Hsd4B
- KSH
- KshA
- KshB
- KstR
- KstR2
- Ltp2
- Ltp3
- Ltp4
- Mycobacterium
- ORFs
- PWM
- Phytosterol
- SNP
- Steroid bioconversion
- TesB
- YrbE4A
- YrbE4B
- acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
- acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase
- acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- acyl-CoA synthetase
- acyl-CoA thioesterase II
- androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
- androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione
- base pair
- bp
- cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
- cholesterol oxidase
- enoyl-CoA hydratase
- flavin adenine dinucleotide
- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- integral membrane protein
- lipid transfer protein 4 (keto acyl-CoA thiolase)
- lipid-transfer protein 2
- lipid-transfer protein 3 (acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase)
- open reading frames
- position weight matrix
- single nucleotide substitution
- subunit A of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase
- subunit B of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylases
- Δ(1) KSTD
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yu Bragin
- Center of Innovations and Technologies "Biological Active Compounds and Their Applications", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation; G.K.Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
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Wang Y, Sun D, Chen Z, Ruan H, Ge W. Biotransformation of 3β-hydroxy-5-en-steroids byMucor silvaticus. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.813490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Zhang W, Shao M, Rao Z, Xu M, Zhang X, Yang T, Li H, Xu Z. Bioconversion of 4-androstene-3,17-dione to androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione by recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing ksdd gene encoding 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 135:36-42. [PMID: 23298646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 3-ketosteroid-Δ(1)-dehydrogenase (KSDD), involved in steroid metabolism, catalyzes the transformation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) to androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) specifically. Its coding gene was obtained from Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12 and expressed on the plasmid pMA5 in Bacillus subtilis 168. The successfully expressed KSDD was analyzed by native-PAGE. The activities of the recombinant enzyme in B. subtilis were 1.75 U/mg, which was about 5-fold that of the wild type in M. neoaurum. When using the whole-cells as catalysts, the products were analyzed by tin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The recombinant B. subtilis catalyzed the biotransformation of AD to ADD in a percent conversion of 65.7% and showed about 18 folds higher than M. neoaurum JC-12. The time required for transformation of AD to ADD was about 10h by the recombinant B. subtilis, much shorter than that of the wild-type strain and other reported strains. Thus, the efficiency of ADD production could be improved immensely. For industrial applications, the recombinant B. subtilis containing KSDD provides a new pathway of producing steroid medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu Province, Wuxi 214122, China
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