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Sokhi S, Lewis CW, Bukhari AB, Hadfield J, Xiao EJ, Fung J, Yoon YJ, Hsu WH, Gamper AM, Chan GK. Myt1 overexpression mediates resistance to cell cycle and DNA damage checkpoint kinase inhibitors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1270542. [PMID: 38020882 PMCID: PMC10652759 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1270542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoint kinases serve as important therapeutic targets for various cancers. When they are inhibited by small molecules, checkpoint abrogation can induce cell death or further sensitize cancer cells to other genotoxic therapies. Particularly aberrant Cdk1 activation at the G2/M checkpoint by kinase inhibitors causing unscheduled mitotic entry and mitotic arrest was found to lead to DNA damage and cell death selectively in cancer cells. Promising drugs inhibiting kinases like Wee1 (Adavosertib), Wee1+Myt1 (PD166285), ATR (AZD6738) and Chk1 (UCN-01) have been developed, but clinical data has shown variable efficacy for them with poorly understood mechanisms of resistance. Our lab recently identified Myt1 as a predictive biomarker of acquired resistance to the Wee1 kinase inhibitor, Adavosertib. Here, we investigate the role of Myt1 overexpression in promoting resistance to inhibitors (PD166285, UCN-01 and AZD6738) of other kinases regulating cell cycle progression. We demonstrate that Myt1 confers resistance by compensating Cdk1 inhibition in the presence of these different kinase inhibitors. Myt1 overexpression leads to reduced premature mitotic entry and decreased length of mitosis eventually leading to increased survival rates in Adavosertib treated cells. Elevated Myt1 levels also conferred resistance to inhibitors of ATR or Chk1 inhibitor. Our data supports that Myt1 overexpression is a common mechanism by which cancer cells can acquire resistance to a variety of drugs entering the clinic that aim to induce mitotic catastrophe by abrogating the G2/M checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargun Sokhi
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cody W. Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Amirali B. Bukhari
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joanne Hadfield
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edric J. Xiao
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeremy Fung
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yea Jin Yoon
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wen-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Armin M. Gamper
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gordon K. Chan
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Aquino A, Bianchi N, Terrazzan A, Franzese O. Protein Kinase C at the Crossroad of Mutations, Cancer, Targeted Therapy and Immune Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1047. [PMID: 37626933 PMCID: PMC10451643 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The frequent PKC dysregulations observed in many tumors have made these enzymes natural targets for anticancer applications. Nevertheless, this considerable interest in the development of PKC modulators has not led to the expected therapeutic benefits, likely due to the complex biological activities regulated by PKC isoenzymes, often playing ambiguous and protective functions, further driven by the occurrence of mutations. The structure, regulation and functions of PKCs have been extensively covered in other publications. Herein, we focused on PKC alterations mostly associated with complete functional loss. We also addressed the modest yet encouraging results obtained targeting PKC in selected malignancies and the more frequent negative clinical outcomes. The reported observations advocate the need for more selective molecules and a better understanding of the involved pathways. Furthermore, we underlined the most relevant immune mechanisms controlled by PKC isoforms potentially impacting the immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade-mediated immune recovery. We believe that a comprehensive examination of the molecular features of the tumor microenvironment might improve clinical outcomes by tailoring PKC modulation. This approach can be further supported by the identification of potential response biomarkers, which may indicate patients who may benefit from the manipulation of distinctive PKC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Aquino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (N.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Terrazzan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (N.B.); (A.T.)
- Laboratory for Advanced Therapy Technologies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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3
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Activators and Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C (PKC): Their Applications in Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111748. [PMID: 34834162 PMCID: PMC8621927 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is classed into three subfamilies based on their structural and activation characteristics: conventional or classic PKC isozymes (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic PKC isozymes (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical PKC isozymes (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ). PKC inhibitors and activators are used to understand PKC-mediated intracellular signaling pathways and for the diagnosis and treatment of various PKC-associated diseases, such as cancers, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Many clinical trials of PKC inhibitors in cancers showed no significant clinical benefits, meaning that there is a limitation to design a cancer therapeutic strategy targeting PKC alone. This review will focus on the activators and inhibitors of PKC and their applications in clinical trials.
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4
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Huang Z, Kondoh E, Visco ZR, Baba T, Matsumura N, Dolan E, Whitaker RS, Konishi I, Fujii S, Berchuck A, Murphy SK. Targeting Dormant Ovarian Cancer Cells In Vitro and in an In Vivo Mouse Model of Platinum Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:85-95. [PMID: 33037137 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids exhibit drug resistance and slow proliferation, suggesting involvement in cancer recurrence. The protein kinase C inhibitor UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine) has shown higher efficacy against slow proliferating and/or quiescent ovarian cancer cells. In this study, tumorigenic potential was assessed using anchorage-independent growth assays and spheroid-forming capacity, which was determined with ovarian cancer cell lines as well as primary ovarian cancers. Of 12 cell lines with increased anchorage-independent growth, 8 formed spheroids under serum-free culture conditions. Spheroids showed reduced proliferation (P < 0.0001) and Ki-67 immunostaining (8% vs. 87%) relative to monolayer cells. Spheroid formation was associated with increased expression of mitochondrial pathway genes (P ≤ 0.001) from Affymetrix HT U133A gene expression data. UCN-01, a kinase inhibitor/mitochondrial uncoupler that has been shown to lead to Puma-induced mitochondrial apoptosis as well as ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin, demonstrated effectiveness against spheroids, whereas spheroids were refractory to cisplatin and paclitaxel. By live in vivo imaging, ovarian cancer xenograft tumors were reduced after primary treatment with carboplatin. Continued treatment with carboplatin was accompanied by an increase in tumor signal, whereas there was little or no increase in tumor signal observed with subsequent treatment with UCN-01 or oltipraz. Taken together, our findings suggest that genes involved in mitochondrial function in spheroids may be an important therapeutic target in preventing disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eiji Kondoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zachary R Visco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Iwate Medical University, Morioka Iwate, Japan
| | - Noriomi Matsumura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Emma Dolan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Regina S Whitaker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ikuo Konishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Fujii
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto Okamoto Memorial Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Carrassa L, Colombo I, Damia G, Bertoni F. Targeting the DNA damage response for patients with lymphoma: Preclinical and clinical evidences. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pommier Y, Cushman M, Doroshow JH. Novel clinical indenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I inhibitors: a twist around the camptothecins. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37286-37288. [PMID: 30647868 PMCID: PMC6324668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Pommier
- Yves Pommier: Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Cushman
- Yves Pommier: Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Yves Pommier: Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Review of Chromatographic Bioanalytical Assays for the Quantitative Determination of Marine-Derived Drugs for Cancer Treatment. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16070246. [PMID: 30041477 PMCID: PMC6071085 DOI: 10.3390/md16070246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of marine-derived compounds for the treatment of cancer has seen a vast increase over the last few decades. Bioanalytical assays are pivotal for the quantification of drug levels in various matrices to construct pharmacokinetic profiles and to link drug concentrations to clinical outcomes. This review outlines the different analytical methods that have been described for marine-derived drugs in cancer treatment hitherto. It focuses on the major parts of the bioanalytical technology, including sample type, sample pre-treatment, separation, detection, and quantification.
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Signore M, Buccarelli M, Pilozzi E, De Luca G, Cappellari M, Fanciulli M, Goeman F, Melucci E, Biffoni M, Ricci-Vitiani L. UCN-01 enhances cytotoxicity of irinotecan in colorectal cancer stem-like cells by impairing DNA damage response. Oncotarget 2018; 7:44113-44128. [PMID: 27286453 PMCID: PMC5190083 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal cancers worldwide. Despite recent progress, the prognosis of advanced stage CRC remains poor, mainly because of cancer recurrence and metastasis. The high morbidity and mortality of CRC has been recently ascribed to a small population of tumor cells that hold the potential of tumor initiation, i.e. cancer stem cells (CSCs), which play a pivotal role in cancer recurrence and metastasis and are not eradicated by current therapy. We screened CRC-SCs in vitro with a library of protein kinase inhibitors and showed that CRC-SCs are resistant to specific inhibition of the major signaling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. Nonetheless, broad-spectrum inhibition by the staurosporin derivative UCN-01 blocks CRC-SC growth and potentiates the activity of irinotecan in vitro and in vivo CRC-SC-derived models. Reverse-Phase Protein Microarrays (RPPA) revealed that, albeit CRC-SCs display individual phospho-proteomic profiles, sensitivity of CRC-SCs to UCN-01 relies on the interference with the DNA damage response mediated by Chk1. Combination of LY2603618, a specific Chk1/2 inhibitor, with irinotecan resulted in a significant reduction of CRC-SC growth in vivo, confirming that irinotecan treatment coupled to inhibition of Chk1 represents a potentially effective therapeutic approach for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Signore
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pilozzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Luca
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Cappellari
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fanciulli
- Scientific Direction, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Frauke Goeman
- Scientific Direction, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Melucci
- Scientific Direction, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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9
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Manic G, Obrist F, Sistigu A, Vitale I. Trial Watch: Targeting ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways for anticancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1012976. [PMID: 27308506 PMCID: PMC4905354 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1012976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM)/checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2, best known as CHK2) and the ATM and Rad3-related serine/threonine kinase (ATR)/CHEK1 (best known as CHK1) cascades are the 2 major signaling pathways driving the DNA damage response (DDR), a network of processes crucial for the preservation of genomic stability that act as a barrier against tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Mutations and/or deletions of ATM and/or CHK2 are frequently found in tumors and predispose to cancer development. In contrast, the ATR-CHK1 pathway is often upregulated in neoplasms and is believed to promote tumor growth, although some evidence indicates that ATR and CHK1 may also behave as haploinsufficient oncosuppressors, at least in a specific genetic background. Inactivation of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways efficiently sensitizes malignant cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATR and CHK1 inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells that present high levels of replication stress, have a deficiency in p53 (or other DDR players), or upregulate the ATR-CHK1 module. Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical activity of ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2 inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutics, has not yet been fully demonstrated. In this Trial Watch, we give an overview of the roles of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways in cancer initiation and progression, and summarize the results of clinical studies aimed at assessing the safety and therapeutic profile of regimens based on inhibitors of ATR and CHK1, the only 2 classes of compounds that have so far entered clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “TorVergata”; Rome, Italy
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Daud AI, Ashworth MT, Strosberg J, Goldman JW, Mendelson D, Springett G, Venook AP, Loechner S, Rosen LS, Shanahan F, Parry D, Shumway S, Grabowsky JA, Freshwater T, Sorge C, Kang SP, Isaacs R, Munster PN. Phase I dose-escalation trial of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor MK-8776 as monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1060-6. [PMID: 25605849 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and recommended phase II dose of MK-8776 (SCH 900776), a potent, selective checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitor, as monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine in a first-in-human phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-three patients were treated by intravenous infusion with MK-8776 at seven dose levels ranging from 10 to 150 mg/m(2) as monotherapy and then in combination with gemcitabine 800 mg/m(2) (part A, n = 26) or gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) (part B, n = 17). Forty percent of patients had three or more prior treatment regimens, and one third of patients had previously received gemcitabine. RESULTS As monotherapy, MK-8776 was well tolerated, with QTc prolongation (19%), nausea (16%), fatigue (14%), and constipation (14%) as the most frequent adverse effects. Combination therapy demonstrated a higher frequency of adverse effects, predominantly fatigue (63%), nausea (44%), decreased appetite (37%), thrombocytopenia (32%), and neutropenia (24%), as well as dose-related, transient QTc prolongation (17%). The median number of doses of MK-8776 administered was five doses, with relative dose-intensity of 0.96. Bioactivity was assessed by γ-H2AX ex vivo assay. Of 30 patients evaluable for response, two showed partial response, and 13 exhibited stable disease. CONCLUSION MK-8776 was well tolerated as monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine. Early evidence of clinical efficacy was observed. The recommended phase II dose is MK-8776 200 mg plus gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil I Daud
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
| | - Michelle T Ashworth
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Jonathan Strosberg
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Jonathan W Goldman
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - David Mendelson
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Gregory Springett
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Alan P Venook
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Sabine Loechner
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Lee S Rosen
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - David Parry
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Stuart Shumway
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Jennifer A Grabowsky
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Tomoko Freshwater
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Christopher Sorge
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Soonmo Peter Kang
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Randi Isaacs
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
| | - Pamela N Munster
- Adil I. Daud, Michelle T. Ashworth, Alan P. Venook, Jennifer A. Grabowsky, and Pamela N. Munster, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; Jonathan W. Goldman and Lee S. Rosen, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA; Jonathan Strosberg and Gregory Springett, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; David Mendelson, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; and Sabine Loechner, Frances Shanahan, David Parry, Stuart Shumway, Tomoko Freshwater, Christopher Sorge, Soonmo Peter Kang, and Randi Isaacs, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ
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11
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Hynes SM, Wickremsinhe E, Zhang W, Decker R, Ott J, Chandler J, Mitchell M. Evaluation of the likelihood of a selective CHK1 inhibitor (LY2603618) to inhibit CYP2D6 with desipramine as a probe substrate in cancer patients. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 36:49-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis IN USA
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12
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Li Y, Gao W, Li F, Wang J, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhang S, Yang L. An in silico exploration of the interaction mechanism of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine type CDK2 inhibitors. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 9:2266-81. [PMID: 23864105 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CDK2, which interacts with cyclin A and cyclin E, is an important member of the CDK family. Having been proved to be associated with many diseases for its vital role in cell cycle, CDK2 is a promising target of anti-cancer drugs dealing with cell cycle disorders. In the present work, a total of 111 pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (PHTPPs) as CDK2/cyclin A inhibitors were studied to conduct three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity (3D-QSAR) analyses. The optimal comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) model shows that Q(2) = 0.516, Rncv(2) = 0.912, Rpre(2) = 0.914, Rm(2) = 0.843, SEP = 0.812, SEE = 0.347 with 10 components using steric, hydrophobic and H-bond donor field descriptors, indicating its effective internal and external predictive capacity. The contour maps further indicate that (1) bulky substituents in R1 are beneficial while H-bond donor groups at this position are detrimental; (2) hydrophobic contributions in the R2 area are favorable; (3) large and hydrophilic groups are well tolerated at the R3 position (a close H-bond donor moiety is favorable while a distal H-bond donor moiety in this area is disfavored); (4) bulky and hydrophobic features in the R4 region are beneficial for the biological activities and (5) the 7-N-aryl substitution is crucial to boost the inhibitory activities of the PHTPP inhibitors. Finally, docking and MD simulations demostrate that PHTPP derivatives are stabilized in a 'flying bat' conformation mainly through the H-bond interactions and hydrophobic contacts. Comparative studies indicate that PHTPP derivatives fit well within the ATP binding cleft in CDK2, with the core heterocyclic ring overlapping significantly with the adenine group of ATP despite a small deflection. In comparison to numerous other inhibitors binding to the ATP pocket, PHTPP analogues follow the binding fashion of purine inhibitors of this kinase. It is anticipated that the binding mechanism and structural features of PHTPP inhibitors studied in the present work will benefit the discovery of more potent CDK2 inhibitors, and the valid pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-N-yl inhibitors will soon emerge from the large number of screening programmes to enter in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China.
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Matthews TP, Jones AM, Collins I. Structure-based design, discovery and development of checkpoint kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:621-40. [PMID: 23594139 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.788496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Checkpoint kinase (CHK) inhibitors offer the promise of enhancing the effectiveness of widely prescribed cancer chemotherapies and radiotherapy by inhibiting the DNA damage response, as well as the potential for single agent efficacy. AREAS COVERED This article surveys structural insights into the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2 that have been exploited to enhance the selectivity and potency of small molecule inhibitors. Furthermore, the authors review the use of mechanistic cellular assays to guide the optimisation of inhibitors. Finally, the authors discuss the status of the current clinical candidates and emerging new clinical contexts for CHK1 and CHK2 inhibitors, including the prospects for single agent efficacy. EXPERT OPINION Protein-bound water molecules play key roles in structural features that can be targeted to gain high selectivity for either enzyme. The results of early phase clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors have been mixed, but significant progress has been made in testing the combination of CHK1 inhibitors with genotoxic chemotherapy. Second-generation CHK1 inhibitors are likely to benefit from increased selectivity and oral bioavailability. While the optimum therapeutic context for CHK2 inhibition remains unclear, the emergence of single agent preclinical efficacy for CHK1 inhibitors in specific tumour types exhibiting constitutive replication stress represents exciting progress in exploring the therapeutic potential of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Matthews
- Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, London SM2 5NG, UK
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14
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Wu G, Lin N, Xu L, Liu B, Feitelson MA. UCN-01 induces S and G2/M cell cycle arrest through the p53/p21(waf1) or CHK2/CDC25C pathways and can suppress invasion in human hepatoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:167. [PMID: 23537372 PMCID: PMC3618254 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine), a protein kinase inhibitor, has attracted a great deal of attention as a potent antitumour agent. Several clinical trials of UCN-01 alone or in combination with other agents for different tumour types are currently underway, and some of these trials have had positive results. Hepatocellular carcinoma has high incidence rates and is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. METHODS Three different hepatoma cell lines (Huh7, HepG2, and Hep3B) were treated with different concentrations of UCN-01, and the anti-tumour effects of UCN-01 were evaluated. Following UCN-01 treatment, cell growth was measured using an MTT assay, cell cycle arrest was assayed using flow cytometry, and the mechanisms of cell cycle arrest and invasion inhibition were investigated through western blotting and a Matrigel invasion assay. RESULTS After a 72-h UCN-01 treatment, the growth of different hepatoma cell lines was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values ranging from 69.76 to 222.74 nM. Flow cytometry results suggested that UCN-01 inhibits proliferation in the hepatoma cells by inducing S and G2/M phase arrest, but not G1/S arrest, which differs from previous reports that used other tumour cell lines. Western blot results illustrated that UCN-01 induces a G2/M phase arrest, regardless of the status of the p53/P21(waf1) pathway, whereas the CHK2/CDC25C pathway and the p53/p21(waf1)pathway were involved in the UCN-01-induced S phase arrest. UCN-01 remarkably inhibited Huh7 cell invasion in a time-dependent manner. Suppression of Huh7 cell invasion may be due to the down-regulation of phosphorylated β-catenin by UCN-01. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that UCN-01 induces hepatoma cell growth inhibition by regulating the p53/p21(waf1) and CHK2/CDC25 pathways. Suppression of Huh7 cell invasion by UCN-01 may be due to the down-regulation of phosphorylated β-catenin. These data lend support for further studies on UCN-01 as a promising anti-HCC candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyi Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the Lingnan Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangZhou 510630, PR China
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15
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Abstract
The strategy of clinically targeting cancerous cells at their most vulnerable state during mitosis has instigated numerous studies into the mitotic cell death (MCD) pathway. As the hallmark of cancer revolves around cell-cycle deregulation, it is not surprising that antimitotic therapies are effective against the abnormal proliferation of transformed cells. Moreover, these antimitotic drugs are also highly selective and sensitive. Despite the robust rate of discovery and the development of mitosis-selective inhibitors, the unpredictable complexities of the human body's response to these drugs still herald the biggest challenge towards clinical success. Undoubtedly, the need to bridge the gap between promising preclinical trials and effective translational bedside treatment prompts further investigations towards mapping out the mechanistic pathways of MCD, understanding how these drugs work as medicine in the body and more comprehensive target validations. In this review, current antimitotic agents are summarized with particular emphasis on the evaluation of their clinical efficacy as well as their limitations. In addition, we discuss the basis behind the lack of activity of these inhibitors in human trials and the potential and future directions of mitotic anticancer strategies.
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Phase I dose-escalation study to examine the safety and tolerability of LY2603618, a checkpoint 1 kinase inhibitor, administered 1 day after pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) every 21 days in patients with cancer. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:136-44. [PMID: 22492020 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I study aims at assessing the safety and tolerability of LY2603618, a selective inhibitor of Checkpoint Kinase 1, in combination with pemetrexed and determining the maximum tolerable dose and the pharmacokinetic parameters. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This was an open-label, multicenter, dose-escalation study in patients with advanced solid tumors. Increasing doses of LY2603618 (40-195 mg/m(2)) were combined with 500 mg/m(2) of pemetrexed. LY2603618 was administered on Days 1 and 9 and pemetrexed on Day 8 in a 28-day cycle. For all subsequent 21-day cycles, pemetrexed was administered on Day 1 and LY2603618 on Day 2. Antitumor activity was evaluated as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.0. RESULTS A total of 31 patients were enrolled into six cohorts (three at 40 mg/m(2) over 4.5-hour infusion, 1-hour infusion in subsequent cohorts: three each at 40 mg/m(2), 70 mg/m(2), and 195 mg/m(2); 13 at 105 mg/m(2); six at 150 mg/m(2)). Four patients experienced a dose-limiting toxicity: diarrhea (105 mg/m(2)); reversible infusion-related reaction (150 mg/m(2)); thrombocytopenia (195 mg/m(2)); and fatigue (195 mg/m(2)). The maximum tolerated dose was defined as 150 mg/m(2). The pharmacokinetic data demonstrated that the exposure of LY2603618 increased in a dose-dependent manner, displayed a suitable half-life for maintaining required human exposures while minimizing the intra- and inter-cycle accumulation, and was unaffected by the pemetrexed administration. The pharmacokinetic-defined biologically efficacious dose was achieved at doses ≥105 mg/m(2). CONCLUSION LY2603618 administered approximately 24 h after pemetrexed showed acceptable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Li T, Christensen SD, Frankel PH, Margolin KA, Agarwala SS, Luu T, Mack PC, Lara PN, Gandara DR. A phase II study of cell cycle inhibitor UCN-01 in patients with metastatic melanoma: a California Cancer Consortium trial. Invest New Drugs 2012; 30:741-8. [PMID: 20967484 PMCID: PMC3277821 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic abnormalities in cell cycle control are common in malignant melanoma. UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine) is an investigational agent that exhibits antitumor activity by perturbing the cancer cell cycle. A patient with advanced melanoma experienced a partial response in a phase I trial of single agent UCN-01. We sought to determine the activity of UCN-01 against refractory metastatic melanoma in a phase II study. Patients and methods Patients with advanced melanoma received UCN-01 at 90 mg/m(2) over 3 h on cycle 1, reduced to 45 mg/m(2) over 3 h for subsequent cycles, every 21 days. Primary endpoint was tumor response. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A two-stage (17 + 16), single arm phase II design was employed. A true response rate of ≥ 20% (i.e., at least one responder in the first stage, or at least four responders overall) was to be considered promising for further development of UCN-01 in this setting. Results Seventeen patients were accrued in the first stage. One patient was inevaluable for response. Four (24%) patients had stable disease, and 12 (71%) had disease progression. As there were no responders in the first stage, the study was closed to further accrual. Median PFS was 1.3 months (95% CI, 1.2-3.0) while median OS was 7.3 months (95% CI, 3.4-18.4). One-year and two year OS rates were 41% and 12%, respectively. A median of two cycles were delivered (range, 1-18). Grade 3 treatment-related toxicities include hyperglycemia (N = 2), fatigue (N = 1), and diarrhea (N = 1). One patient experienced grade 4 creatinine elevation and grade 4 anemia possibly due to UCN-01. No dose modification was required as these patients had disease progression. Conclusion Although well tolerated, UCN-01 as a single agent did not have sufficient clinical activity to warrant further study in refractory melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Li
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of California Davis Cancer Center, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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18
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Role of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) in the mechanisms of resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19629-34. [PMID: 22106282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117544108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a new group of anticancer drugs with tumor selective toxicity. Normal cells are relatively resistant to HDACi-induced cell death compared with cancer cells. Previously, we found that vorinostat induces DNA breaks in normal and transformed cells, which normal but not cancer cells can repair. In this study, we found that checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a component of the G2 DNA damage checkpoint, is important in the resistance of normal cells to HDACi in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of Chk1 activity with Chk1 inhibitor (UCN-01, AZD7762, or CHIR-124) in normal cells increases their sensitivity to HDACi (vorinostat, romidepsin, or entinostat) induced cell death, associated with extensive mitotic disruption. Mitotic abnormalities included loss of sister chromatid cohesion and chromosomal disruption. Inhibition of Chk1 did increase HDACi-induced cell death of transformed cells. Thus, Chk1 is an important factor in the resistance of normal cells, and some transformed cells, to HDACi-induced cell death. Use of Chk1 inhibitors in combination with anticancer agents to treat cancers may be associated with substantial toxicity.
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Zhang Y, Johansson E, Miller ML, Jänicke RU, Ferguson DJ, Plas D, Meller J, Anderson MW. Identification of a conserved anti-apoptotic protein that modulates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25284. [PMID: 21980415 PMCID: PMC3184134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we identified an evolutionarily highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein (C9orf82) that shows structural similarities to the death effector domain of apoptosis-related proteins. RNAi knockdown of C9orf82 induced apoptosis in A-549 and MCF7/casp3-10b lung and breast carcinoma cells, respectively, but not in cells lacking caspase-3, caspase-10 or both. Apoptosis was associated with activated caspases-3, -8, -9 and -10, and inactivation of caspases 10 or 3 was sufficient to block apoptosis in this pathway. Apoptosis upon knockdown of C9orf82 was associated with increased caspase-10 expression and activation, which was required for the generation of an 11 kDa tBid fragment and activation of Caspase-9. These data suggest that C9orf82 functions as an anti-apoptotic protein that modulates a caspase-10 dependent mitochondrial caspase-3/9 feedback amplification loop. We designate this ubiquitously expressed and evolutionarily conserved anti-apoptotic protein Conserved Anti-Apoptotic Protein (CAAP). We also demonstrated that treatment of MCF7/casp3-10b cells with staurosporine and etoposides induced apoptosis and knockdown of CAAP expression. This implies that the CAAP protein could be a target for chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Elisabet Johansson
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marian L. Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Reiner U. Jänicke
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiooncology, Clinic and Policlinic for Radiation Therapy and Radiooncology, Clinical Center of the University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Donald J. Ferguson
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David Plas
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jarek Meller
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Departments of Environmental Health and Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marshall W. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wagner BK, Gilbert TJ, Hanai JI, Imamura S, Bodycombe NE, Bon RS, Waldmann H, Clemons PA, Sukhatme VP, Mootha VK. A small-molecule screening strategy to identify suppressors of statin myopathy. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:900-4. [PMID: 21732624 DOI: 10.1021/cb200206w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of plasma low-density lipoprotein levels by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, has had a revolutionary impact in medicine, but muscle-related side effects remain a dose-limiting toxicity in many patients. We describe a chemical epistasis approach that can be useful in refining the mechanism of statin muscle toxicity, as well as in screening for agents that suppress muscle toxicity while preserving the ability of statins to increase the expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Using this approach, we identified one compound that attenuates the muscle side effects in both cellular and animal models of statin toxicity, likely by influencing Rab prenylation. Our proof-of-concept screen lays the foundation for truly high-throughput screens that could help lead to the development of clinically useful adjuvants that can one day be co-administered with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget K. Wagner
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tamara J. Gilbert
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jun-ichi Hanai
- Renal Division and Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shintaro Imamura
- Food Technology and Biochemistry Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Robin S. Bon
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Vikas P. Sukhatme
- Renal Division and Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Vamsi K. Mootha
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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