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Vicens-Bordas J, Sarand AP, Beato M, Buhmann R. Hamstring Injuries, From the Clinic to the Field: A Narrative Review Discussing Exercise Transfer. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:729-737. [PMID: 38917984 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The optimal approach to hamstring training is heavily debated. Eccentric exercises reduce injury risk; however, it is argued that these exercises transfer poorly to improved hamstring function during sprinting. Some argue that other exercises, such as isometric exercises, result in better transfer to running gait and should be used when training to improve performance and reduce injury risk. Given the performance requirements of the hamstrings during the terminal swing phase, where they are exposed to high strain, exercises should aim to improve the torque production during this phase. This should improve the hamstrings' ability to resist overlengthening consequently, improving performance and limiting strain injury. Most hamstring training studies fail to assess running kinematics postintervention. Of the limited evidence available, only eccentric exercises demonstrate changes in swing-phase kinematics following training. Studies of other exercise modalities investigate effects on markers of performance and injury risk but do not investigate changes in running kinematics. CONCLUSIONS Despite being inconsistent with principles of transfer, current evidence suggests that eccentric exercises result in transfer to swing-phase kinematics. Other exercise modalities may be effective, but the effect of these exercises on running kinematics is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG) and Sport and Physical Activity Studies Center (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Ali Parvaneh Sarand
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Buhmann
- School of Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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2
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Benitez B, Kwak M, Succi PJ, Mitchinson C, Bergstrom HC. No sex differences in time-to-task failure and neuromuscular patterns of response during submaximal, bilateral, isometric leg extensions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05508-0. [PMID: 38772923 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general, it has been suggested that females are more fatigue-resistant than males, with the magnitude of difference being most pronounced during low-intensity sustained contractions. However, the mechanisms for the apparent sex difference have not yet been fully elucidated in the literature. This study aimed to examine sex-related differences in fatigability and patterns of neuromuscular responses for surface electromyographic (sEMG) and mechanomyographic (sMMG) amplitude and frequency (MPF) characteristics during a sustained submaximal bilateral, isometric leg extension muscle action. METHODS A sample of 20 young recreationally active males and females with previous resistance training experience performed a sustained, submaximal, bilateral isometric leg extension until task failure. Time-to-task failure was compared using a nonparametric bootstrap of the 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between males and females. Additionally, patterns of response for sEMG and sMMG amplitude and MPF of the dominant limb were examined using linear mixed effect models. RESULTS There were no differences in time-to-task failure between males and females. Additionally, neuromuscular responses revealed similar patterns of responses between males and females. Interestingly, sEMG amplitude and sMMG amplitude and MPF all revealed non-linear responses, while sEMG MPF demonstrated linear responses. CONCLUSION These data revealed that time-to-task failure was not different between males and females during sustained submaximal bilateral, isometric leg extension. Interestingly, the parallel, non-linear, increases in sEMG and sMMG amplitude may indicate fatigue induced increases in motor unit recruitment, while the parallel decreases in sMMG MPF may be explained by the intrinsic properties of later recruited motor units, which may have inherently lower firing rates than those recruited earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Benitez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Minyoung Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Clara Mitchinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Weakley J, Schoenfeld BJ, Ljungberg J, Halson SL, Phillips SM. Physiological Responses and Adaptations to Lower Load Resistance Training: Implications for Health and Performance. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 37171517 PMCID: PMC10182225 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance training is a method of enhancing strength, gait speed, mobility, and health. However, the external load required to induce these benefits is a contentious issue. A growing body of evidence suggests that when lower load resistance training [i.e., loads < 50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)] is completed within close proximity to concentric failure, it can serve as an effective alternative to traditional higher load (i.e., loads > 70% of 1RM) training and in many cases can promote similar or even superior physiological adaptations. Such findings are important given that confidence with external loads and access to training facilities and equipment are commonly cited barriers to regular resistance training. Here, we review some of the mechanisms and physiological changes in response to lower load resistance training. We also consider the evidence for applying lower loads for those at risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and those with reduced mobility. Finally, we provide practical recommendations, specifically that to maximize the benefits of lower load resistance training, high levels of effort and training in close proximity to concentric failure are required. Additionally, using lower loads 2-3 times per week with 3-4 sets per exercise, and loads no lower than 30% of 1RM can enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength adaptations. Consequently, implementing lower load resistance training can be a beneficial and viable resistance training method for a wide range of fitness- and health-related goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 211.1.26, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
| | | | - Johanna Ljungberg
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 211.1.26, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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4
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Lee JW, Shin MJ, Jang MH, Jeong WB, Ahn SJ. Two-stage binary classifier for neuromuscular disorders using surface electromyography feature extraction and selection. Med Eng Phys 2021; 98:65-72. [PMID: 34848040 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
If surface electromyography (sEMG) can be used to determine neuromuscular disorders, it can diagnose conditions more easily than needle electromyography. In this study, sEMG during maximum voluntary isometric contraction and repetitive exercise was measured, and normal, myopathy, and neuropathy were classified with high accuracy using these signals. First, a two-stage binary classifier model was constructed to classify the patient group and the normal group and categorize the cases assigned to the patient group into myopathy and neuropathy groups. To this end, features related to muscle activity and muscle fatigue were extracted using activity analysis and frequency analysis of the sEMG signal. Since the features for high performance are different for each classifier, the features with statistical differences in the data of each class were selected for each classifier. The selected features and a two-stage binary classifier were distinguished with an accuracy of 86.9%. This shows an accuracy higher than 82.3%, which was found for the two-stage binary classifier without feature selection and 73.9% of the multi-classifier. Through this, the possibility of using sEMG to diagnose neuromuscular disorders was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Woo Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Punsan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jun Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hun Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Weui-Bong Jeong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Punsan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Ahn
- Division of Energy and Electric Engineering, Uiduk University, Gyeungju, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Morton RW, Sonne MW, Farias Zuniga A, Mohammad IYZ, Jones A, McGlory C, Keir PJ, Potvin JR, Phillips SM. Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure. J Physiol 2019; 597:4601-4613. [PMID: 31294822 DOI: 10.1113/jp278056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Performing resistance exercise with heavier loads is often proposed to be necessary for the recruitment of larger motor units and activation of type II muscle fibres, leading to type II fibre hypertrophy. Indirect measures [surface electromyography (EMG)] have been used to support this thesis, although we propose that lighter loads lifted to task failure (i.e. volitional fatigue) result in the similar activation of type II fibres. In the present study, participants performed resistance exercise to task failure with heavier and lighter loads with both a normal and longer repetition duration (i.e. time under tension). Type I and type II muscle fibre glycogen depletion was determined by neither load, nor repetition duration during resistance exercise performed to task failure. Surface EMG amplitude was not related to muscle fibre glycogen depletion or anabolic signalling; however, muscle fibre glycogen depletion and anabolic signalling were related. Performing resistance exercise to task failure, regardless of load lifted or repetition duration, necessitates the activation of type II muscle fibres. ABSTRACT Heavier loads (>60% of maximal strength) are considered to be necessary during resistance exercise (RE) to activate and stimulate hypertrophy of type II fibres. Support for this proposition comes from observation of higher surface electromyography (EMG) amplitudes during RE when lifting heavier vs. lighter loads. We aimed to determine the effect of RE, to task failure, with heavier vs. lighter loads and shorter or longer repetition durations on: EMG-derived variables, muscle fibre activation, and anabolic signalling. Ten recreationally-trained young men performed four unilateral RE conditions randomly on two occasions (two conditions, one per leg per visit). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and one hour after RE. Broadly, total time under load, number of repetitions, exercise volume, EMG amplitude (at the beginning and end of each set) and total EMG activity were significantly different between conditions (P < 0.05); however, neither glycogen depletion (in both type I and type II fibres), nor phosphorylation of relevant signalling proteins showed any difference between conditions. We conclude that muscle fibre activation and subsequent anabolic signalling are independent of load, repetition duration and surface EMG amplitude when RE is performed to task failure. The results of the present study provide evidence indicating that type I and type II fibres are activated when heavier and lighter loads are lifted to task failure. We propose that our results explain why RE training with higher or lower loads, when loads are lifted to task failure, leads to equivalent muscle hypertrophy and occurs in both type I and type II fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael W Sonne
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Amanda Jones
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Peter J Keir
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jim R Potvin
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Paoli A, Mancin L, Saoncella M, Grigoletto D, Pacelli FQ, Zamparo P, Schoenfeld BJ, Marcolin G. Mind-muscle connection: effects of verbal instructions on muscle activity during bench press exercise. Eur J Transl Myol 2019; 29:8250. [PMID: 31354928 PMCID: PMC6615069 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Different attentional foci may modify muscle activation during exercises. Our aim was to determine if it is possible to selectively activate the pectoralis major or triceps brachii muscles according to specific verbal instructions provided during the bench press exercise. 13 resistance-trained males (25.6±5.4 yrs, 182.7±9.1 cm, 86.4±9.7 kg) underwent an electromyographic signals acquisition of the sternocostal head, clavicular head of the pectoralis major, the anterior deltoid, and the long head of the triceps brachii (LT) during bench press exercise. Participants performed one non-instructed set (NIS) of 4 repetitions at 50% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) and one NIS of 4 repetitions at 80% 1-RM. Four additional sets of 4 repetitions at 50% and 80% 1-RM were randomly performed with verbal instructions to isolate the chest muscles (chest instructed set, CIS) or to isolate the triceps muscles (triceps instructed set, TIS). Participants showed significantly higher LT activation during TIS compared to non-instructed set both at 50% (p=0.0199) and 80% 1-RM (p=0.0061) respectively. TIS elicited a significant (p=0.0250) higher activation of LT compared to CIS. Our results suggest that verbal instructions seem to be effective for increasing activity of the triceps brachii but not the pectoralis major during the bench press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Mancin
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the quality of Life, San Raffaele, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Davide Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Paola Zamparo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, Program of Exercise Science, City University of New York, Lehman College, New York, USA
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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7
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Schaun GZ, Pinto SS, Brasil B, Nunes GN, Alberton CL. Neuromuscular adaptations to sixteen weeks of whole-body high-intensity interval training compared to ergometer-based interval and continuous training. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1561-1569. [PMID: 30724683 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1576255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuromuscular adaptations between ergometer-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT-T; n = 15), whole-body high-intensity interval training (HIIT-WB; n = 12) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; n = 14) were compared in forty-one healthy men randomized to 16 weeks of training (3x per week). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed countermovement (CMJ) and squat (SJ) jump height (HIIT-T: 8.5 ± 13.3%; 3.1 ± 9.7%, HIIT-WB: 6.4 ± 9.8%, 10.4 ± 16.1% and MICT: 2.2 ± 9.5%; 4.4 ± 12.1%, respectively), SJ peak power (HIIT-T: 1.7 ± 3.9%; HIIT-WB : 6.4 ± 7.9%; MICT: 0.5 ± 6.5%) and CMJ rate of force development (HIIT-T: 58.1 ± 50.5%; HIIT-WB: 36.9 ± 54.2%; MICT: 38.4 ± 64.3%) improved similarly in all training groups (all p < 0.05). CMJ peak power increased only after HIIT-T (4.3 ± 5.5%) and HIIT-WB (4.5 ± 5.2%), while no differences were observed in both the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis maximal electromyographic amplitude. Finally, marked improvements were also observed in the number of repetitions in the HIIT-WB protocol at the eighth week, with no further improvement at the sixteenth week. These data suggest that 16 weeks of HIIT-WB is capable to improve neuromuscular function to a similar extent as HIIT-T and MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Zaccaria Schaun
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | - Stephanie Santana Pinto
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | - Bruno Brasil
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | - Gabriela Neves Nunes
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | - Cristine Lima Alberton
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
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8
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A New Approach to EMG Analysis of Closed-Circuit Movements Such as the Flat Bench Press. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020027. [PMID: 29910331 PMCID: PMC6026792 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bench press (BP) is a complex exercise demanding high neuromuscular activity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify the patterns of muscular activity of the prime movers on both sides of an elite powerlifter. METHODS A World Champion (RAW PR 320 kg) participated in the study (age: 34 years; body mass: 103 kg; body height 1.72 m; one-repetition maximum (1 RM) flat bench press: 220 kg). The subject performed one repetition of the flat bench press with: 70% 1 RM (150 kg) and 90% 1 RM (200 kg) in tempos: 2 s eccentric and 1 s concentric phase; 6 s eccentric and 1 s concentric phase). The activity was recorded for: pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps brachii (lateral and long head). RESULTS The total sum of peak muscle activity for the four analyzed muscles during both phases of the BP with the different loads and tempos was significantly different, and greater on the right side of the body. CONCLUSIONS The use of lighter loads activate muscle groups in a different activation level, allowing for a greater muscle control. Lifting submaximal and maximal loads causes an activation of most motor units involved in the movement. Experienced athletes have a stabilized neuromuscular pattern for lifting which has different bilateral activity contribution.
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9
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Vigotsky AD, Halperin I, Lehman GJ, Trajano GS, Vieira TM. Interpreting Signal Amplitudes in Surface Electromyography Studies in Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences. Front Physiol 2018; 8:985. [PMID: 29354060 PMCID: PMC5758546 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a popular research tool in sport and rehabilitation sciences. Common study designs include the comparison of sEMG amplitudes collected from different muscles as participants perform various exercises and techniques under different loads. Based on such comparisons, researchers attempt to draw conclusions concerning the neuro- and electrophysiological underpinning of force production and hypothesize about possible longitudinal adaptations, such as strength and hypertrophy. However, such conclusions are frequently unsubstantiated and unwarranted. Hence, the goal of this review is to discuss what can and cannot be inferred from comparative research designs as it pertains to both the acute and longitudinal outcomes. General methodological recommendations are made, gaps in the literature are identified, and lines for future research to help improve the applicability of sEMG are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vigotsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Israel Halperin
- Physiology Discipline, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Taian M Vieira
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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10
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Thiebaud RS, Abe T, Bravo JC, Giovannitti N, Sullivan AP. Muscle activation and heart rate responses to a side-step interval exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:285-290. [PMID: 28205417 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The side-step test is commonly used to assess agility. Side-step interval exercise may also be a potential way to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. However, the acute heart rate and muscle activation response to this type of exercise is not well established. In addition, different tempos can influence these responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute heart rate and muscle activation responses of a side-step interval exercise to different exercise tempos. METHODS Ten participants completed a V˙O2 max test and performed a side-step interval exercise for 4 × 1 min intervals separated by 1-min rest intervals at a slow (84 bpm) and fast (112 bpm) tempo. Muscle activation of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis and heart rate were measured during exercise. RESULTS During the slow tempo, vastus lateralis muscle activation varied from 45% to 48% of maximum muscle activation (EMGmax ) while vastus medialis muscle activation varied from 51% to 54% EMGmax . During the fast tempo, vastus lateralis muscle activation varied from 53% to 65% EMGmax while vastus medialis muscle activation varied from 64% to 76% EMGmax . Heart rates varied from 80-84% HRmax from set 1 to set 4 for the fast tempo and varied from 67% to 72% HRmax from set 1 to set 4 for the slow speeds. CONCLUSION Exercise intensity of a side-step interval exercise reached adequate levels to suggest that it may be possible to use this type of exercise to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Thiebaud
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Wesleyan University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jonathan C Bravo
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Wesleyan University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Avery P Sullivan
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Wesleyan University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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11
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Stastny P, Gołaś A, Blazek D, Maszczyk A, Wilk M, Pietraszewski P, Petr M, Uhlir P, Zając A. A systematic review of surface electromyography analyses of the bench press movement task. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171632. [PMID: 28170449 PMCID: PMC5295722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bench press exercise (BP) plays an important role in recreational and professional training, in which muscle activity is an important multifactorial phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to systematically review electromyography (EMG) studies performed on the barbell BP exercise to answer the following research questions: Which muscles show the greatest activity during the flat BP? Which changes in muscle activity are related to specific conditions under which the BP movement is performed? STRATEGY PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library were searched through June 10, 2016. A combination of the following search terms was used: bench press, chest press, board press, test, measure, assessment, dynamometer, kinematics and biomechanics. Only original, full-text articles were considered. RESULTS The search process resulted in 14 relevant studies that were included in the discussion. The triceps brachii (TB) and pectoralis major (PM) muscles were found to have similar activity during the BP, which was significantly higher than the activity of the anterior deltoid. During the BP movement, muscle activity changes with exercise intensity, velocity of movement, fatigue, mental focus, movement phase and stability conditions, such as bar vibration or unstable surfaces. Under these circumstances, TB is the most common object of activity change. CONCLUSIONS PM and TB EMG activity is more dominant and shows greater EMG amplitude than anterior deltoid during the BP. There are six factors that can influence muscle activity during the BP; however, the most important factor is exercise intensity, which interacts with all other factors. The research on muscle activity in the BP has several unresolved areas, such as clearly and strongly defined guidelines to perform EMG measurements (e.g., how to elaborate with surface EMG limits) or guidelines for the use of exact muscle models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Artur Gołaś
- Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dusan Blazek
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Maszczyk
- Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Wilk
- Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Miroslav Petr
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Uhlir
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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12
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Morton RW, Oikawa SY, Wavell CG, Mazara N, McGlory C, Quadrilatero J, Baechler BL, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:129-38. [PMID: 27174923 PMCID: PMC4967245 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00154.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported, using a unilateral resistance training (RT) model, that training with high or low loads (mass per repetition) resulted in similar muscle hypertrophy and strength improvements in RT-naïve subjects. Here we aimed to determine whether the same was true in men with previous RT experience using a whole-body RT program and whether postexercise systemic hormone concentrations were related to changes in hypertrophy and strength. Forty-nine resistance-trained men (23 ± 1 yr, mean ± SE) performed 12 wk of whole-body RT. Subjects were randomly allocated into a higher-repetition (HR) group who lifted loads of ∼30-50% of their maximal strength (1RM) for 20-25 repetitions/set (n = 24) or a lower-repetition (LR) group (∼75-90% 1RM, 8-12 repetitions/set, n = 25), with all sets being performed to volitional failure. Skeletal muscle biopsies, strength testing, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, and acute changes in systemic hormone concentrations were examined pretraining and posttraining. In response to RT, 1RM strength increased for all exercises in both groups (P < 0.01), with only the change in bench press being significantly different between groups (HR, 9 ± 1, vs. LR, 14 ± 1 kg, P = 0.012). Fat- and bone-free (lean) body mass and type I and type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased following training (P < 0.01) with no significant differences between groups. No significant correlations between the acute postexercise rise in any purported anabolic hormone and the change in strength or hypertrophy were found. In congruence with our previous work, acute postexercise systemic hormonal rises are not related to or in any way indicative of RT-mediated gains in muscle mass or strength. Our data show that in resistance-trained individuals, load, when exercises are performed to volitional failure, does not dictate hypertrophy or, for the most part, strength gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Mazara
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Brittany L Baechler
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Steven K Baker
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;
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