1
|
Yuen ELH, Shepherd S, Bozkurt TO. Traffic Control: Subversion of Plant Membrane Trafficking by Pathogens. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:325-350. [PMID: 37186899 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways play a prominent role in plant immunity. The endomembrane transport system coordinates membrane-bound cellular organelles to ensure that immunological components are utilized effectively during pathogen resistance. Adapted pathogens and pests have evolved to interfere with aspects of membrane transport systems to subvert plant immunity. To do this, they secrete virulence factors known as effectors, many of which converge on host membrane trafficking routes. The emerging paradigm is that effectors redundantly target every step of membrane trafficking from vesicle budding to trafficking and membrane fusion. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms adopted by plant pathogens to reprogram host plant vesicle trafficking, providing examples of effector-targeted transport pathways and highlighting key questions for the field to answer moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Lok Him Yuen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Samuel Shepherd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Y, Zhong M, Li Y, Zhang R, Su L, Xia G, Wang H. GhADF6-mediated actin reorganization is associated with defence against Verticillium dahliae infection in cotton. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1656-1667. [PMID: 34515397 PMCID: PMC8578822 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) participate in plant defence responses; however, the functional mechanisms appear intricate and need further exploration. In this study, we identified an ADF6 gene in upland cotton (designated as GhADF6) that is evidently involved in cotton's response to the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. GhADF6 binds to actin filaments and possesses actin severing and depolymerizing activities in vitro and in vivo. When cotton root (the site of the fungus invasion) was inoculated with the pathogen, the expression of GhADF6 was markedly down-regulated in the epidermal cells. By virus-induced gene silencing analysis, the down-regulation of GhADF6 expression rendered the cotton plants tolerant to V. dahliae infection. Accordingly, the abundance of actin filaments and bundles in the root cells was significantly higher than that in the control plant, which phenocopied that of the V. dahliae-challenged wild-type cotton plant. Altogether, our results provide evidence that an increase in filament actin (F-actin) abundance as well as dynamic actin remodelling are required for plant defence against the invading pathogen, which are likely to be fulfilled by the coordinated expressional regulation of the actin-binding proteins, including ADF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongduo Sun
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengmeng Zhong
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanbao Li
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lei Su
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hua C, Zhao JH, Guo HS. Trans-Kingdom RNA Silencing in Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:235-244. [PMID: 29229568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens represent a major group of plant invaders that are the causative agents of many notorious plant diseases. Large quantities of RNAs, especially small RNAs involved in gene silencing, have been found to transmit bidirectionally between fungal pathogens and their hosts. Although host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) technology has been developed and applied to protect crops from fungal infections, the mechanisms of RNA transmission, especially small RNAs regulating trans-kingdom RNA silencing in plant immunity, are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent important findings regarding trans-kingdom sRNAs and RNA silencing in plant-fungal pathogen interactions compared with the well-known RNAi mechanisms in plants and fungi. We focus on the interactions between plant and fungal pathogens with broad hosts, represented by the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae and non-vascular pathogen Botrytis cinerea, and discuss the known instances of natural RNAi transmission between fungal pathogens and host plants. Given that HIGS has been developed and recently applied in controlling Verticillium wilt diseases, we propose an ideal research system exploiting plant vasculature-Verticillium interaction to further study trans-kingdom RNA silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Overexpression of GhPFN2 enhances protection against Verticillium dahliae invasion in cotton. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:861-867. [PMID: 28741129 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that actin cytoskeleton is involved in plant innate immune responses, but the functional mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the behavior of a cotton profilin gene (GhPFN2) in response to Verticillium dahliae invasion, and evaluated its contribution to plant defense against this soil-borne fungal pathogen. GhPFN2 expression was up-regulated when cotton root was inoculated with V. dahliae, and the actin architecture was reorganized in the infected root cells, with a clear increase in the density of filamentous actin and the extent of actin bundling. Compared to the wild type, GhPFN2-overexpressing cotton plants showed enhanced protection against V. dahliae infection and the actin cytoskeleton organization in root epidermal cells was clearly altered, which phenocopied that of the wild-type (WT) root cells challenged with V. dahliae. These results provide a solid line of evidence showing that actin cytoskeleton reorganization involving GhPFN2 is important for defense against V. dahliae infection.
Collapse
|
5
|
Moisy C, Berger G, Flutre T, Le Cunff L, Péros JP. Quantitative Assessment of Grapevine Wood Colonization by the Dieback Fungus Eutypa lata. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E21. [PMID: 29371539 PMCID: PMC5715921 DOI: 10.3390/jof3020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutypa lata is a fungal pathogen causing severe dieback in vineyards worldwide. This fungus colonizes vines through pruning wounds, eventually causing a brown sectorial necrosis in wood as well as stunted vegetative growth. Several years may pass between infection and the expression of external symptoms, hindering the rapid evaluation of both grapevine cultivars susceptibility and E. lata variation in aggressiveness. We aimed to develop a rapid quantitative method for the assessment of wood colonization after inoculation of cuttings in controlled conditions. We used several grape cultivars varying in susceptibility in the vineyard and fungal isolates with different levels of aggressiveness to monitor wood colonization during a maximum period of 2 months. Re-isolation allowed demonstration of the effects of both cultivars and fungal isolates on the rate of wood colonization. We also developed a real-time PCR method that was efficient in measuring fungal biomass, which was found to be correlated with isolate aggressiveness based on foliar symptom severity. The real-time PCR approach appears to be a useful technology to evaluate grapevine susceptibility to E. lata, and could be adapted to other pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Moisy
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, UMT Géno-Vigne, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - Gilles Berger
- INRA, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - Timothée Flutre
- INRA, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - Loïc Le Cunff
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, UMT Géno-Vigne, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Péros
- INRA, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Häffner E, Diederichsen E. Belowground Defence Strategies Against Verticillium Pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42319-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Chen JY, Xiao HL, Gui YJ, Zhang DD, Li L, Bao YM, Dai XF. Characterization of the Verticillium dahliae Exoproteome Involves in Pathogenicity from Cotton-Containing Medium. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1709. [PMID: 27840627 PMCID: PMC5083787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the Verticillium dahliae phytopathogen, is a devastating disease affecting many economically important crops. Previous studies have shown that the exoproteome of V. dahliae plays a significant role in this pathogenic process, but the components and mechanisms that underlie this remain unclear. In this study, the exoproteome of V. dahliae was induced in a cotton-containing C’zapek-Dox (CCD) medium and quantified using the high-throughput isobaric tag technique for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). Results showed that the abundance of 271 secreted proteins was affected by the CCD medium, of which 172 contain typical signal peptides generally produced by the Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These enhanced abundance proteins were predominantly enriched in carbohydrate hydrolases; 126 were classified as carbohydrate-active (CAZymes) and almost all were significantly up-regulated in the CCD medium. Results showed that CAZymes proteins 30 and 22 participate in pectin and cellulose degradation pathways, corresponding with the transcription levels of several genes encoded plant cell wall degradation enzyme activated significantly during cotton infection. In addition, targeted deletion of two pectin lyase genes (VdPL3.1 and VdPL3.3) impaired wilt virulence to cotton. This study demonstrates that the V. dahliae exoproteome plays a crucial role in the development of symptoms of wilting and necrosis, predominantly via the pathogenic mechanisms of plant cell wall degradation as part of host plant infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Li Xiao
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Jing Gui
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ming Bao
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Porter K, Day B. From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:299-311. [PMID: 26514830 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. In recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. In this review, we will highlight recent advances that have defined the regulation and breadth of function of the actin cytoskeleton as a network required for defense signaling following pathogen infection. Coupled with an overview of recent work demonstrating specific targeting of the plant actin cytoskeleton by a diversity of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, we will highlight the importance of actin as a key signaling hub in plants, one that mediates surveillance of cellular homeostasis and the activation of specific signaling responses following pathogen perception. Based on the studies highlighted herein, we propose a working model that posits changes in actin filament organization is in and of itself a highly specific signal, which induces, regulates and physically directs stimulus-specific signaling processes, most importantly, those associated with response to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Porter
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun C, Shao Y, Vahabi K, Lu J, Bhattacharya S, Dong S, Yeh KW, Sherameti I, Lou B, Baldwin IT, Oelmüller R. The beneficial fungus Piriformospora indica protects Arabidopsis from Verticillium dahliae infection by downregulation plant defense responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:268. [PMID: 25297988 PMCID: PMC4198706 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verticillium dahliae (Vd) is a soil-borne vascular pathogen which causes severe wilt symptoms in a wide range of plants. The microsclerotia produced by the pathogen survive in soil for more than 15 years. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that an exudate preparation induces cytoplasmic calcium elevation in Arabidopsis roots, and the disease development requires the ethylene-activated transcription factor EIN3. Furthermore, the beneficial endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica (Pi) significantly reduced Vd-mediated disease development in Arabidopsis. Pi inhibited the growth of Vd in a dual culture on PDA agar plates and pretreatment of Arabidopsis roots with Pi protected plants from Vd infection. The Pi-pretreated plants grew better after Vd infection and the production of Vd microsclerotia was dramatically reduced, all without activating stress hormones and defense genes in the host. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Pi is an efficient biocontrol agent that protects Arabidopsis from Vd infection. Our data demonstrate that Vd growth is restricted in the presence of Pi and the additional signals from Pi must participate in the regulation of the immune response against Vd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- />Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yongqi Shao
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Khabat Vahabi
- />Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jing Lu
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- />Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Samik Bhattacharya
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sheqin Dong
- />College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- />Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Irena Sherameti
- />Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Binggan Lou
- />Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- />Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Formela M, Samardakiewicz S, Marczak Ł, Nowak W, Narożna D, Bednarski W, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Morkunas I. Effects of endogenous signals and Fusarium oxysporum on the mechanism regulating genistein synthesis and accumulation in yellow lupine and their impact on plant cell cytoskeleton. Molecules 2014; 19:13392-421. [PMID: 25178062 PMCID: PMC6271453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine cross-talk interactions of soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and infection caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lupini on the synthesis of genistein in embryo axes of Lupinus luteus L.cv. Juno. Genistein is a free aglycone, highly reactive and with the potential to inhibit fungal infection and development of plant diseases. As signal molecules, sugars strongly stimulated accumulation of isoflavones, including genistein, and the expression of the isoflavonoid biosynthetic genes. Infection significantly enhanced the synthesis of genistein and other isoflavone aglycones in cells of embryo axes of yellow lupine with high endogenous sugar levels. The activity of β-glucosidase, the enzyme that releases free aglycones from their glucoside bindings, was higher in the infected tissues than in the control ones. At the same time, a very strong generation of the superoxide anion radical was observed in tissues with high sugar contents already in the initial stage of infection. During later stages after inoculation, a strong generation of semiquinone radicals was observed, which level was relatively higher in tissues deficient in sugars than in those with high sugar levels. Observations of actin and tubulin cytoskeletons in cells of infected embryo axes cultured on the medium with sucrose, as well as the medium without sugar, showed significant differences in their organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Formela
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań 60-614, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań 61-704, Poland.
| | - Witold Nowak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Techniques, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań 60-614, Poland.
| | - Dorota Narożna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, Poznań 60-632, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań 60-179, Poland.
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań 60-614, Poland.
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo X, Xie C, Dong J, Yang X, Sui A. Interactions between Verticillium dahliae and its host: vegetative growth, pathogenicity, plant immunity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6921-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Matoušková J, Janda M, Fišer R, Sašek V, Kocourková D, Burketová L, Dušková J, Martinec J, Valentová O. Changes in actin dynamics are involved in salicylic acid signaling pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 223:36-44. [PMID: 24767113 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changes in actin cytoskeleton dynamics are one of the crucial players in many physiological as well as non-physiological processes in plant cells. Positioning of actin filament arrays is necessary for successful establishment of primary lines of defense toward pathogen attack, depolymerization leads very often to the enhanced susceptibility to the invading pathogen. On the other hand it was also shown that the disruption of actin cytoskeleton leads to the induction of defense response leading to the expression of PATHOGENESIS RELATED proteins (PR). In this study we show that pharmacological actin depolymerization leads to the specific induction of genes in salicylic acid pathway but not that involved in jasmonic acid signaling. Life imaging of leafs of Arabidopsis thaliana with GFP-tagged fimbrin (GFP-fABD2) treated with 1 mM salicylic acid revealed rapid disruption of actin filaments resembling the pattern viewed after treatment with 200 nM latrunculin B. The effect of salicylic acid on actin filament fragmentation was prevented by exogenous addition of phosphatidic acid, which binds to the capping protein and thus promotes actin polymerization. The quantitative evaluation of actin filament dynamics is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jindřiška Matoušková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Fišer
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Albertov 2038/6, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Sašek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Kocourková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Dušková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu M, Pei BL, Zhang LF, Li YZ. Histone H2B monoubiquitination is involved in regulating the dynamics of microtubules during the defense response to Verticillium dahliae toxins in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1857-65. [PMID: 24567190 PMCID: PMC3982748 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.234567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub) is being recognized as a regulatory mechanism that controls a range of cellular processes in plants, but the molecular mechanisms of H2Bub that are involved in responses to biotic stress are largely unknown. In this study, we used wild-type and H2Bub loss-of-function mutations of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to elucidate which of its mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the plant's defense response to Verticillium dahliae (Vd) toxins. We demonstrate that the depolymerization of the cortical microtubules (MTs) was different in the wild type and the mutants in the response to Vd toxins. The loss-of-function alleles of HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 and HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION2 mutations present a weaker depolymerization of the MTs, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in the regulation of the dynamics of MTs. Moreover, H2Bub is a positive regulator of the gene expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases. These findings provide direct evidence for H2Bub as an important modification with regulatory roles in the defense against Vd toxins and demonstrate that H2Bub is involved in modulating the dynamics of MTs, likely through the protein tyrosine phosphatase-mediated signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
14
|
Henty-Ridilla JL, Li J, Day B, Staiger CJ. ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR4 regulates actin dynamics during innate immune signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:340-52. [PMID: 24464292 PMCID: PMC3963580 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.122499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on cells of plants and animals. MAMP perception typically triggers rearrangements to actin cytoskeletal arrays during innate immune signaling. However, the signaling cascades linking PRR activation by MAMPs to cytoskeleton remodeling are not well characterized. Here, we developed a system to dissect, at high spatial and temporal resolution, the regulation of actin dynamics during innate immune signaling in plant cells. Within minutes of MAMP perception, we detected changes to single actin filament turnover in epidermal cells treated with bacterial and fungal MAMPs. These MAMP-induced alterations phenocopied an ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR4 (ADF4) knockout mutant. Moreover, actin arrays in the adf4 mutant were unresponsive to a bacterial MAMP, elf26, but responded normally to the fungal MAMP, chitin. Together, our data provide strong genetic and cytological evidence for the inhibition of ADF activity regulating actin remodeling during innate immune signaling. This work is the first to directly link an ADF/cofilin to the cytoskeletal rearrangements elicited directly after pathogen perception in plant or mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-6254
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
- The Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu SY, Chen JY, Wang JL, Li L, Xiao HL, Adam SM, Dai XF. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a specific secreted protein from highly virulent defoliating Verticillium dahliae. Gene 2013; 529:307-16. [PMID: 23891822 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilt diseases in hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. Previous research has demonstrated that the secretome plays an important role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. In this study, the specific secreted protein gene (VdSSP1) in highly virulent defoliating V. dahliae strain VDG1 was cloned, and considered to be a secreted protein by signal peptide activity assay. VdSSP1 deletion mutants in VDG1 significantly compromised virulence, and the fungal growth decreased in media with pectin and starch as carbon sources. Pathogenicity and carbon utilization were restored upon complementation of the VdSSP1 deletion strains or low virulence non-defoliating strain VDG2, which lacks VdSSP1. It is indicated that the virulence role of VdSSP1 is associated with plant cell wall degradation. In conclusion, our data suggested that VdSSP1 is a secreted protein that is engaged in the pathogenicity of the highly virulent defoliating V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yan Liu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hardham AR. Microtubules and biotic interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:278-89. [PMID: 23480445 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules undergo extensive reorganization in response to symbiotic and pathogenic organisms. During the development of successful symbioses with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, novel microtubule arrays facilitate the progression of infection threads and hyphae, respectively, from the plant surface through epidermal and cortical cells. During viral and nematode infections, plant microtubules appear to be commandeered by the pathogen. Viruses use plant microtubules for intra and intercellular movement, as well as for interhost transmission. Nematodes manipulate spindle and phragmoplast microtubules to enhance mitosis and partial cytokinesis during the development of syncytia and giant cells. Pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes induce a range of alterations to microtubule arrays and dynamics. In many situations, the pathogen, or the elicitor or effector proteins derived from them, induce depolymerization of plant cortical microtubule arrays. In some cases, microtubule disruption is associated with the plant defence response and resistance. In other cases, microtubule depolymerization increases plant susceptibility to the invading pathogen. The reasons for this apparent inconsistency may depend on a number of factors, in particular on the identity of the organism orchestrating the microtubule changes. Overall, the weight of evidence indicates that microtubules play an important role in both the establishment of functional symbioses and in defence against invading pathogens. Research is beginning to unravel details about the nature of both the chemical and the mechanical signals to which the plant microtubule arrays respond during biotic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Henty-Ridilla JL, Shimono M, Li J, Chang JH, Day B, Staiger CJ. The plant actin cytoskeleton responds to signals from microbe-associated molecular patterns. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003290. [PMID: 23593000 PMCID: PMC3616984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to a large and diverse array of microbes; however, most plants are immune to the majority of potential invaders and susceptible to only a small subset of pathogens. The cytoskeleton comprises a dynamic intracellular framework that responds rapidly to biotic stresses and supports numerous fundamental cellular processes including vesicle trafficking, endocytosis and the spatial distribution of organelles and protein complexes. For years, the actin cytoskeleton has been assumed to play a role in plant innate immunity against fungi and oomycetes, based largely on static images and pharmacological studies. To date, however, there is little evidence that the host-cell actin cytoskeleton participates in responses to phytopathogenic bacteria. Here, we quantified the spatiotemporal changes in host-cell cytoskeletal architecture during the immune response to pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Two distinct changes to host cytoskeletal arrays were observed that correspond to distinct phases of plant-bacterial interactions i.e. the perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) during pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and perturbations by effector proteins during effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). We demonstrate that an immediate increase in actin filament abundance is a conserved and novel component of PTI. Notably, treatment of leaves with a MAMP peptide mimic was sufficient to elicit a rapid change in actin organization in epidermal cells, and this actin response required the host-cell MAMP receptor kinase complex, including FLS2, BAK1 and BIK1. Finally, we found that actin polymerization is necessary for the increase in actin filament density and that blocking this increase with the actin-disrupting drug latrunculin B leads to enhanced susceptibility of host plants to pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Masaki Shimono
- Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeff H. Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, and Molecular and Cellular Biology Program and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BD); (CJS)
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BD); (CJS)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yao LL, Zhou Q, Pei BL, Li YZ. Hydrogen peroxide modulates the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton during the defence responses to Verticillium dahliae toxins in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1586-98. [PMID: 21707649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of signal transduction of plants in response to infection by Verticillium dahliae (VD) are not well understood. We previously showed that NO may act as an upstream signalling molecule to trigger the depolymerization of cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis. In the present study, we used the wild-type, and atrbohD and atrbohF mutants of Arabidopsis to explore the mechanisms of action of H(2)O(2) signals and the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton in defence responses. We demonstrated that H(2)O(2) may also act as an upstream signalling molecule to regulate cortical microtubule depolymerization. The depolymerization of the cortical microtubules played a functional role in the signalling pathway to mediate the expression of defence genes. The results indicate that H(2)O(2) modulates the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton to trigger the expression of defence genes against V. dahliae toxins (VD-toxins) in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shi FM, Yao LL, Pei BL, Zhou Q, Li XL, Li Y, Li YZ. Cortical microtubule as a sensor and target of nitric oxide signal during the defence responses to Verticillium dahliae toxins in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:428-438. [PMID: 19183295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of signal transduction of plants in response to Verticillium dahliae (VD) are not known. Here, we show that Arabidopsis reacts to VD-toxins with a rapid burst of nitric oxide (NO) and cortical microtubule destabilization. VD-toxins treatment triggered a disruption of cortical microtubules network. This disruption can be influenced by NO production. However, cortical microtubule disruptions were not involved in regulating the NO production. The results indicated that NO may act as an upstream signalling molecule to trigger the depolymerization of cortical microtubule. Cortical microtubules may act as a target of NO signal and as a sensor to mediate the activation of PR-1 gene expression. These results suggested that NO production and cortical microtubule dynamics appeared to be parts of the important signalling system and are involved in the defence mechanisms to VD-toxins in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hardham AR, Takemoto D, White RG. Rapid and dynamic subcellular reorganization following mechanical stimulation of Arabidopsis epidermal cells mimics responses to fungal and oomycete attack. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:63. [PMID: 18513448 PMCID: PMC2435237 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cells respond to the presence of potential fungal or oomycete pathogens by mounting a basal defence response that involves aggregation of cytoplasm, reorganization of cytoskeletal, endomembrane and other cell components and development of cell wall appositions beneath the infection site. This response is induced by non-adapted, avirulent and virulent pathogens alike, and in the majority of cases achieves penetration resistance against the microorganism on the plant surface. To explore the nature of signals that trigger this subcellular response and to determine the timing of its induction, we have monitored the reorganization of GFP-tagged actin, microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and peroxisomes in Arabidopsis plants - after touching the epidermal surface with a microneedle. RESULTS Within 3 to 5 minutes of touching the surface of Arabidopsis cotyledon epidermal cells with fine glass or tungsten needles, actin microfilaments, ER and peroxisomes began to accumulate beneath the point of contact with the needle. Formation of a dense patch of actin was followed by focusing of actin cables on the site of contact. Touching the cell surface induced localized depolymerization of microtubules to form a microtubule-depleted zone surrounding a dense patch of GFP-tubulin beneath the needle tip. The concentration of actin, GFP-tubulin, ER and peroxisomes remained focused on the contact site as the needle moved across the cell surface and quickly dispersed when the needle was removed. CONCLUSION Our results show that plant cells can detect the gentle pressure of a microneedle on the epidermal cell surface and respond by reorganizing subcellular components in a manner similar to that induced during attack by potential fungal or oomycete pathogens. The results of our study indicate that during plant-pathogen interactions, the basal defence response may be induced by the plant's perception of the physical force exerted by the pathogen as it attempts to invade the epidermal cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hardham
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rosemary G White
- Division of Plant Industry, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hardham AR, Jones DA, Takemoto D. Cytoskeleton and cell wall function in penetration resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2007; 10:342-8. [PMID: 17627866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants successfully repel the vast majority of potential pathogens that arrive on their surface, with most microorganisms failing to breach the outer epidermal wall. Resistance to penetration at the epidermis is a key component of basal defence against disease and critically depends on fortification of the cell wall at the site of attempted penetration through the development of specialised cell wall appositions rich in antimicrobial compounds. Formation of cell wall appositions is achieved by rapid reorganisation of actin microfilaments, actin-dependent transport of secretory products to the infection site and local activation of callose synthesis. Plants are finely tuned to detect the presence of pathogens on their surface, perceiving both chemical and physical signals of pathogen origin. In the on-going evolution of interaction strategies, plants must continually monitor and out manoeuvre pathogen avoidance or suppression of plant defences in order to preserve the effectiveness of penetration resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hardham
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
NO and H2O2 induced by Verticillium dahliae toxins and its influence on the expression of GST gene in cotton suspension cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|