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Picano E, Pierard L, Peteiro J, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Sade LE, Cortigiani L, Van De Heyning CM, Celutkiene J, Gaibazzi N, Ciampi Q, Senior R, Neskovic AN, Henein M. The clinical use of stress echocardiography in chronic coronary syndromes and beyond coronary artery disease: a clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the ESC. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2024; 25:e65-e90. [PMID: 37798126 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 2009 publication of the stress echocardiography expert consensus of the European Association of Echocardiography, and after the 2016 advice of the American Society of Echocardiography-European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging for applications beyond coronary artery disease, new information has become available regarding stress echo. Until recently, the assessment of regional wall motion abnormality was the only universally practiced step of stress echo. In the state-of-the-art ABCDE protocol, regional wall motion abnormality remains the main step A, but at the same time, regional perfusion using ultrasound-contrast agents may be assessed. Diastolic function and pulmonary B-lines are assessed in step B; left ventricular contractile and preload reserve with volumetric echocardiography in step C; Doppler-based coronary flow velocity reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery in step D; and ECG-based heart rate reserve in non-imaging step E. These five biomarkers converge, conceptually and methodologically, in the ABCDE protocol allowing comprehensive risk stratification of the vulnerable patient with chronic coronary syndromes. The present document summarizes current practice guidelines recommendations and training requirements and harmonizes the clinical guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology in many diverse cardiac conditions, from chronic coronary syndromes to valvular heart disease. The continuous refinement of imaging technology and the diffusion of ultrasound-contrast agents improve image quality, feasibility, and reader accuracy in assessing wall motion and perfusion, left ventricular volumes, and coronary flow velocity. Carotid imaging detects pre-obstructive atherosclerosis and improves risk prediction similarly to coronary atherosclerosis. The revolutionary impact of artificial intelligence on echocardiographic image acquisition and analysis makes stress echo more operator-independent and objective. Stress echo has unique features of low cost, versatility, and universal availability. It does not need ionizing radiation exposure and has near-zero carbon dioxide emissions. Stress echo is a convenient and sustainable choice for functional testing within and beyond coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Picano
- Institute of Clinical Physiology of the National Research Council, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luc Pierard
- University of Liège, Walloon Region, Belgium
| | - Jesus Peteiro
- CHUAC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, CIBER-CV, University of A Coruna, 15070 La Coruna, Spain
| | - Ana Djordjevic-Dikic
- Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Medical School, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Leyla Elif Sade
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jelena Celutkiene
- Centre of Cardiology and Angiology, Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nicola Gaibazzi
- Cardiology Department, Parma University Hospital, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Quirino Ciampi
- Cardiology Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Roxy Senior
- Imperial College, UK
- Royal Brompton Hospital Imperial College London, UK
- Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
| | - Aleksandar N Neskovic
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Hospital Center Zemun-Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Henein
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Units: Section of Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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2
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Zagatina A, Rivadeneira Ruiz M, Ciampi Q, Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Kasprzak J, Kalinina E, Begidova I, Peteiro J, Arbucci R, Marconi S, Lowenstein J, Boshchenko A, Manganelli F, Čelutkienė J, Morrone D, Merli E, Re F, Borguezan-Daros C, Haberka M, Saad AK, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Ratanasit NC, Rigo F, Colonna P, Pretto JLDCES, Mori F, D’Alfonso MG, Ostojic M, Stanetic B, Preradovic TK, Costantino F, Barbieri A, Citro R, Pitino A, Pepi M, Carerj S, Pellikka PA, Picano E. Rest and Stress Left Atrial Dysfunction in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5893. [PMID: 37762833 PMCID: PMC10532252 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial (LA) myopathy with paroxysmal and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequent in chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) but sometimes occult at rest and elicited by stress. AIM This study sought to assess LA volume and function at rest and during stress across the spectrum of AF. METHODS In a prospective, multicenter, observational study design, we enrolled 3042 patients [age = 64 ± 12; 63.8% male] with known or suspected CCS: 2749 were in sinus rhythm (SR, Group 1); 191 in SR with a history of paroxysmal AF (Group 2); and 102 were in permanent AF (Group 3). All patients underwent stress echocardiography (SE). We measured left atrial volume index (LAVI) in all patients and LA Strain reservoir phase (LASr) in a subset of 486 patients. RESULTS LAVI increased from Group 1 to 3, both at rest (Group 1 = 27.6 ± 12.2, Group 2 = 31.6 ± 12.9, Group 3 = 43.3 ± 19.7 mL/m2, p < 0.001) and at peak stress (Group 1 = 26.2 ± 12.0, Group 2 = 31.2 ± 12.2, Group 3 = 43.9 ± 19.4 mL/m2, p < 0.001). LASr progressively decreased from Group 1 to 3, both at rest (Group 1 = 26.0 ± 8.5%, Group 2 = 23.2 ± 11.2%, Group 3 = 8.5 ± 6.5%, p < 0.001) and at peak stress (Group 1 = 26.9 ± 10.1, Group 2 = 23.8 ± 11.0 Group 3 = 10.7 ± 8.1%, p < 0.001). Stress B-lines (≥2) were more frequent in AF (Group 1 = 29.7% vs. Group 2 = 35.5% vs. Group 3 = 57.4%, p < 0.001). Inducible ischemia was less frequent in SR (Group 1 = 16.1% vs. Group 2 = 24.7% vs. Group 3 = 24.5%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In CCS, rest and stress LA dilation and reservoir dysfunction are often present in paroxysmal and, more so, in permanent AF and are associated with more frequent inducible ischemia and pulmonary congestion during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zagatina
- Cardiology Department, Research Scientific Cardiocenter “Medika”, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (E.K.); (I.B.)
| | | | - Quirino Ciampi
- Fatebenefratelli Hospital of Benevento, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | | | - Jaroslaw Kasprzak
- Cardiology Department, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University, 93-510 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elena Kalinina
- Cardiology Department, Research Scientific Cardiocenter “Medika”, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (E.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Irina Begidova
- Cardiology Department, Research Scientific Cardiocenter “Medika”, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (E.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Jesus Peteiro
- CHUAC—Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, University of A Coruna, 15071 La Coruna, Spain;
| | - Rosina Arbucci
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas Center, Buenos Aires C1082, Argentina; (R.A.); (S.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Sofia Marconi
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas Center, Buenos Aires C1082, Argentina; (R.A.); (S.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Jorge Lowenstein
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas Center, Buenos Aires C1082, Argentina; (R.A.); (S.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Alla Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Cardiology Department, SG Moscati Hospital, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Jelena Čelutkienė
- Centre of Cardiology and Angiology, Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Centre of Innovative Medicine, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Doralisa Morrone
- Cardiothoracic Department, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Elisa Merli
- Department of Cardiology, Ospedale per gli Infermi, Faenza, 48100 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Federica Re
- Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Camillo, 00149 Roma, Italy;
| | | | - Maciej Haberka
- Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Ariel K. Saad
- División de Cardiología, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires C1120, Argentina;
| | - Ana Djordjevic-Dikic
- Cardiology Clinic, University Center Serbia, Medical School, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nithima Chaowalit Ratanasit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Fausto Rigo
- Department of Cardiology, Dolo Hospital, 30031 Venice, Italy;
| | - Paolo Colonna
- Cardiology Division, Bari University Hospital, 70100 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Fabio Mori
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Maria Grazia D’Alfonso
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Miodrag Ostojic
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, University Clinical Center, School of Medicine, 78000 Banja-Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.O.); (B.S.); (T.K.P.)
| | - Bojan Stanetic
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, University Clinical Center, School of Medicine, 78000 Banja-Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.O.); (B.S.); (T.K.P.)
| | - Tamara Kovacevic Preradovic
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, University Clinical Center, School of Medicine, 78000 Banja-Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.O.); (B.S.); (T.K.P.)
| | | | - Andrea Barbieri
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Rodolfo Citro
- Cardiology Division, Ospedale Ruggi di Aragona, 84100 Salerno, Italy;
| | | | - Mauro Pepi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy;
| | - Scipione Carerj
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital Polyclinic G.Martino, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | | | - Eugenio Picano
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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3
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Morrone D, Gentile F, Aimo A, Cameli M, Barison A, Picoi ME, Guglielmo M, Villano A, DeVita A, Mandoli GE, Pastore MC, Barillà F, Mancone M, Pedrinelli R, Indolfi C, Filardi PP, Muscoli S, Tritto I, Pizzi C, Camici PG, Marzilli M, Crea F, Caterina RD, Pontone G, Neglia D, Lanza G. Perspectives in noninvasive imaging for chronic coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol 2022; 365:19-29. [PMID: 35901907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both the latest European guidelines on chronic coronary syndromes and the American guidelines on chest pain have underlined the importance of noninvasive imaging to select patients to be referred to invasive angiography. Nevertheless, although coronary stenosis has long been considered the main determinant of inducible ischemia and symptoms, growing evidence has demonstrated the importance of other underlying mechanisms (e.g., vasospasm, microvascular disease, energetic inefficiency). The search for a pathophysiology-driven treatment of these patients has therefore emerged as an important objective of multimodality imaging, integrating "anatomical" and "functional" information. We here provide an up-to-date guide for the choice and the interpretation of the currently available noninvasive anatomical and/or functional tests, focusing on emerging techniques (e.g., coronary flow velocity reserve, stress-cardiac magnetic resonance, hybrid imaging, functional-coronary computed tomography angiography, etc.), which could provide deeper pathophysiological insights to refine diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doralisa Morrone
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine-Cardiology Division, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine-Cardiology Division, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Aimo
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Cameli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Maria Elena Picoi
- Azienda Tutela Salute Sardegna, Ospedale Giovanni Paolo II, Unità di terapia intensiva Cardiologica, Olbia, Sardegna, Italy
| | - Marco Guglielmo
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Angelo Villano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio DeVita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Elena Mandoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pastore
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Barillà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università di Roma, Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Mancone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università di Roma, Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Pedrinelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine-Cardiology Division, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- Istituto di Cardiologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro - Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasquale Perrone Filardi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Italy, Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Saverio Muscoli
- U.O.C. Cardiologia, Fondazione Policlinico "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Isabella Tritto
- Università di Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Sezione di Cardiologia e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmine Pizzi
- Università di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo G Camici
- Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Marzilli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine-Cardiology Division, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine-Cardiology Division, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Pontone
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan 20138, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Lanza
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Kasprzak JD, Haberka M, Peteiro J, Re F, D'Alfonso MG, Mori F, Palinkas ED, Agoston G, Varga A, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Tesic M, Zagatina A, Rodriguez-Zanella H, Simova I, Merli E, Morrone D, D'Andrea A, Camarozano AC, Reisenhofer B, Prota C, Citro R, Celutkiene J, Boshchenko A, Ciampi Q, Picano E. Left atrial volume changes during exercise stress echocardiography in heart failure and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Exercise echocardiography and left atrial changes. Hellenic J Cardiol 2022; 67:9-18. [PMID: 35123008 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed feasibility and functional correlates of LAVI (left atrial volume index) changes during exercise stress echocardiography (ESE). METHODS ESE on bike or treadmill was performed in 363 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, n = 173), reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, n = 59) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n=131). LAVI stress-rest increase ≥ 6.8 ml/m2 was defined as dilation. RESULTS LAVI measurements were feasible in 100%. LAVI did not change in HFrEF being at rest 32 (25-45) vs. at stress 36 (24 - 54) ml/m2, P = NS and in HCM at rest 35 (26 - 48) vs. at stress 38 (28 - 48) ml/m2, P = NS whereas it decreased in HFpEF from 30 (24 -40) to 29 (21 - 37) ml/m2 at stress, P = 0.007. LA dilation occurred in 107 (30%) patients (27% with treadmill vs. 33% with bike ESE, P = NS): 26 with HFpEF (15%), 26 with HFrEF (44%) and 55 with HCM (42%) with P < 0.001 for HFrEF and HCM vs. HFpEF. Multivariate analysis revealed as the predictors for LAVI dilation E/e' > 14 at rest with OR 4.4, LVEF < 50% with OR 2.9, and LAVI at rest < 35 ml/m2 with OR 2.7. CONCLUSION LAVI assessment during ESE was highly feasible and dilation equally frequent with treadmill or bike. LA dilation was threefold more frequent in HCM and HFrEF and could be predicted by increased resting E/e' and impaired EF as well as smaller baseline LAVI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maciej Haberka
- Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Mori
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter D Palinkas
- Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Division of Noninvasive Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Agoston
- University of Szeged, Department of Family Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Albert Varga
- University of Szeged, Department of Family Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ana Djordjevic-Dikic
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Tesic
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Angela Zagatina
- Cardiology Department, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Iana Simova
- Heart and Brain Center of Excellence, University Hospital, Pleven, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | - Ana C Camarozano
- Hospital de Clinicas UFPR, Medicine Department, Federal University of Paranà, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Costantina Prota
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Citro
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Jelena Celutkiene
- Centre of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alla Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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5
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Champigneulle B, Doutreleau S, Baillieul S, Brugniaux JV, Robach P, Bouzat P, Verges S. Changes in cardiac function following a speed ascent to the top of Europe at 4808 m. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:889-902. [PMID: 35103862 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both prolonged exercise and acute high-altitude exposure are known to induce cardiac changes. We sought to describe the cardiac responses to speed climbing at high-altitude, including left ventricular (LV) performance assessment using the myocardial work index (MWI), a new index derived from 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). METHODS Eleven elite alpinists (9 males, age: 26 ± 4 years) were evaluated before and immediately after a speed ascent of the Mont-Blanc (4808 m) by echocardiography using conventional measurements as well as STE and MWI computation with derivate parameters as global work efficiency (GWE) or global wasted work (GWW). RESULTS Athletes performed a long-duration (8 h 58 min ± 60 min) and intense (78 ± 4% of maximal heart rate) ascent under gradual hypoxic conditions (minimal SpO2 at 4808 m: 71 ± 4%). Hypoxic exercise-induced cardiac fatigue was observed post-ascent with a change in right ventricular (RV) and LV systolic function (RV fractional area change: - 20 ± 23%, p = 0.01; LV global longitudinal strain change: - 8 ± 9%, p = 0.02), as well as LV geometry and RV-LV interaction alterations with emergence of a D-shape septum in 5/11 (46%) participants associated with RV pressure overload (mean pulmonary arterial pressure change: + 55 ± 20%, p < 0.001). Both MWI and GWE were reduced post-ascent (- 21 ± 16%, p = 0.004 and - 4 ± 4%, p = 0.007, respectively). Relative decrease in MWI and GWE were inversely correlated with increase in GWW (r = - 0.86, p = 0.003 and r = -0.97, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged high-altitude speed climbing in elite climbers is associated with RV and LV function changes with a major interaction alteration. MWI, assessing the myocardial performance, could be a new tool for evaluating LV exercise-induced cardiac fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Champigneulle
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Doutreleau
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Baillieul
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Vincent Brugniaux
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Robach
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
- National School for Mountain Sports, Site of the National School for Skiing and Mountaineering (ENSA), Chamonix, France
| | - Pierre Bouzat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
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6
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Picano E, Ciampi Q, Cortigiani L, Arruda-Olson AM, Borguezan-Daros C, de Castro e Silva Pretto JL, Cocchia R, Bossone E, Merli E, Kane GC, Varga A, Agoston G, Scali MC, Morrone D, Simova I, Samardjieva M, Boshchenko A, Ryabova T, Vrublevsky A, Palinkas A, Palinkas ED, Sepp R, Torres MAR, Villarraga HR, Preradović TK, Citro R, Amor M, Mosto H, Salamè M, Leeson P, Mangia C, Gaibazzi N, Tuttolomondo D, Prota C, Peteiro J, Van De Heyning CM, D’Andrea A, Rigo F, Nikolic A, Ostojic M, Lowenstein J, Arbucci R, Haber DML, Merlo PM, Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Kasprzak JD, Haberka M, Camarozano AC, Ratanasit N, Mori F, D’Alfonso MG, Tassetti L, Milazzo A, Olivotto I, Marchi A, Rodriguez-Zanella H, Zagatina A, Padang R, Dekleva M, Djordievic-Dikic A, Boskovic N, Tesic M, Giga V, Beleslin B, Di Salvo G, Lorenzoni V, Cameli M, Mandoli GE, Bombardini T, Caso P, Celutkiene J, Barbieri A, Benfari G, Bartolacelli Y, Malagoli A, Bursi F, Mantovani F, Villari B, Russo A, De Nes M, Carpeggiani C, Monte I, Re F, Cotrim C, Bilardo G, Saad AK, Karuzas A, Matuliauskas D, Colonna P, Antonini-Canterin F, Pepi M, Pellikka PA. Stress Echo 2030: The Novel ABCDE-(FGLPR) Protocol to Define the Future of Imaging. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3641. [PMID: 34441937 PMCID: PMC8397117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With stress echo (SE) 2020 study, a new standard of practice in stress imaging was developed and disseminated: the ABCDE protocol for functional testing within and beyond CAD. ABCDE protocol was the fruit of SE 2020, and is the seed of SE 2030, which is articulated in 12 projects: 1-SE in coronary artery disease (SECAD); 2-SE in diastolic heart failure (SEDIA); 3-SE in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (SEHCA); 4-SE post-chest radiotherapy and chemotherapy (SERA); 5-Artificial intelligence SE evaluation (AI-SEE); 6-Environmental stress echocardiography and air pollution (ESTER); 7-SE in repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (SETOF); 8-SE in post-COVID-19 (SECOV); 9: Recovery by stress echo of conventionally unfit donor good hearts (RESURGE); 10-SE for mitral ischemic regurgitation (SEMIR); 11-SE in valvular heart disease (SEVA); 12-SE for coronary vasospasm (SESPASM). The study aims to recruit in the next 5 years (2021-2025) ≥10,000 patients followed for ≥5 years (up to 2030) from ≥20 quality-controlled laboratories from ≥10 countries. In this COVID-19 era of sustainable health care delivery, SE2030 will provide the evidence to finally recommend SE as the optimal and versatile imaging modality for functional testing anywhere, any time, and in any patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Picano
- CNR, Biomedicine Department, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Quirino Ciampi
- Cardiology Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (Q.C.); (B.V.)
| | | | - Adelaide M. Arruda-Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (A.M.A.-O.); (G.C.K.); (H.R.V.); (R.P.); (P.A.P.)
| | | | | | - Rosangela Cocchia
- Azienda Ospedaliera Rilevanza Nazionale A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- Azienda Ospedaliera Rilevanza Nazionale A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisa Merli
- Department of Cardiology, Ospedale per gli Infermi, Faenza, 48100 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Garvan C. Kane
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (A.M.A.-O.); (G.C.K.); (H.R.V.); (R.P.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Albert Varga
- Institute of Family Medicine, Szeged University Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Gergely Agoston
- Institute of Family Medicine, Szeged University Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.V.); (G.A.)
| | | | - Doralisa Morrone
- Cardiothoracic Department, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Iana Simova
- Heart and Brain Center of Excellence, Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Medical University, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria; (I.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina Samardjieva
- Heart and Brain Center of Excellence, Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Medical University, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria; (I.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Alla Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia; (A.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Tamara Ryabova
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia; (A.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Alexander Vrublevsky
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia; (A.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Attila Palinkas
- Internal Medicine Department, Elisabeth Hospital, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary;
| | - Eszter D. Palinkas
- Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Clinical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Non-Invasive Cardiology, University Hospital, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (R.S.); (E.D.P.)
| | - Robert Sepp
- Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Clinical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Non-Invasive Cardiology, University Hospital, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (R.S.); (E.D.P.)
| | | | - Hector R. Villarraga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (A.M.A.-O.); (G.C.K.); (H.R.V.); (R.P.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Tamara Kovačević Preradović
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (T.K.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Rodolfo Citro
- Cardiology Department and Echocardiography Lab, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, 84100 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Miguel Amor
- Cardiology Department, Ramos Mejia Hospital, Buenos Aires C1221, Argentina; (M.A.); (H.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Hugo Mosto
- Cardiology Department, Ramos Mejia Hospital, Buenos Aires C1221, Argentina; (M.A.); (H.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Salamè
- Cardiology Department, Ramos Mejia Hospital, Buenos Aires C1221, Argentina; (M.A.); (H.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Paul Leeson
- RDM Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Cristina Mangia
- CNR, ISAC-Institute of Sciences of Atmosphere and Climate, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Nicola Gaibazzi
- Cardiology Department, Parma University Hospital, 43100 Parma, Italy; (N.G.); (D.T.)
| | - Domenico Tuttolomondo
- Cardiology Department, Parma University Hospital, 43100 Parma, Italy; (N.G.); (D.T.)
| | - Costantina Prota
- Cardiology Department, Vallo della Lucania Hospital, 84100 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Jesus Peteiro
- CHUAC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, CIBER-CV, University of A Coruna, 15070 La Coruna, Spain;
| | | | - Antonello D’Andrea
- UOC Cardiologia/UTIC/Emodinamica, PO Umberto I, Nocera Inferiore (ASL Salerno)—Università Luigi Vanvitelli della Campania, 84014 Salerno, Italy; (A.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Fausto Rigo
- Department of Cardiology, Dolo Hospital, 30031 Venice, Italy;
| | - Aleksandra Nikolic
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, School of Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia; (A.N.); (M.O.)
| | - Miodrag Ostojic
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, School of Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia; (A.N.); (M.O.)
| | - Jorge Lowenstein
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas Center, Buenos Aires C1082, Argentina; (J.L.); (R.A.); (D.M.L.H.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Rosina Arbucci
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas Center, Buenos Aires C1082, Argentina; (J.L.); (R.A.); (D.M.L.H.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Diego M. Lowenstein Haber
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas Center, Buenos Aires C1082, Argentina; (J.L.); (R.A.); (D.M.L.H.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Pablo M. Merlo
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas Center, Buenos Aires C1082, Argentina; (J.L.); (R.A.); (D.M.L.H.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Karina Wierzbowska-Drabik
- Department of Cardiology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University, 91-347 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.-D.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Jaroslaw D. Kasprzak
- Department of Cardiology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University, 91-347 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.-D.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Maciej Haberka
- Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Ana Cristina Camarozano
- Medicine Department, Hospital de Clinicas UFPR, Federal University of Paranà, Curitiba 80000-000, Brazil;
| | - Nithima Ratanasit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Fabio Mori
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.D.); (L.T.); (A.M.); (I.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Grazia D’Alfonso
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.D.); (L.T.); (A.M.); (I.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Luigi Tassetti
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.D.); (L.T.); (A.M.); (I.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandra Milazzo
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.D.); (L.T.); (A.M.); (I.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.D.); (L.T.); (A.M.); (I.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Alberto Marchi
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (F.M.); (M.G.D.); (L.T.); (A.M.); (I.O.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Angela Zagatina
- Cardiology Department, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ratnasari Padang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (A.M.A.-O.); (G.C.K.); (H.R.V.); (R.P.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Milica Dekleva
- Clinical Cardiology Department, Clinical Hospital Zvezdara, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia;
| | - Ana Djordievic-Dikic
- University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Medical School, Cardiology Clinic, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.D.-D.); (N.B.); (M.T.); (V.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Nikola Boskovic
- University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Medical School, Cardiology Clinic, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.D.-D.); (N.B.); (M.T.); (V.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Milorad Tesic
- University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Medical School, Cardiology Clinic, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.D.-D.); (N.B.); (M.T.); (V.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Vojislav Giga
- University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Medical School, Cardiology Clinic, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.D.-D.); (N.B.); (M.T.); (V.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Branko Beleslin
- University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Medical School, Cardiology Clinic, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.D.-D.); (N.B.); (M.T.); (V.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital, 35100 Padua, Italy;
| | | | - Matteo Cameli
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.C.); (G.E.M.)
| | - Giulia Elena Mandoli
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.C.); (G.E.M.)
| | - Tonino Bombardini
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (T.K.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Pio Caso
- UOC Cardiologia/UTIC/Emodinamica, PO Umberto I, Nocera Inferiore (ASL Salerno)—Università Luigi Vanvitelli della Campania, 84014 Salerno, Italy; (A.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Jelena Celutkiene
- Centre of Cardiology and Angiology, Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Noninvasive Cardiology, University Hospital, 43100 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Benfari
- Cardiology Department, University of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy;
| | - Ylenia Bartolacelli
- Paediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Malagoli
- Nephro-Cardiovascular Department, Division of Cardiology, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bursi
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio Ospedale San Paolo, 20100 Milano, Italy;
| | - Francesca Mantovani
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Cardiology, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Bruno Villari
- Cardiology Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (Q.C.); (B.V.)
| | - Antonello Russo
- Association for Public Health “Salute Pubblica”, 72100 Brindisi, Italy;
| | - Michele De Nes
- CNR, Biomedicine Department, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Clara Carpeggiani
- CNR, Biomedicine Department, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Ines Monte
- Echocardiography Laboratory, Cardio-Thorax-Vascular Department, “ Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele”, Catania University, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Federica Re
- Ospedale San Camillo, Cardiology Division, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlos Cotrim
- Heart Center, Hospital da Cruz Vermelha, Lisbon, and Medical School of University of Algarve, 1549-008 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Giuseppe Bilardo
- UOC di Cardiologia, ULSS1 DOLOMITI, Presidio Ospedaliero di Feltre, 32032 Belluno, Italy;
| | - Ariel K. Saad
- División de Cardiología, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires C1120, Argentina;
| | - Arnas Karuzas
- Ligence Medical Solutions, 49206 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (D.M.)
| | | | - Paolo Colonna
- Cardiology Hospital, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy;
- Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging, 20138 Milan, Italy; (F.A.-C.); (M.P.)
| | - Francesco Antonini-Canterin
- Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging, 20138 Milan, Italy; (F.A.-C.); (M.P.)
- Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation Unit, Highly Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital Motta di Livenza, Motta di Livenza, 31045 Treviso, Italy
| | - Mauro Pepi
- Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging, 20138 Milan, Italy; (F.A.-C.); (M.P.)
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia A. Pellikka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (A.M.A.-O.); (G.C.K.); (H.R.V.); (R.P.); (P.A.P.)
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Qin Y, Wu X, Wang J, Li Y, Ding X, Guo D, Jiang Z, Zhu W, Cai Q, Lu X. Value of territorial work efficiency estimation in non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a study with non-invasive left ventricular pressure-strain loops. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 37:1255-1265. [PMID: 33226551 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-02110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients with normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) and wall motion require a non-invasive tool to detect LV risk areas. This study utilized non-invasive LV pressure-strain loops to evaluate territorial myocardial work efficiency (WE) for identifying obstructive coronary artery stenosis, in patients with non-obstructive or obstructive coronary artery stenosis NSTE-ACS, the latter with or without occlusion. Global and territorial longitudinal strain (LS) analyses were performed via speckle-tracking imaging before coronary angiography. LV pressure-strain loops estimated global and territorial myocardial work index (MWI), constructive work (CW), wasted work (WW), and WE. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cutoff value of independent parameters to detect obstructive coronary artery stenosis. Compared with non-obstructive, obstructive coronary artery stenosis showed significantly lower global and territorial LS, MWI, CW, and WE, and higher WW. Territorial LS, MWI, CW, and WE were significantly worse in territories of coronary occlusion. Territorial WE was the best parameter for predicting obstructive coronary artery stenosis (AUC 0.80, cutoff < 96%, sensitivity 73%, specificity 70%, P < 0.001). In patients with NSTE-ACS with normal wall motion and LVEF, territorial WE is more accurate than territorial LS or MWI to identify LV risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunYun Qin
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - XiaoPeng Wu
- Department of Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | | | - YiDan Li
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - XueYan Ding
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - DiChen Guo
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - WeiWei Zhu
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - QiZhe Cai
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - XiuZhang Lu
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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