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Keating D, McWilliams S, Clarke M, Strawbridge J. Pharmacy student attitudes to mental illness and the provision of mental health care: a repeated cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1231-1240. [PMID: 37805530 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attitudes to mental illness are an important factor in the willingness of professionals to engage in mental health care. AIM The aim of this study was to understand attitudes of undergraduate pharmacy students in Ireland to severe mental illness and the provision of medicines optimisation services as well as the variation in these attitudes throughout the undergraduate course. METHOD A survey instrument was compiled using existing published research and validated questionnaires. The survey was distributed to students in their first, third and Master of Pharmacy years annually between 2014 and 2019. Although designed as a longitudinal study, following the matching process there were a limited number of students who completed more than one survey and therefore data were treated as independent samples. RESULTS The overall average response rate was 25% per survey (n = 191 participants) Notwithstanding generally positive attitudes, a sizeable proportion of students felt people with severe depression and schizophrenia were hard to talk to (n = 48, 25.3%; n = 54, 29.2%) Less than half of MPharm students expressed confidence and competence in caring for people with more severe mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and 29% (n = 60) of students would feel awkward asking someone about their antipsychotic medication. Almost two thirds (n = 120, 63.8%) expressed an interest in a career in mental health. CONCLUSION Irish pharmacy students have generally positive attitudes towards people with severe mental illness and provision of medicines optimisation services. There is an opportunity to improve pharmacy graduates perceived competence and confidence to provide mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Keating
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Stephen McWilliams
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Crespo-Gonzalez C, Dineen-Griffin S, Rae J, Hill RA. Mental health training programs for community pharmacists, pharmacy staff and students: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:3895-3910. [PMID: 35778317 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care is often the first point of contact for people living with mental disorders. Community pharmacists, pharmacy staff and students are increasingly being trained to deliver mental health care. However, there is still a gap in the literature exploring the characteristics of all available mental health training programs and their components and their influence on pharmacists, pharmacy staff and students' outcomes. OBJECTIVES To summarize the evidence evaluating mental health training programs completed by community pharmacists, pharmacy staff and students. More specifically, to explore the components of mental health training programs and identify those that facilitate significant improvements in outcomes. METHODS A systematic review was conducted following the Cochrane handbook and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. A search for published literature was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) in July 2021. Eligible studies were included if they described and evaluated the impact of mental health training programs delivered to community pharmacists, pharmacy staff and pharmacy students regardless of design or comparator. The methodological quality of included studies was appraised using both the NIH quality assessment, to evaluate studies with an uncontrolled pre-post design, and the Cochrane EPOC risk of bias assessment, to evaluate studies with a controlled (randomized and non-randomized) study design. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included. Most of the identified mental health training programs contained knowledge-based components and active learning activities. Changes in participants' attitudes, stigma, knowledge, confidence and skills were frequently assessed. An extensive range of self-assessment and observational instruments used to evaluate the impact of the training programs were identified. Positive improvements in participants' attitudes, knowledge and stigma were frequently identified following participation in training programs. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review highlights the importance of mental health training programs in increasing pharmacists', pharmacy staff and pharmacy students' skills and confidence to deliver mental health care in community pharmacy. Future research should build upon this basis and further focus on finding the most efficient measures to evaluate these training programs and assess their long-term effectiveness, allowing comparison between programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Crespo-Gonzalez
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Dineen-Griffin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Rae
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney A Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
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Raj CT. The effectiveness of mental health disorder stigma-reducing interventions in the healthcare setting: An integrative review. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2022; 39:73-83. [PMID: 35688548 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with mental health disorders frequently seek medical treatment in health care settings other than a mental health facility. However, mental health disorder stigmatization is prevalent in the healthcare setting across the globe. Stigmatizing attitudes remain widespread among healthcare professionals who are responsible for delivering patient-centered, quality care. Stigma in the healthcare setting can undermine effective diagnosis, therapy, and optimum health outcomes. Addressing stigma is critical to delivering quality health care in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, it is important to deliver successful anti-stigma education, along with practical strategies, to reduce the stigma of mental health disorders among healthcare professionals. An integrative review was conducted to identify the effectiveness of various interventions used in 10 different countries globally to reduce the stigma of mental health disorders in the healthcare setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T Raj
- Department of Nursing, Liberty University, United States of America.
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Lim H, Barner JC. Impact of a pilot workshop on student pharmacists' confidence and comfort in counseling patients at risk for maternal mortality. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:71-82. [PMID: 35125198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study examined whether a pilot workshop focused on maternal mortality had an impact on pharmacy students' confidence, comfort, and knowledge regarding preeclampsia, postpartum depression and opioid poisoning. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING The two-hour workshop included lecture, video, discussion and case studies. P1-P3 student pharmacists completed pre- and post-surveys measuring confidence (N = 5) and comfort (N = 15) using a 5-point Likert type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), as well as knowledge with 12 true/false statements. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and McNemar's tests, as well as Cronbach's alphas for scale reliability. FINDINGS The majority of participants (N = 27) were 18-25 years (85.2%), female (74.1%) and Asian (51.9%). Overall confidence and comfort increased significantly (p < .001) from pre- to post-intervention regarding: 1) preeclampsia (2.5 ± 0.9 to 4.5 ± 0.5); 2) postpartum depression (3.3 ± 0.8 to 4.5 ± 0.5); 3) opioids (3.5 ± 0.9 to 4.7 ± 0.5); 4) maternal mortality risk factors (2.1 ± 0.7 to 4.5 ± 0.5); and 5) pharmacist services related to maternal mortality prevention (2.0 ± 0.7 to 4.5 ± 0.5). Knowledge significantly (p < .05) improved on the majority (83.3%) of items. Scale reliabilities were ≥ 0.8. SUMMARY Incorporating maternal mortality training in colleges/schools of pharmacy curricula may have a positive impact on pharmacists' counseling and screening of patients at risk for maternal mortality in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeseung Lim
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Jamie C Barner
- Health Outcomes, The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Doan K, Shabo L, Crouse EL. The impact of pharmacy candidates' understanding of psychiatry on personal mental health concerns and patient treatment. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:56-61. [PMID: 35125196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychiatry modules in pharmacy education have the potential to address mental health stigma and may help future pharmacists discuss mental health concerns by altering willingness to engage persons with mental illness to better help this patient population. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of a psychiatry module on pharmacy candidates' own utilization of mental health resources for themselves, as patients, and the ability to address mental illness during patient interactions. METHODS Forty-six participants completed a 22-item, anonymous questionnaire. Pre- and posttest data were collected to assess perceived impact on patient treatment and self-reflection from their own mental health and treatment. The survey also assessed doctor of pharmacy candidates' changes in comfort level of treating patients with mental illness, referring family or friends for mental health counseling, and personal willingness to obtain counseling with regards to mental health. RESULTS There were significant differences in pre- and posttest mean scores in participants' comfort level counseling patients with mental illness, comfort level in discussing mental health concerns with patients, and personal willingness to speak with a provider regarding personal mental health. A significant reduction was seen in candidates who personally sought counseling. There was no significant difference in inquiring about personal assistance with mental health concerns or involvement in extracurricular activities within pharmacy school. CONCLUSIONS A psychiatry module in pharmacy education may positively impact mental health stigma and the ability of pharmacy candidates to openly discuss mental illness as well as improve medication counseling skills for patients needing psychotropic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Doan
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12(th) St, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Leah Shabo
- Doctor of Medicine Candidate Class of 2022, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1240 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
| | - Ericka L Crouse
- VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12(th) St, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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Outcomes of Consumer Involvement in Mental Health Nursing Education: An Integrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186756. [PMID: 32948052 PMCID: PMC7559165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This integrative review analyzed the research on consumer involvement in mental health nursing education in the last decade. We aimed to derive the main contents, methods, and outcomes of education using consumer involvement for mental health nursing students. We searched six electronic databases using English and Korean search terms; two authors independently reviewed the 14 studies that met the selection criteria. Studies on the topic were concentrated in Australia and some European countries; most of them used a qualitative design. The main education subject was recovery, and consumers tended to actively participate in education planning. Moreover, students’ perceptions about education using consumer involvement and people with mental health problems changed positively, as well as their experiences of participating in mental health nursing education. There is a lack of interest in the topic in Asian countries, including Korea. Thus, future studies in Asian countries are needed to conduct qualitative and in-depth explorations of students’ experiences regarding an educational intervention that uses consumer involvement as a tool rigorously designed for mental health nursing education. Consumer involvement can be an innovative strategy to produce high-quality mental health nurses by minimizing the gap between theory and practice in the undergraduate program.
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Ma HI, Hsieh CE. An Anti-Stigma Course for Occupational Therapy Students in Taiwan: Development and Pilot Testing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155599. [PMID: 32756448 PMCID: PMC7432861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Attitudes of healthcare professionals towards people with disorders/disabilities are important for the development of therapeutic relationships, as well as to the evaluation and intervention processes. Therefore, it is critical to be aware and reduce stigmatizing attitudes in future healthcare professionals. An 18-week anti-stigma course was developed for occupational therapy students based on literature review and focus group interview. The course consisted of three components, including social contact, roleplaying, and critical reflection strategies. A quasi-experimental design was implemented to evaluate participants at three time points (i.e., pre-test, post-test, and one year after completion) using the Social Distance Scale and several questionnaires (i.e., stigmatising attitudes towards mental illness, physical disabilities, and children with emotional behavioural disorders). A total of 16 students completed the course and had significantly decreased social distance and stigmatising attitudes towards mental illness and emotional behavioural disorders in the post-test. These decreases remained one year later. The results support the provision of an anti-stigma course for occupational therapy students to reduce stigmatising attitudes. Future research should extend the anti-stigma course to occupational therapy students at other universities to increase both the sample size and overall generalisability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ing Ma
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 700, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-6235-3535
| | - Chu-En Hsieh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
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Dean TA, Bamgbade BA, Barner JC, Rush SK, Burdine KM. Impact of a depression counseling intervention on student pharmacists' confidence and comfortability: A pilot study. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:410-417. [PMID: 32334756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to assess the impact of a mental health educational intervention on pharmacy students' confidence and comfortability when engaging in depression counseling. METHODS Third-year pharmacy students completed two 15-item rating scales addressing confidence and comfortability about depression. The intervention was 2.5 hours long and included a depression overview, consumer educator presentation, motivational interviewing, and case studies. Surveys were administered at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and three months post intervention. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and repeated measures analyses. RESULTS Of the 23 students who participated in the intervention, 12 (52.2%) completed the three-month follow-up. Confidence increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 3.5 ± 0.5 to 4.1 ± 0.4 immediately post intervention and was sustained at three months post (3.9 ± 0.5). Similarly, comfortability increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 3.6 ± 0.4 to 4.1 ± 0.5 immediately post and was sustained at three months post (4.1 ± 0.6). Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.90 to 0.96. CONCLUSION Pharmacy students' depression counseling confidence and comfortability improved and was sustained after a 2.5-hour intervention with motivational interviewing, consumer education, and case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Dean
- UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
| | - Benita A Bamgbade
- Northeastern University Bouvé College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Jamie C Barner
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Sharon K Rush
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Kimberly M Burdine
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Student Counseling Center, 800 W Campbell Road, SSB45, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States.
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Wang D, Jia Y, Gao W, Chen S, Li M, Hu Y, Luo F, Chen X, Xu H. Relationships between Stigma, Social Support, and Distress in Caregivers of Chinese Children with Imperforate Anus: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. J Pediatr Nurs 2019; 49:e15-e20. [PMID: 31378408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to explore the relationships between stigma, social support, and distress in caregivers of children with imperforate anus (IA) and determine whether social support mediates the relationship between stigma and distress. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in three tertiary children's hospitals in Eastern China. Primary caregivers completed the Social Support Scale and the Chinese versions of the Parent Stigma Scale and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, and provided their demographic information. The children's demographic and clinical data were also collected. The hypothesized relations were explored using structural equation modeling via the bootstrap method. RESULTS A total of 229 caregivers were enrolled. Distress was positively associated with stigma (r = 0.396, P < 0.01) and negatively associated with social support (r = -0.413, P < 0.01) in all dimensions (r = 0.314-0.346, P < 0.01). Stigma was also negatively correlated with social support (r = 0.280, P < 0.01). Furthermore, social support could partially mediate the relationship between stigma and distress (b = 0.135; 95% confidence interval: 0.072, 0.233). CONCLUSIONS Stigma can increase caregivers' distress, while social support can reduce it. Stigma can also negatively influence caregivers' social support. Therefore, stigma should be mitigated to enhance caregivers' social support and decrease their distress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The study findings may aid in the identification of the psychological status of caregivers of children with IA, and also inform targeted intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Nursing Department, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yushuang Jia
- Nursing Department, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Shuohui Chen
- Nursing Department, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Nursing Department, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Nursing Department, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feixiang Luo
- Nursing Department, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Nursing Department, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongzhen Xu
- Nursing Department, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
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Happell B, Waks S, Bocking J, Horgan A, Manning F, Greaney S, Goodwin J, Scholz B, van der Vaart KJ, Allon J, Hals E, Granerud A, Doody R, Chan SWC, Lahti M, Ellilä H, Pulli J, Vatula A, Platania-Phung C, Browne G, Griffin M, Russell S, MacGabhann L, Bjornsson E, Biering P. “But I’m not going to be a mental health nurse”: nursing students’ perceptions of the influence of experts by experience on their attitudes to mental health nursing. J Ment Health 2019; 30:556-563. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2019.1677872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Happell
- Professor of Nursing and Equally Well Ambassador, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Shifra Waks
- Consumer Academic, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Ireland
| | - Julia Bocking
- ANU Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, the Australian National University, Woden, Australia
| | - Aine Horgan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala Manning
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sonya Greaney
- Southern Area Mental Health Services, Expert by Experience Lecturer, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Goodwin
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brett Scholz
- ANU Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, the Australian National University, Woden, Australia
| | | | - Jerry Allon
- Institute for Nursing Studies, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Hals
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hedmark, Norway
| | - Arild Granerud
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hedmark, Norway
| | - Rory Doody
- Area Lead for Mental Health Engagement, Southern Area Health Service Executive, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Mari Lahti
- Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland
- Department of Nursing Science, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Ellilä
- Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland
- Department of Nursing Science, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Pulli
- Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland
- Department of Nursing Science, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Annaliina Vatula
- Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland
- Department of Nursing Science, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Chris Platania-Phung
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graeme Browne
- Masters Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Coordinator Port Macquarie Campus
| | - Martha Griffin
- School of Nursing & Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Russell
- School of Nursing & Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liam MacGabhann
- School of Nursing & Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Einar Bjornsson
- Department of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pall Biering
- Department of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Harris JI, Leskela J, Lakhan S, Usset T, DeVries M, Mittal D, Boyd J. Developing Organizational Interventions to Address Stigma Among Mental Health Providers: A Pilot Study. Community Ment Health J 2019; 55:924-931. [PMID: 30891653 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines a pilot study of "It's Just Us," an organizational intervention designed to reduce stigma among mental health providers by increasing awareness of the stigma they hold toward both clients and other providers with lived experience of mental health challenges. The targeted organization was the Mental Health Service Line in a large, Midwestern VA health care system. About 30% of the clinicians in the service provided information about their levels of stigma toward clients and providers who manage mental health challenges at baseline, 1 year later, and 2 years later. Educational and contact interventions targeting stigma are detailed; the first year included education and short-term contact interventions, while the second year included continuous contact interventions. At the end of the first year, scores on a measure of stigma toward mental health providers with lived experience were significantly lower, while scores on (a) a self-report measure of stigma toward clients and (b) self-disclosure of lived experience to professional peers were unchanged. At the end of the second year, scores for stigma toward clients had improved, and providers in the sample were more likely to share their lived experience with professional peers. Further research is necessary to validate these findings. Data provides preliminary support for the use of the "It's Just Us" curriculum as a means of reducing stigma among mental health providers. This model may also be useful in addressing stigma among other types of health care providers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Irene Harris
- VA Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
| | - Jennie Leskela
- VA Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | | | - Timothy Usset
- VA Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Meredith DeVries
- VA Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Boyd
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Pires C, Cavaco A. Scoping Pharmacy Students' Learning Outcomes: Where Do We Stand? PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7010023. [PMID: 30818854 PMCID: PMC6473488 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The professional abilities of graduate pharmacists have been associated with pharmacy undergraduates’ educational settings and features. This study aimed to perform a scoping review on how students’ learning outcomes are achieved, including learning assessment strategies, focusing on current pharmacy practice education. Methods: Relevant keywords, e.g., “pharmacy practice”, “(students or undergraduates)” and “outcomes” were browsed in Public/Publisher MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Directory of Open Access Journals, and other relevant databases for recently published sources (2018 and 2017). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria were followed to assure the scoping quality. All types of students’ learning outcomes were addressed for indexed publications in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Reviews, descriptive studies and commentaries were excluded. Study data are presented in tables comprising objectives, methods, number of participants and main research findings. Results: Overall, 100 studies were identified and 22 were selected. The selected studies were distributed into seven main topics: real practices (n = 9); active-learning strategies (n = 5); comparisons between different teaching pedagogies (n = 3); pharmacy curriculum (n = 2); and other evaluations (n = 3). Conclusions: Studies on pharmacy students’ learning outcomes are limited. Pharmacy undergraduates’ performance was dependent on the learning strategies and extension of syllabus implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pires
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Campo Grande, 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Afonso Cavaco
- iMed.ULisboa & Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Nyblade L, Stockton MA, Giger K, Bond V, Ekstrand ML, Lean RM, Mitchell EMH, Nelson LRE, Sapag JC, Siraprapasiri T, Turan J, Wouters E. Stigma in health facilities: why it matters and how we can change it. BMC Med 2019; 17:25. [PMID: 30764806 PMCID: PMC6376713 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stigma in health facilities undermines diagnosis, treatment, and successful health outcomes. Addressing stigma is fundamental to delivering quality healthcare and achieving optimal health. This correspondence article seeks to assess how developments over the past 5 years have contributed to the state of programmatic knowledge-both approaches and methods-regarding interventions to reduce stigma in health facilities, and explores the potential to concurrently address multiple health condition stigmas. It is supported by findings from a systematic review of published articles indexed in PubMed, Psychinfo and Web of Science, and in the United States Agency for International Development's Development Experience Clearinghouse, which was conducted in February 2018 and restricted to the past 5 years. Forty-two studies met inclusion criteria and provided insight on interventions to reduce HIV, mental illness, or substance abuse stigma. Multiple common approaches to address stigma in health facilities emerged, which were implemented in a variety of ways. The literature search identified key gaps including a dearth of stigma reduction interventions in health facilities that focus on tuberculosis, diabetes, leprosy, or cancer; target multiple cadres of staff or multiple ecological levels; leverage interactive technology; or address stigma experienced by health workers. Preliminary results from ongoing innovative responses to these gaps are also described.The current evidence base of stigma reduction in health facilities provides a solid foundation to develop and implement interventions. However, gaps exist and merit further work. Future investment in health facility stigma reduction should prioritize the involvement of clients living with the stigmatized condition or behavior and health workers living with stigmatized conditions and should address both individual and structural level stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nyblade
- RTI International, 701 13th ST NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Melissa A. Stockton
- Epidemiology Department, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 2103 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Kayla Giger
- RTI International, 701 13th ST NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Virginia Bond
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Medicine, Zambart, P.O. Box 50697, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Maria L. Ekstrand
- Division of Prevention Science, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158-2549 USA
- St John’s Research Institute, St John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Roger Mc Lean
- Health Economics Unit, Centre for Health Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ellen M. H. Mitchell
- International Institute for Social Studies, Erasmus University, Kortenaerkade 12, 2518 AX The Hague, Netherlands
| | - La Ron E. Nelson
- University of Rochester School of Nursing, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box SON, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5T 1B8 Canada
| | - Jaime C. Sapag
- Departments of Public Health and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Clinical Public Health Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Office of Transformative Global Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Ontario, Canada
| | - Taweesap Siraprapasiri
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health of the Government of Thailand, Tivanond Road, Nonthaburi, 11000 Thailand
| | - Janet Turan
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, Maternal and Child Health Concentration, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Behavioral and Community Sciences Core, UAB Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Birmingham, USA
| | - Edwin Wouters
- Centre for Longitudinal & Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 399, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
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Happell B, Scholz B, Bocking J, Platania-Phung C. Promoting the Value of Mental Health Nursing: The Contribution of a Consumer Academic. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2019; 40:140-147. [PMID: 30763139 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2018.1490834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mental illness is known to occur frequently in the general population and is more common within the general health care system. High-quality health care requires nurses to have the skills, knowledge and attitudes to provide care for people experiencing mental illness or mental distress. Research suggests health professionals, including nurses, tend to share similar negative attitudes to mental illness as the general population, and consequently, mental health nursing is not a popular career path. These two factors signify a need to influence more positive attitudes toward mental illness and mental health nursing among nursing students. A qualitative exploratory research study was undertaken to examine the experiences, opinions and attitudes of an academic and research team to the introduction of a consumer academic within an undergraduate mental health nursing subject. In-depth interviews were conducted with teaching and research team members. The importance of mental health skills emerged as a major theme and included sub-themes: mental health across the health care system; contribution of consumer academic to nursing skills; addressing fear and stigma, and inspiring passion in mental health nursing. Findings suggest academic input from people with lived experience of recovery from mental illness can influence the development of mental health nursing skills and enhance the popularity of mental health nursing as a career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Happell
- a School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle , Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Brett Scholz
- b ANU Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University , Woden , Canberra , Australia
| | - Julia Bocking
- c Consumer Academic , University of Canberra, Faculty of Health, and ACT Health , Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Chris Platania-Phung
- a School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle , Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia
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Sherwood DA. Healthcare curriculum influences on stigma towards mental illness: Core psychiatry course impact on pharmacy, nursing and social work student attitudes. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:198-203. [PMID: 30733018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Attitudes towards disclosure of a psychiatric diagnosis and directed at persons with mental illness have represented negativity and stigma. The purpose of this study was to identify stigma towards mental illness among health profession students in pharmacy, nursing, and social work programs, and identify if primary psychiatric coursework in each curriculum has an impact on students' perceptions. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Pharmacy, nursing and social work students were surveyed pre- and post-primary didactic psychiatry coursework (pre-course = 154 total; 95 pharmacy, 47 nursing, 12 social work; post-course = 128 total; 79 pharmacy, 38 nursing, and 11 social work) using the Opening Minds Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC). The OMS-HC contains 12-questions evaluated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 12 to 60 points, with lower scores indicating less stigma towards mental illness. Student results were compared to the large sample of healthcare student and provider responses used in validating the OMS-HC survey tool. FINDINGS Students' pre-course mean score on the OMS-HC was 30.6 ± 5.47 (pharmacy = 30.9, nursing = 31, social work = 26.3) and post-course mean score was 31.05 ± 6.82 (pharmacy = 32.24, nursing = 29.89, social work = 26.55). These scores illustrate negative stigma among students and also are similar to existing research identifying a disparity among the healthcare professions. Coursework did not appear to improve stigma toward mental illness. SUMMARY The current education of healthcare providers does not appear to change students' stigma, suggesting educational gaps requiring attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon A Sherwood
- University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, United States.
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