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McCarren S, Coetzee A, Midgley J. Corolla stickiness prevents nectar robbing in Erica. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:963-970. [PMID: 33866459 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Floral stickiness is a rare trait with unknown function, but it is common in the mega-diverse Cape genus Erica (Ericaceae). This study investigated the role of stickiness measured as adhesive strength in Erica as protection against nectar robbing and its correlation with floral traits. We compared the incidence of nectar robbing in flowers of the same species with or without experimentally added stickiness, and amongst communities of co-occurring species with flowers differing in stickiness. Additionally, we tested the relationship between stickiness and pollination syndrome, corolla shape, corolla length and sepal-corolla ratio across the whole genus. Stickiness was correlated with lower floral damage rates within and between species, indicating it functions as an anti-nectar robbing trait. Across the genus Erica, stickiness is most strongly correlated with bird and long-proboscid fly pollination, presumably because of their larger nectar rewards. Stickiness was also correlated with floral traits that are often associated with high risk of being damaged by nectar robbers: narrow-mouthed corollas, long corollas and shorter sepals. These results show that corolla stickiness defends Erica flowers against nectar robbing and thereby potentially improves fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha McCarren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Anina Coetzee
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, 6530, South Africa
| | - Jeremy Midgley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
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2
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Coetzee A, Seymour CL, Spottiswoode CN. Facilitation and competition shape a geographical mosaic of flower colour polymorphisms. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anina Coetzee
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Colleen L. Seymour
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity InstituteKirstenbosch Research Centre Claremont South Africa
| | - Claire N. Spottiswoode
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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Buide ML, Del Valle JC, Prado-Comesaña A, Narbona E. The effects of pollination, herbivory and autonomous selfing on the maintenance of flower colour variation in Silenelittorea. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:275-284. [PMID: 33179369 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific flower colour variation has been generally proposed to evolve as a result of selection driven by biotic or abiotic agents. In a polymorphic population of Silene littorea with pink- and white-flowered plants, we studied pollinators, analysed flower colour perception and tested for differences in pollinator visitation. We also experimentally analysed pollinator limitation in fruit and seed set, and the degree of autonomous selfing. The incidence of florivory and leaf herbivory was compared over 3-4 years. Silene littorea is mainly pollinated by bees and butterflies. Pollinators preferred pink flowers, which did not show pollinator limitation. On the contrary, white flowers showed pollinator limitation in fruit set. White-flowered plants had less floral display and higher levels of florivory than pink plants. Flower colour morphs of S. littorea can reproduce in the absence of pollinators by autonomous selfing, setting 20% and 12% of fruit and seeds in the pink morph and 27% and 20% in the white morph, respectively. Fruit set of white flowers produced by autonomous selfing did not differ from open-pollinated flowers. In conclusion, S. littorea is pollinated by insects of different orders that more frequently visit pink flowers, which is reflected in pollinator limitation of fruit set in white flowers. Moreover, this species has a mixed mating system in which both colour morphs can reproduce in the absence of pollinators by autonomous selfing, although white flowers mainly produce fruits by autogamy. We suggest that reproductive assurance by autonomous selfing helps to maintain flower colour polymorphism in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - J C Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - A Prado-Comesaña
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - E Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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4
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Coetzee A, Spottiswoode CN, Seymour CL. Post-pollination barriers enable coexistence of pollinator-sharing ornithophilous Erica species. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:873-881. [PMID: 32997284 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some evolutionary radiations produce a number of closely-related species that continue to coexist. In such plant systems, when pre-pollination barriers are weak, relatively strong post-pollination reproductive barriers are required to maintain species boundaries. Even when post-pollination barriers are in place, however, reproductive interference and pollinator dependence may strengthen selection for pre-pollination barriers. We assessed whether coexistence of species from the unusually speciose Erica genus in the fynbos biome, South Africa, is enabled through pre-pollination or post-pollination barriers. We also tested for reproductive interference and pollinator dependence. We investigated this in natural populations of three bird-pollinated Erica species (Erica plukenetii, E. curviflora and E. coccinea), which form part of a large guild of congeneric species that co-flower and share a single pollinator species (Orange-breasted Sunbird Anthobaphes violacea). At least two of the three pre-pollination barriers assessed (distribution ranges, flowering phenology and flower morphology) were weak in each species pair. Hand-pollination experiments revealed that seed set from heterospecific pollination (average 8%) was significantly lower than seed set from outcross pollination (average 50%), supporting the hypothesis that species boundaries are maintained through post-pollination barriers. Reproductive interference, assessed in one population by applying outcross pollen three hours after applying heterospecific pollen, significantly reduced seed set compared to outcross pollen alone. This may drive selection for traits that enhance pre-pollination barriers, particularly given that two of the three species were self-sterile, and therefore pollinator dependent. This study suggests that post-pollination reproductive barriers could facilitate the coexistence of congeneric species, in a recent radiation with weak pre-pollination reproductive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina Coetzee
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Claire N Spottiswoode
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Colleen L Seymour
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, 7753, South Africa
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5
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Chen Z, Niu Y, Liu CQ, Sun H. Red flowers differ in shades between pollination systems and across continents. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:837-848. [PMID: 32478385 PMCID: PMC7539362 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Floral colour is a primary signal in plant-pollinator interactions. The association between red flowers and bird pollination is well known, explained by the 'bee avoidance' and 'bird attraction' hypotheses. Nevertheless, the relative importance of these two hypotheses has rarely been investigated on a large scale, even in terms of colour perception per se. METHODS We collected reflectance spectra for 130 red flower species from different continents and ascertained their pollination systems. The spectra were analysed using colour vision models for bees and (three types of) birds, to estimate colour perception by these pollinators. The differences in colour conspicuousness (chromatic and achromatic contrast, purity) and in spectral properties between pollination systems and across continents were analysed. KEY RESULTS Compared with other floral colours, red flowers are very conspicuous to birds and much less conspicuous to bees. The red flowers pollinated by bees and by birds are more conspicuous to their respective pollinators. Compared with the bird flowers in the Old World, the New World ones are less conspicuous to bees and may be more conspicuous not only to violet-sensitive but also to ultraviolet-sensitive birds. These differences can be explained by the different properties of the secondary reflectance peak (SP). SP intensity is higher in red flowers pollinated by bees than those pollinated by birds (especially New World bird flowers). A transition from high SP to low SP in red flowers can induce chromatic contrast changes, with a greater effect on reducing attraction to bees than enhancing attraction to birds. CONCLUSIONS Shades of red flowers differ between pollination systems. Moreover, red bird flowers are more specialized in the New World than in the Old World. The evolution towards colour specialization is more likely to result in higher efficiency of bee avoidance than bird attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chang-Qiu Liu
- Center for Gardens and Horticultural Studies, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Geerts S, Coetzee A, Rebelo AG, Pauw A. Pollination structures plant and nectar‐feeding bird communities in Cape fynbos, South Africa: Implications for the conservation of plant–bird mutualisms. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sjirk Geerts
- Department Conservation and Marine Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa
| | - Anina Coetzee
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Anthony G. Rebelo
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre Claremont South Africa
| | - Anton Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
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7
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Reich D, Berger A, von Balthazar M, Chartier M, Sherafati M, Schönenberger J, Manafzadeh S, Staedler YM. Modularity and evolution of flower shape: the role of function, development, and spandrels in Erica. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:267-280. [PMID: 31765023 PMCID: PMC7065081 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flowers have been hypothesized to contain either modules of attraction and reproduction, functional modules (pollination-effecting parts) or developmental modules (organ-specific). Do pollination specialization and syndromes influence floral modularity? In order to test these hypotheses and answer this question, we focused on the genus Erica: we gathered 3D data from flowers of 19 species with diverse syndromes via computed tomography, and for the first time tested the above-mentioned hypotheses via 3D geometric morphometrics. To provide an evolutionary framework for our results, we tested the evolutionary mode of floral shape, size and integration under the syndromes regime, and - for the first time - reconstructed the high-dimensional floral shape of their most recent common ancestor. We demonstrate that the modularity of the 3D shape of generalist flowers depends on development and that of specialists is linked to function: modules of pollen deposition and receipt in bird syndrome, and access-restriction to the floral reward in long-proboscid fly syndrome. Only size and shape principal component 1 showed multiple-optima selection, suggesting that they were co-opted during evolution to adapt flowers to novel pollinators. Whole floral shape followed an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (selection-driven) evolutionary model, and differentiated relatively late. Flower shape modularity thus crucially depends on pollinator specialization and syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Reich
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Evolutionary and Systematic BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Andreas Berger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Evolutionary and Systematic BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Maria von Balthazar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Structural and Functional BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Structural and Functional BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Mahboubeh Sherafati
- Department of Plant BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehran14115‐154Iran
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Structural and Functional BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Sara Manafzadeh
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 16Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Yannick M. Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Structural and Functional BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
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8
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Pauw A. A Bird's-Eye View of Pollination: Biotic Interactions as Drivers of Adaptation and Community Change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nectarivorous birds and bird-pollinated plants are linked by a network of interactions. Here I ask how these interactions influence evolution and community composition. I find near complete evidence for the effect of birds on plant evolution. Experiments show the process in action—birds select among floral phenotypes in a population—and comparative studies find the resulting pattern—bird-pollinated species have long-tubed, red flowers with large nectar volumes. Speciation is accomplished in one “magical” step when adaptation for bird pollination brings about divergent morphology and reproductive isolation. In contrast, evidence that plants drive bird evolution is fragmentary. Studies of selection on population-level variation are lacking, but the resulting pattern is clear—nectarivorous birds have evolved a remarkable number of times and often have long bills and brush-tipped or tubular tongues. At the level of the ecological guild, birds select among plant species via an effect on seed set and thus determine plant community composition. Plants simultaneously influence the relative fitness of bird species and thus determine the composition of the bird guild. Interaction partners may give one guild member a constant fitness advantage, resulting in competitive exclusion and community change, or may act as limiting resources that depress the fitness of frequent species, thus stabilizing community composition and allowing the coexistence of diversity within bird and plant guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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9
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Ojeda F, Midgley J, Pauw A, Lavola A, Casimiro-Soriguer R, Hattas D, Segarra-Moragues JG, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Flower colour divergence is associated with post-fire regeneration dimorphism in the fynbos heath Erica coccinea subsp. coccinea (Ericaceae). Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-09985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Pauw A, Johnson CM. Mutualism between co-occurring plant species in South Africa's Mediterranean climate heathland is mediated by birds. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:224-230. [PMID: 28960844 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among plant species via pollinators vary from competitive to mutualistic and can influence the probability of stable coexistence of plant species. We aimed to determine the nature of the interaction via flower visitors between Leucospermum conocarpodendron and Mimetes fimbriifolius, two shrubs in the Proteaceae that share many ecological traits and coexist on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. To assess the extent of pollinator sharing we analysed nectar properties and recorded the pollinator fauna, their behaviour and contribution to seed set. To test for competition via interspecific pollen transfer, we recorded the movement patterns of pollinators and quantified pollen loads. To determine the effect of co-flowering on visitation rates we recorded visits in stands that varied in the density of the two species. We found that the species produce similar rewards and share pollinating Cape Sugarbirds (Promerops cafer). Interspecific pollen transfer is avoided by placing pollen on different parts of the bird. Both species are visited by nectar-thieving Orange-breasted Sunbirds (Anthobaphes violacea). Insects and autonomous self-pollination contributed little to seed set. Pollinator visits increased with conspecific density in both species, and the slope of the increase was steepest in the presence of high densities of the co-occurring plant species. Nectar thief visits also increased with conspecific density in both species, but the slope declined with increasing density of the co-occurring species. Co-occurrence enhanced pollinator visits and alleviated nectar robbing in both plant species, consistent with mutualisms. Mutualism within a trophic level is unusual, but may help to explain the stable coexistence of ecologically similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - C M Johnson
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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11
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Kaczorowski RL, Markman S. Nectar alkaloids of tree tobacco can reduce Palestine sunbird foraging performance in a colour discrimination task. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Carlson JE, Holsinger KE. Extrapolating from local ecological processes to genus-wide patterns in colour polymorphism in South African Protea. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20150583. [PMID: 25876847 PMCID: PMC4426637 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic traits are central to many fundamental discoveries in evolution, yet why they are found in some species and not others remains poorly understood. We use the African genus Protea-within which more than 40% of species have co-occurring pink and white floral colour morphs-to ask whether convergent evolution and ecological similarity could explain the genus-wide pattern of polymorphism. First, we identified environmental correlates of pink morph frequency across 28 populations of four species. Second, we determined whether the same correlates could predict species-level polymorphism and monomorphism across 31 species. We found that pink morph frequency increased with elevation in Protea repens and three section Exsertae species, increased eastward in P. repens, and increased with seed predation intensity in section Exsertae. For cross-species comparisons, populations of monomorphic pink species occurred at higher elevations than populations of monomorphic white species, and 18 polymorphic species spanned broader elevational gradients than 13 monomorphic species. These results suggest that divergent selection along elevational clines has repeatedly favoured polymorphism, and that more uniform selection in altitudinally restricted species may promote colour monomorphism. Our findings are, to our knowledge, the first to link selection acting within species to the presence and absence of colour polymorphism at broader phylogenetic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Carlson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, U-3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kent E Holsinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, U-3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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13
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Kaczorowski RL, Blumenfeld G, Koplovich A, Markman S. Color and side preferences in Palestine sunbirds (Nectarinia osea). Isr J Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2014.941237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Floral color is an important cue that converged in many ornithophilous flowers and can be used by nectarivorous birds to make foraging decisions. Wild ornithophilous flowers are frequently red, although they are more often yellow in Israel. The Palestine sunbird (Nectarinia osea) is the only nectarivorous bird in Israel and surrounding Mediterranean areas. Given the prevalence of yellow flowers in their habitats (along with sunbirds' expected sensitivity increase in this region of color vision), we predicted that Palestine sunbirds prefer yellow food sources over red. We examined sunbird foraging behavior when they were presented simultaneously with a yellow and red feeder, each containing the same quantity and quality of food. We investigated whether sunbirds had a side bias in the color preference experiment, but also in a separate experiment where both feeders were white. Sunbirds did not exhibit a significant color bias, while they did have a significant preference for a particular side of the cage. Location appears to be a more important cue than color to Palestine sunbirds, likely because location can offer information on the most rewarding plants and recently depleted flowers. However, color may still provide useful information that could influence foraging decisions in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gali Blumenfeld
- Department of Biology & Environment, University of Haifa – Oranim
| | - Avi Koplovich
- Department of Biology & Environment, University of Haifa – Oranim
| | - Shai Markman
- Department of Biology & Environment, University of Haifa – Oranim
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