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Kuhl H, Tan WH, Klopp C, Kleiner W, Koyun B, Ciorpac M, Feron R, Knytl M, Kloas W, Schartl M, Winkler C, Stöck M. A candidate sex determination locus in amphibians which evolved by structural variation between X- and Y-chromosomes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4781. [PMID: 38839766 PMCID: PMC11153619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Most vertebrates develop distinct females and males, where sex is determined by repeatedly evolved environmental or genetic triggers. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes and large genomes have caused major knowledge gaps in amphibians. Only a single master sex-determining gene, the dmrt1-paralogue (dm-w) of female-heterogametic clawed frogs (Xenopus; ZW♀/ZZ♂), is known across >8740 species of amphibians. In this study, by combining chromosome-scale female and male genomes of a non-model amphibian, the European green toad, Bufo(tes) viridis, with ddRAD- and whole genome pool-sequencing, we reveal a candidate master locus, governing a male-heterogametic system (XX♀/XY♂). Targeted sequencing across multiple taxa uncovered structural X/Y-variation in the 5'-regulatory region of the gene bod1l, where a Y-specific non-coding RNA (ncRNA-Y), only expressed in males, suggests that this locus initiates sex-specific differentiation. Developmental transcriptomes and RNA in-situ hybridization show timely and spatially relevant sex-specific ncRNA-Y and bod1l-gene expression in primordial gonads. This coincided with differential H3K4me-methylation in pre-granulosa/pre-Sertoli cells, pointing to a specific mechanism of amphibian sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Kuhl
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wen Hui Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Block S1A, Level 6, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Christophe Klopp
- SIGENAE, Plate-forme Bio-informatique Genotoul, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRAe, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Wibke Kleiner
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baturalp Koyun
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, SB Building, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Mitica Ciorpac
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea, 820112, Romania
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine-CEMEX, "Grigore T. Popa", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mihail Kogălniceanu Street 9-13, Iasi, 700259, Romania
| | - Romain Feron
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Knytl
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Werner Kloas
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Block S1A, Level 6, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.
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Safaei-Mahroo B, Ghaffari H, Niamir A. A synoptic review of the Amphibians of Iran: bibliography, taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, conservation status, and identification key to the eggs, larvae, and adults. Zootaxa 2023; 5279:1-112. [PMID: 37518755 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5279.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an illustrated account, a comprehensive update of the systematics, and a bibliography of the 15 species of anurans in five families, eight genera; and of the six species of urodeles in two families, four genera in Iran. Bufonidae, with eight species, is the most diverse family; Salamandridae has five species and Ranidae has four species. This study also presents updated identification keys for the eggs, larvae, and metamorphosed amphibians of Iran. We designated specimen NMW 19855.1 as neotype of Pelophylax persicus (Schneider, 1799) comb. nov.. Along with distribution maps obtained from all the reliable localities and museum specimens known at this time, the modelled habitat of species, and for the first time, the National Red List of amphibians based on the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Based on our evaluation we propose to categorize Bufo eichwaldi, Paradactylodon persicus, Neurergus derjugini, and N. kaiseri as Vulnerable at National Red List, and to move Bufotes (Calliopersa) luristanicus, B. (C.) surdus, Firouzophrynus olivaceus, and Rana pseudodalmatina from the category of Least Concern (LC) to Near Threatened (NT). The National Red List of amphibians that we propose has significant implications for endangered species management and conservation. Forty-one percent of amphibian species in Iran are endemic to the country, and more than forty percent of the Iranian amphibians are at risk of extinction. Zagros Mountain forest and Hyrcaniain forests have more than 80% (i.e. 18 species) of the diversity of Iranian amphibians. A considerable amount of scientific literature published on Iranian amphibians in Persian language is not easily accessible to researchers outside Iran. This monograph attempts to remedy the situation and provides broader access to international herpetology. We recognize that taxonomy is always in a state of flux, and the names and synonymies used here reflect our current view.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanyeh Ghaffari
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Natural Resources; University of Kurdistan; Sanandaj; Iran.
| | - Aidin Niamir
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; Frankfurt am Main; Germany.
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Identification and characterization of a new family of long satellite DNA, specific of true toads (Anura, Amphibia, Bufonidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:13960. [PMID: 35978080 PMCID: PMC9385698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians have some of the most variable genome sizes among vertebrates. Genome size variation has been attributed to repetitive and noncoding DNA, including satellite repeats, transposable elements, introns, and nuclear insertions of viral and organelle DNA. In vertebrates, satellite DNAs have been widely described in mammals, but few molecular studies have been carried out in amphibians. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of a new family of satellite DNA, present in all 15 examined species of the family Bufonidae. Southern-blot analysis and PCR reveal that this satellite is formed by monomers of 807 bp, is organized in tandem arrays, and has an AT-content of 57.4%. Phylogenetic analyses show that most clades exhibit species-specific variances, indicating that this satellite DNA has evolved by concerted evolution. The homogenization/fixation process is heterogeneous in Bufonidae, where the genera Bufo and Bufotes do not show species-specific differences, while populations from Rhinella marina exhibit population-specific changes. Additionally, variants of this satellite DNA have been identified in Duttaphrynus melanostictus and R. marina, supporting the 'library hypothesis' (a set, 'library', of satellite DNAs is shared by a species group). Physical mapping in Bufo bufo, Bufo spinosus, Epidalea calamita and Bufotes viridis provides evidence that this repetitive DNA is not dispersed in the karyotype, but accumulated in pericentromeric regions of some chromosomal pairs. This location, together with its presence in the transcriptomes of bufonids, could indicate a role in centromere function or heterochromatin formation and maintenance.
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Booker WW, Gerhardt HC, Lemmon AR, Ptacek MB, Hassinger ATB, Schul J, Lemmon EM. The Complex History of Genome Duplication and Hybridization in North American Gray Treefrogs. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msab316. [PMID: 34791374 PMCID: PMC8826561 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid speciation has played an important role in evolutionary history across the tree of life, yet there remain large gaps in our understanding of how polyploid species form and persist. Although systematic studies have been conducted in numerous polyploid complexes, recent advances in sequencing technology have demonstrated that conclusions from data-limited studies may be spurious and misleading. The North American gray treefrog complex, consisting of the diploid Hyla chrysoscelis and the tetraploid H. versicolor, has long been used as a model system in a variety of biological fields, yet all taxonomic studies to date were conducted with only a few loci from nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Here, we utilized anchored hybrid enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to capture hundreds of loci along with whole mitochondrial genomes to investigate the evolutionary history of this complex. We used several phylogenetic and population genetic methods, including coalescent simulations and testing of polyploid speciation models with approximate Bayesian computation, to determine that H. versicolor was most likely formed via autopolyploidization from a now extinct lineage of H. chrysoscelis. We also uncovered evidence of significant hybridization between diploids and tetraploids where they co-occur, and show that historical hybridization between these groups led to the re-formation of distinct polyploid lineages following the initial whole-genome duplication event. Our study indicates that a wide variety of methods and explicit model testing of polyploid histories can greatly facilitate efforts to uncover the evolutionary history of polyploid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Booker
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - H Carl Gerhardt
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Margaret B Ptacek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Alyssa T B Hassinger
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Johannes Schul
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Stöck M, Dedukh D, Reifová R, Lamatsch DK, Starostová Z, Janko K. Sex chromosomes in meiotic, hemiclonal, clonal and polyploid hybrid vertebrates: along the 'extended speciation continuum'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200103. [PMID: 34304588 PMCID: PMC8310718 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We review knowledge about the roles of sex chromosomes in vertebrate hybridization and speciation, exploring a gradient of divergences with increasing reproductive isolation (speciation continuum). Under early divergence, well-differentiated sex chromosomes in meiotic hybrids may cause Haldane-effects and introgress less easily than autosomes. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes are more susceptible to introgression and form multiple (or new) sex chromosome systems with hardly predictable dominance hierarchies. Under increased divergence, most vertebrates reach complete intrinsic reproductive isolation. Slightly earlier, some hybrids (linked in 'the extended speciation continuum') exhibit aberrant gametogenesis, leading towards female clonality. This facilitates the evolution of various allodiploid and allopolyploid clonal ('asexual') hybrid vertebrates, where 'asexuality' might be a form of intrinsic reproductive isolation. A comprehensive list of 'asexual' hybrid vertebrates shows that they all evolved from parents with divergences that were greater than at the intraspecific level (K2P-distances of greater than 5-22% based on mtDNA). These 'asexual' taxa inherited genetic sex determination by mostly undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Among the few known sex-determining systems in hybrid 'asexuals', female heterogamety (ZW) occurred about twice as often as male heterogamety (XY). We hypothesize that pre-/meiotic aberrations in all-female ZW-hybrids present Haldane-effects promoting their evolution. Understanding the preconditions to produce various clonal or meiotic allopolyploids appears crucial for insights into the evolution of sex, 'asexuality' and polyploidy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Reifová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dunja K. Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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6
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Dufresnes C, Mazepa G, Jablonski D, Oliveira RC, Wenseleers T, Shabanov DA, Auer M, Ernst R, Koch C, Ramírez-Chaves HE, Mulder KP, Simonov E, Tiutenko A, Kryvokhyzha D, Wennekes PL, Zinenko OI, Korshunov OV, Al-Johany AM, Peregontsev EA, Masroor R, Betto-Colliard C, Denoël M, Borkin LJ, Skorinov DV, Pasynkova RA, Mazanaeva LF, Rosanov JM, Dubey S, Litvinchuk S. Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 141:106615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Dedukh D, Litvinchuk J, Svinin A, Litvinchuk S, Rosanov J, Krasikova A. Variation in hybridogenetic hybrid emergence between populations of water frogs from the Pelophylax esculentus complex. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224759. [PMID: 31675368 PMCID: PMC6824575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many closely related species are capable of mating to produce hybrid offspring, which are usually sterile. Nevertheless, altering the gametogenesis of hybrid offspring can rescue hybrids from sterility by enabling asexual reproduction. Hybridogenesis is one of the most complicated asexual reproductive modes, and it includes drastic genome reorganization only in the germline; this is achieved through elimination of one parental genome and duplication of the remaining one to restore diploid chromosomal set and overcome blocks in meiotic progression. We investigated a model of hybridogenesis, namely, water frogs from the Pelophylax esculentus complex, for the emergence of asexual reproduction. Further, we assessed the impact of its asexual reproduction on the maintenance of interspecies hybrids from two populations on the western edge of the P. esculentus range, in which hybrids coexist with either both parental species or with only one parental species. After analysing tadpole karyotypes, we conclude that in both studied populations, the majority of diploid hybrid males produced haploid gametes with the P. ridibundus genome after elimination of the P. lessonae genome. Hybrid females exhibited problems with genome elimination and duplication; they usually produced oocytes with univalents, but there were observations of individual oocytes with 13 bivalents and even 26 bivalents. In some hybrid tadpoles, especially F1 crosses, we observed failed germ cell development, while in tadpoles from backcrosses, germ cells were normally distributed and contained micronuclei. By identifying chromosomes present in micronuclei, we estimated that the majority of tadpoles from all crosses were able to selectively eliminate the P. lessonae chromosomes. According to our results, hybridogenesis in hybrids can appear both from crosses of parental species and crosses between sexual species with hybrid individuals. The ability to eliminate a genome and perform endoreplication to ensure gamete formation differed between male and female hybrids from the studied populations. Some diploid hybrid females can rarely produce not only haploid gametes but also diploid gametes, which is a crucial step in the formation of triploid hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij Dedukh
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Spartak Litvinchuk
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Juriy Rosanov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla Krasikova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Sánchez-Vialas A, Calvo M, García-París M, Vörös J. Amphibians and reptiles from Zoltan Kaszab’s expeditions to Mongolia held at the Hungarian Natural History Museum. ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2019. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.65.2.143.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Betto-Colliard C, Hofmann S, Sermier R, Perrin N, Stöck M. Profound genetic divergence and asymmetric parental genome contributions as hallmarks of hybrid speciation in polyploid toads. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2017.2667. [PMID: 29436499 PMCID: PMC5829204 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary causes and consequences of allopolyploidization, an exceptional pathway to instant hybrid speciation, are poorly investigated in animals. In particular, when and why hybrid polyploids versus diploids are produced, and constraints on sources of paternal and maternal ancestors, remain underexplored. Using the Palearctic green toad radiation (including bisexually reproducing species of three ploidy levels) as model, we generate a range-wide multi-locus phylogeny of 15 taxa and present four new insights: (i) at least five (up to seven) distinct allotriploid and allotetraploid taxa have evolved in the Pleistocene; (ii) all maternal and paternal ancestors of hybrid polyploids stem from two deeply diverged nuclear clades (6 Mya, 3.1-9.6 Mya), with distinctly greater divergence than the parental species of diploid hybrids found at secondary contact zones; (iii) allotriploid taxa possess two conspecific genomes and a deeply diverged allospecific one, suggesting that genomic imbalance and divergence are causal for their partly clonal reproductive mode; (iv) maternal versus paternal genome contributions exhibit asymmetry, with the maternal nuclear (and mitochondrial) genome of polyploids always coming from the same clade, and the paternal genome from the other. We compare our findings with similar patterns in diploid/polyploid vertebrates, and suggest deep ancestral divergence as a precondition for successful allopolyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Betto-Colliard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Hofmann
- Department of Conservation Biology, UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Sermier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Grenat P, Salas N, Pollo F, Otero M, Baraquet M, Sinsch U, Martino A. Naturally occurring triploids in contact zones between diploid/tetraploid Odontophrynus cordobae and O. americanus (Anura, Odontophrynidae). AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidization plays an important role in speciation and evolution in anurans. However, a few stable triploid populations and some isolated triploid individuals have been reported. Here, we report the discovery of naturally occurring triploids in contact zones between diploidOdontophrynus cordobaeand tetraploidO. americanusfrom Central Argentina, and propose values of erythrocyte area for the distinction of ploidy levels. A total of 101 individuals from three contact zones were studied and ploidy of each specimen was identified by mean chromosome count and erythrocyte size. Twenty three adult triploid specimens (males: ; females: ) from two contact sites were identified (percentage of individuals per ploidy level: site S2, %, %, %; site S3: %, %, %). The limit values of erythrocyte nuclear area used to distinguish between different ploidy levels were 23.62 μm2(probability to be assigned to a respective ploidy level = 94.78%) for separating diploids and triploids and 27.67 μm2(98.62%) for triploids and tetraploids. The high number of adult triploids occurring in more than one contact site betweenO. cordobaeandO. americanusindicates that is not an isolated event. However, further studies are necessary to provide a hypothesis on the origin and evaluate the possible maintenance of triploids in syntopy withO. cordobaeandO. americanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Grenat
- Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N° 36 – km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Argentina
- CONICET
| | - Nancy Salas
- Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N° 36 – km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Favio Pollo
- Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N° 36 – km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Argentina
- CONICET
| | - Manuel Otero
- Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N° 36 – km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Argentina
- CONICET
| | - Mariana Baraquet
- Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N° 36 – km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Argentina
- CONICET
| | - Ulrich Sinsch
- Department of Biology, Zoology Group, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Adolfo Martino
- Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N° 36 – km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Argentina
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11
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Mezzasalma M, Andreone F, Aprea G, Glaw F, Odierna G, Guarino FM. When can chromosomes drive speciation? The peculiar case of the Malagasy tomato frogs (genus Dyscophus). ZOOL ANZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Hoffmann A, Plötner J, Pruvost NBM, Christiansen DG, Röthlisberger S, Choleva L, Mikulíček P, Cogălniceanu D, Sas-Kovács I, Shabanov D, Morozov-Leonov S, Reyer HU. Genetic diversity and distribution patterns of diploid and polyploid hybrid water frog populations (Pelophylax esculentus complex) across Europe. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4371-91. [PMID: 26308154 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidization is a rare yet sometimes successful way for animals to rapidly create geno- and phenotypes that may colonize new habitats and quickly adapt to environmental changes. In this study, we use water frogs of the Pelophylax esculentus complex, comprising two species (Pelophylax lessonae, genotype LL; Pelophylax ridibundus, RR) and various diploid (LR) and triploid (LLR, LRR) hybrid forms, summarized as P. esculentus, as a model for studying recent hybridization and polyploidization in the context of speciation. Specifically, we compared the geographic distribution and genetic diversity of diploid and triploid hybrids across Europe to understand their origin, maintenance and potential role in hybrid speciation. We found that different hybrid and parental genotypes are not evenly distributed across Europe. Rather, their genetic diversity is structured by latitude and longitude and the presence/absence of parental species but not of triploids. Highest genetic diversity was observed in central and eastern Europe, the lowest in the northwestern parts of Europe. This gradient can be explained by the decrease in genetic diversity during postglacial expansion from southeastern glacial refuge areas. Genealogical relationships calculated on the basis of microsatellite data clearly indicate that hybrids are of multiple origin and include a huge variety of parental genomes. Water frogs in mixed-ploidy populations without any parental species (i.e. all-hybrid populations) can be viewed as evolutionary units that may be on their way towards hybrid speciation. Maintenance of such all-hybrid populations requires a continuous exchange of genomes between diploids and triploids, but scenarios for alternative evolutionary trajectories are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hoffmann
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Plötner
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Nicolas B M Pruvost
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Ditte G Christiansen
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Röthlisberger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Lukáš Choleva
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, AS CR, v.v.i., Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Ostrava, 710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mikulíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B-1, Bratislava, SK-84215, Slovak Republic
| | - Dan Cogălniceanu
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agricultural Sciences, University Ovidius Constanţa, Al. Universităţii 1, corp B, Constanţa, Romania
| | - István Sas-Kovács
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oradea, Universitatii str. 1, Oradea, 410087, Romania
| | - Dmitry Shabanov
- Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq 4, Kharkiv, 62077, Ukraine
| | - Svyatoslav Morozov-Leonov
- Department of Evolutionary Genetic Basics of Systematics, Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, B. Khmelnitskogo st., 15 Kyiv-30, Kyiv, MSP UA-01601, Ukraine
| | - Heinz-Ulrich Reyer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
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Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of the known extant genuine polyploid anuran and urodelan species, as well as spontaneously originated and/or experimentally produced amphibian polyploids. The mechanisms by which polyploids can originate, the meiotic pairing configurations, the diploidization processes operating in polyploid genomes, the phenomenon of hybridogenesis, and the relationship between polyploidization and sex chromosome evolution are discussed. The polyploid systems in some important amphibian taxa are described in more detail.
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Betto-Colliard C, Sermier R, Litvinchuk S, Perrin N, Stöck M. Origin and genome evolution of polyploid green toads in Central Asia: evidence from microsatellite markers. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 114:300-8. [PMID: 25370211 PMCID: PMC4815583 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization, which is expected to trigger major genomic reorganizations, occurs much less commonly in animals than in plants, possibly because of constraints imposed by sex-determination systems. We investigated the origins and consequences of allopolyploidization in Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) from Central Asia, with three ploidy levels and different modes of genome transmission (sexual versus clonal), to (i) establish a topology for the reticulate phylogeny in a species-rich radiation involving several closely related lineages and (ii) explore processes of genomic reorganization that may follow polyploidization. Sibship analyses based on 30 cross-amplifying microsatellite markers substantiated the maternal origins and revealed the paternal origins and relationships of subgenomes in allopolyploids. Analyses of the synteny of linkage groups identified three markers affected by translocation events, which occurred only within the paternally inherited subgenomes of allopolyploid toads and exclusively affected the linkage group that determines sex in several diploid species of the green toad radiation. Recombination rates did not differ between diploid and polyploid toad species, and were overall much reduced in males, independent of linkage group and ploidy levels. Clonally transmitted subgenomes in allotriploid toads provided support for strong genetic drift, presumably resulting from recombination arrest. The Palearctic green toad radiation seems to offer unique opportunities to investigate the consequences of polyploidization and clonal transmission on the dynamics of genomes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Betto-Colliard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Sermier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Litvinchuk
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - N Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
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15
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Discovery of triploidy in Palearctic green toads (Anura: Bufonidae) from Iran with indications for a reproductive system involving diploids and triploids. ZOOL ANZ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Dufresne F, Stift M, Vergilino R, Mable BK. Recent progress and challenges in population genetics of polyploid organisms: an overview of current state-of-the-art molecular and statistical tools. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:40-69. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- France Dufresne
- Département de Biologie; Université du Québec à Rimouski; Québec QC Canada G5L 3A1
| | - Marc Stift
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz D 78457 Germany
| | - Roland Vergilino
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Barbara K. Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity; Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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17
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Degani G, Goldberg T, Gasith A, Elron E, Nevo E. DNA variations of the green toad Pseudepidalea viridis (syn. Bufo viridis) from various habitats. Zool Stud 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/1810-522x-52-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Bogart JP, Bi K. Genetic and genomic interactions of animals with different ploidy levels. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:117-36. [PMID: 23751376 DOI: 10.1159/000351593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid animals have independently evolved from diploids in diverse taxa across the tree of life. We review a few polyploid animal species or biotypes where recently developed molecular and cytogenetic methods have significantly improved our understanding of their genetics, reproduction and evolution. Mitochondrial sequences that target the maternal ancestor of a polyploid show that polyploids may have single (e.g. unisexual salamanders in the genus Ambystoma) or multiple (e.g. parthenogenetic polyploid lizards in the genus Aspidoscelis) origins. Microsatellites are nuclear markers that can be used to analyze genetic recombinations, reproductive modes (e.g. Ambystoma) and recombination events (e.g. polyploid frogs such as Pelophylax esculentus). Hom(e)ologous chromosomes and rare intergenomic exchanges in allopolyploids have been distinguished by applying genome-specific fluorescent probes to chromosome spreads. Polyploids arise, and are maintained, through perturbations of the 'normal' meiotic program that would include pre-meiotic chromosome replication and genomic integrity of homologs. When possible, asexual, unisexual and bisexual polyploid species or biotypes interact with diploid relatives, and genes are passed from diploid to polyploid gene pools, which increase genetic diversity and ultimately evolutionary flexibility in the polyploid. When diploid relatives do not exist, polyploids can interact with another polyploid (e.g. species of African Clawed Frogs in the genus Xenopus). Some polyploid fish (e.g. salmonids) and frogs (Xenopus) represent independent lineages whose ancestors experienced whole genome duplication events. Some tetraploid frogs (P. esculentus) and fish (Squaliusalburnoides) may be in the process of becoming independent species, but diploid and triploid forms of these 'species' continue to genetically interact with the comparatively few tetraploid populations. Genetic and genomic interaction between polyploids and diploids is a complex and dynamic process that likely plays a crucial role for the evolution and persistence of polyploid animals. See also other articles in this themed issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Bogart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada. jbogart @ uoguelph.ca
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19
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Dedukh D, Mazepa G, Shabanov D, Rosanov J, Litvinchuk S, Borkin L, Saifitdinova A, Krasikova A. Cytological maps of lampbrush chromosomes of European water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) from the Eastern Ukraine. BMC Genet 2013; 14:26. [PMID: 23590698 PMCID: PMC3648425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hybridogenesis (hemiclonal inheritance) is a kind of clonal reproduction in which hybrids between parental species are reproduced by crossing with one of the parental species. European water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) represent an appropriate model for studying interspecies hybridization, processes of hemiclonal inheritance and polyploidization. P. esculentus complex consists of two parental species, P. ridibundus (the lake frog) and P. lessonae (the pool frog), and their hybridogenetic hybrid – P. esculentus (the edible frog). Parental and hybrid frogs can reproduce syntopically and form hemiclonal population systems. For studying mechanisms underlying the maintenance of water frog population systems it is required to characterize the karyotypes transmitted in gametes of parental and different hybrid animals of both sexes. Results In order to obtain an instrument for characterization of oocyte karyotypes in hybrid female frogs, we constructed cytological maps of lampbrush chromosomes from oocytes of both parental species originating in Eastern Ukraine. We further identified certain molecular components of chromosomal marker structures and mapped coilin-rich spheres and granules, chromosome associated nucleoli and special loops accumulating splicing factors. We recorded the dissimilarities between P. ridibundus and P. lessonae lampbrush chromosomes in the length of orthologous chromosomes, number and location of marker structures and interstitial (TTAGGG)n-repeat sites as well as activity of nucleolus organizer. Satellite repeat RrS1 was mapped in centromere regions of lampbrush chromosomes of the both species. Additionally, we discovered transcripts of RrS1 repeat in oocytes of P. ridibundus and P. lessonae. Moreover, G-rich transcripts of telomere repeat were revealed in association with terminal regions of P. ridibundus and P. lessonae lampbrush chromosomes. Conclusions The constructed cytological maps of lampbrush chromosomes of P. ridibundus and P. lessonae provide basis to define the type of genome transmitted within individual oocytes of P. esculentus females with different ploidy and from various population systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Dedukh
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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20
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Qing L, Xia Y, Zheng Y, Zeng X. FISH of 5S rDNA and telomeric (TTAGGG) n repeats in normal and translocated populations of the frog Quasipaa boulengeri (Anura, Ranidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Pruvost NBM, Hollinger D, Reyer H. Genotype‐temperature interactions on larval performance shape population structure in hybridogenetic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentuscomplex). Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas B. M. Pruvost
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hollinger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Heinz‐Ulrich Reyer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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22
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Stöck M, Savary R, Betto-Colliard C, Biollay S, Jourdan-Pineau H, Perrin N. Low rates of X-Y recombination, not turnovers, account for homomorphic sex chromosomes in several diploid species of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis
subgroup). J Evol Biol 2013; 26:674-82. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Stöck
- Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE); University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB); Müggelseedamm 310 Berlin Germany
| | - R. Savary
- Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE); University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - C. Betto-Colliard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE); University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - S. Biollay
- Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE); University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - H. Jourdan-Pineau
- Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE); University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - N. Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE); University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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23
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Collares-Pereira M, Matos I, Morgado-Santos M, Coelho M. Natural Pathways towards Polyploidy in Animals: TheSqualius alburnoidesFish Complex as a Model System to Study Genome Size and Genome Reorganization in Polyploids. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:97-116. [DOI: 10.1159/000351729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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GUIGNARD MAÏTÉ, BÜCHI LUCIE, GÉTAZ MICHAEL, BETTO-COLLIARD CAROLINE, STÖCK MATTHIAS. Genome size rather than content might affect call properties in toads of three ploidy levels (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo viridis subgroup). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Stöck M, Ustinova J, Betto-Colliard C, Schartl M, Moritz C, Perrin N. Simultaneous Mendelian and clonal genome transmission in a sexually reproducing, all-triploid vertebrate. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1293-9. [PMID: 21993502 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis in triploids faces the seemingly insuperable difficulty of dividing an odd number of chromosome sets by two. Triploid vertebrates usually circumvent this problem through either asexuality or some forms of hybridogenesis, including meiotic hybridogenesis that involve a reproductive community of different ploidy levels and genome composition. Batura toads (Bufo baturae; 3n = 33 chromosomes), however, present an all-triploid sexual reproduction. This hybrid species has two genome copies carrying a nucleolus-organizing region (NOR+) on chromosome 6, and a third copy without it (NOR-). Males only produce haploid NOR+ sperm, while ova are diploid, containing one NOR+ and one NOR- set. Here, we conduct sibship analyses with co-dominant microsatellite markers so as (i) to confirm the purely clonal and maternal transmission of the NOR- set, and (ii) to demonstrate Mendelian segregation and recombination of the NOR+ sets in both sexes. This new reproductive mode in vertebrates ('pre-equalizing hybrid meiosis') offers an ideal opportunity to study the evolution of non-recombining genomes. Elucidating the mechanisms that allow simultaneous transmission of two genomes, one of Mendelian, the other of clonal inheritance, might shed light on the general processes that regulate meiosis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Mable BK, Alexandrou MA, Taylor MI. Genome duplication in amphibians and fish: an extended synthesis. J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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STÖCK M, CROLL D, DUMAS Z, BIOLLAY S, WANG J, PERRIN N. A cryptic heterogametic transition revealed by sex-linked DNA markers in Palearctic green toads. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1064-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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28
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Litvinchuk SN, Mazepa GO, Pasynkova RA, Saidov A, Satorov T, Chikin YA, Shabanov DA, Crottini A, Borkin LJ, Rosanov JM, Stöck M. Influence of environmental conditions on the distribution of Central Asian green toads with three ploidy levels. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Stöck M, Ustinova J, Lamatsch DK, Schartl M, Perrin N, Moritz C. A VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INVOLVING THREE PLOIDY LEVELS: HYBRID ORIGIN OF TRIPLOIDS IN A CONTACT ZONE OF DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID PALEARCTIC GREEN TOADS (BUFO VIRIDIS SUBGROUP)*. Evolution 2009; 64:944-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Christiansen DG, Reyer HU. FROM CLONAL TO SEXUAL HYBRIDS: GENETIC RECOMBINATION VIA TRIPLOIDS IN ALL-HYBRID POPULATIONS OF WATER FROGS. Evolution 2009; 63:1754-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Phylogeography of a widespread terrestrial vertebrate in a barely-studied Palearctic region: green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) indicate glacial refugia in Eastern Central Asia. Genetica 2008; 134:353-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Odierna G, Aprea G, Capriglione T, Castellano S, Balletto E. Cytological evidence for population-specific sex chromosome heteromorphism in Palaearctic green toads (Amphibia, Anura). J Biosci 2007; 32:763-8. [PMID: 17762149 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-007-0076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A chromosome study was carried out on a number of European and Central Asiatic diploid green toad populations by means of standard and various other chromosome banding and staining methods (Ag-NOR-, Q-, CMA3-, late replicating [LR] banding pattern, C-and sequential C-banding + CMA3 + DAPI). This study revealed the remarkable karyological uniformity of specimens from all populations, with the only exception being specimens from a Moldavian population, where one chromosome pair was heteromorphic. Though similar in shape, size and with an identical heterochromatin distribution,the difference in the heteromorphic pair was due to a large inverted segment on its long arms. This heteromorphism was restricted to females, suggesting a female heterogametic sex chromosome system of ZZ/ZW type at a very early step of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Odierna
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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33
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Stöck M, Moritz C, Hickerson M, Frynta D, Dujsebayeva T, Eremchenko V, Macey JR, Papenfuss TJ, Wake DB. Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 41:663-89. [PMID: 16919484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Taxa involving three bisexually reproducing ploidy levels make green toads a unique amphibian system. We put a cytogenetic dataset from Central Asia in a molecular framework and apply phylogenetic and demographic methods to data from the entire Palearctic range. We study the mitochondrial relationships of diploids to infer their phylogeography and the maternal ancestry of polyploids. Control regions (and tRNAs between ND1 and ND2 in representatives) characterize a deeply branched assemblage of twelve haplotype groups, diverged since the Lower Miocene. Polyploidy has evolved several times: Central Asian tetraploids (B. oblongus, B. pewzowi) have at least two maternal origins. Intriguingly, the mitochondrial ancestor of morphologically distinctive, sexually reproducing triploid taxa (B. pseudoraddei) from Karakoram and Hindukush represents a different lineage. We report another potential case of bisexual triploid toads (B. zugmayeri). Identical d-loops in diploids and tetraploids from Iran and Turkmenistan, which differ in morphology, karyotypes and calls, suggest multiple origins and retained polymorphism and/or hybridization. A similar system involves diploids, triploids and tetraploids from Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan where green toads exemplify vertebrate genomic plasticity. A new form from Sicily and its African sister species (B. boulengeri) allow internal calibration and divergence time estimates for major clades. The subgroup may have originated in Eurasia rather than Africa since the earliest diverged lineages (B. latastii, B. surdus) and earliest fossils occur in Asia. We delineate ranges, contact and hybrid zones. Phylogeography, including one of the first non-avian datasets from Central Asian high mountains, reflects Quaternary climate and glaciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ), University of California-Berkeley, 3101 Valley of Life Sciences Building #3160, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA.
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34
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Barthelemy R, . FP, . JV, . JC, . EF. Evolutionary History of the Chaetognaths Inferred from Actin and 18S-28S rRNA Paralogous Genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2006.284.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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