1
|
Goings TC, Salas-Wright CP, Legette K, Belgrave FZ, Vaughn MG. Far from a monolith: a typology of externalizing behavior among African American youth. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:111-125. [PMID: 34379168 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have examined externalizing behaviors among African American youth using variable-centered approaches that study aggression and delinquency separately. However, aggression and delinquency often operate together in shaping adolescent behavior. For this reason, person-centered approaches are essential for identifying subgroups of African American youth using multiple indicators of aggression and delinquency to model the behavioral heterogeneity within this population. We examined the relationship between interpersonal, school, and parenting factors and externalizing behaviors among African American youth. METHOD Drawing from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2015-2018, we conducted latent class analysis based on 5 externalizing behavior indicator variables (i.e., serious fight, attack to harm, stealing, drug selling, handgun carrying) using a sample of 7,236 African American adolescents, aged 12-17. RESULTS We identified a three class solution: Class #1-No Involvement (74.4%), characterized by very low levels of involvement in all of the externalizing behaviors examined; Class #2-Serious fight (23.3%), which is characterized by near-universal involvement in a serious fight, far lower levels of attack to harm, and negligible levels of stealing, drug selling, and handgun caring; and Class #3-Multidimensional externalizing (2.3%), characterized by very high levels of involvement in all of the externalizing variables examined. CONCLUSION Most African American youth are not involved in externalizing behaviors. It is vital to support both the large majority of African-American youth who are abstaining from externalizing behaviors and to develop/implement programs to address the contextual and interpersonal needs of youth at elevated risk for consequences related to externalizing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trenette Clark Goings
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 325 Pittsboro St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | | | - Kamilah Legette
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 E. Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Faye Z Belgrave
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 820 W. Franklin St, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- Division of Prevention Science and Community Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Merrin GJ, Leadbeater BJ, Sturgess CMB, Ames ME, Thompson K. Predictors of Early-Onset Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risks for Substance Use Disorder Symptoms in Young Adulthood. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00220426211049356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of risks for substance use disorders is essential to lifelong health and well-being for some youth. Very early-onset use is proposed as an indicator of risk for substance use disorders, but risk and protective factors related to early-onset use have not been identified. The current study compared risk and protective factors that distinguish early- and late-onset cannabis users from abstainers using data collected from a large community sample. The study also examined onset-group differences in participants’ reports of substance use disorder symptoms a decade later. Heavy episodic drinking (early-onset: OR = 7.29 CI = [1.60, 33.19]) and engagement with peers involved in deviant behaviors (early-onset: OR = 2.50 CI = [1.50, 4.13]) are risk factors for early-onset cannabis use. Protective factors, including parent monitoring (early-onset: OR = 0.73 CI = [0.58, 0.93]), engagement with peers involved in positive behaviors (early-onset: OR = 0.54 CI = [0.39, 0.76]), school engagement (early-onset: OR = 0.83 CI = [0.72, 0.96]), and academic grades (early-onset: OR = 0.37 CI = [0.21, 0.65]) also predicted early versus later onset-group differences. Early age of onset may be distinctly related to risk and protective factors previously associated with risks for substance use in all adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J. Merrin
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Syracuse University, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Megan E. Ames
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kara Thompson
- Department of Psychology, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reyes HLM, Foshee VA, Gottfredson NC, Ennett ST, Chen MS. Codevelopment of Delinquency, Alcohol Use, and Aggression Toward Peers and Dates: Multitrajectory Patterns and Predictors. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:1025-1038. [PMID: 32918776 PMCID: PMC7774244 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize developmental patterns of involvement in alcohol use, delinquency, and interpersonal aggression in a normative sample of adolescents by applying multitrajectory group-based modeling. Using seven waves of data from a cohort sequential study spanning the 6th to 12th grades (n = 2,825; 50% girls), we identified four distinct trajectory groups: low risk (33%), declining peer aggressors (44%), peer and dating aggressors (13%), and multidomain high risk (10%). Across all comparisons, girls were more likely than boys to be members of the peer and dating aggressor group and less likely to be members of the multidomain high-risk group. Moreover, individual (self-control, negative emotionality), family (family violence, parental monitoring), and peer (substance use norms) distinguished class membership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Vangie Ann Foshee
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nisha C. Gottfredson
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Susan T. Ennett
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - May S. Chen
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scheier LM, Griffin KW. Youth marijuana use: a review of causes and consequences. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 38:11-18. [PMID: 32653770 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The legalization of medical and recreational marijuana has raised concerns about a potential increase in the availability and illegal use of marijuana by adolescent minors. To better understand the etiology, patterns, and consequences of adolescent marijuana use, this article reviews high quality, methodologically rigorous, longitudinal studies that focus on the role of personality factors such as sensation-seeking in the etiology of use, developmental trajectories of use and the effects of chronic use, potential gateway effects of marijuana on other illicit drugs, and its role in the onset of psychiatric disorders in adolescents and young adults. Implications are discussed in terms of mechanisms that account for initial and continued use of marijuana by adolescents, how use is associated with key developmental milestones and adult role socialization, and the potential of marijuana use during adolescence in furthering later drug involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Scheier
- LARS Research Institute, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA; Prevention Strategies, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Griffin
- George Mason University, Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health & Human Services, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soares FRR, Farias BRFD, Monteiro ARM. Consumption of alcohol and drugs and school absenteeism among high school students of public schools. Rev Bras Enferm 2019; 72:1692-1698. [PMID: 31644762 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relation between the consumption of alcohol and other drugs and school absenteeism in high school students of public schools in the 30 days prior to data collection. METHOD Cross-sectional study of quantitative character conducted from May to September 2017, with 282 high school students of public schools of Mossoró-RN. We used a closed questionnaire with questions about drug consumption as our instrument of analysis. We performed hierarchical binary logistic regression by using the SPSS 20.0. RESULTS In bivariate analysis, the relation between absenteeism and drug consumption patterns proved to be significant to those who engage in heavy episodic drinking of alcohol and in the use of tobacco, inhalants and marijuana. The adjusted regression model only included the variables tobacco and heavy episodic drinking of alcohol. CONCLUSION The hierarchical binary logistic regression analysis corroborated with absenteeism outcomes, explaining it in 12.3% of cases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cross-domain correlates of cannabis use disorder severity among young adults. Addict Behav 2019; 93:212-218. [PMID: 30753972 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correlates of cannabis use and dependence among young adults have been widely studied. However, it is not known which factors are most strongly associated with severity of cannabis use dependence (CUD) severity. Identification of the salient correlates of CUD severity will be of increasing clinical significance as use becomes more socially normative. METHODS This study used a data-driven, hypothesis-free approach to examine the most robust correlates of CUD severity among a sample of 76 young adults (ages 18 to 25 years) who used cannabis at least weekly. Seventy-one candidate variables were examined for association with CUD severity. These included demographic variables, self-reported and psychodiagnostic assessments of mood and anxiety, self-reported measures of personality, cannabis and other substance use characteristics, and objective and subjective measures of cognition. RESULTS Of the 71 candidate variables considered, 27 were associated with CUD severity on a univariate level at a p-value ≤.20. Correlates of CUD severity in the multivariable model using stepwise selection were: more frequent cannabis use in the past 90 days, greater expectancies that cannabis causes cognitive and behavioral impairment, greater self-reported metacognitive deficits, greater anxiety, and lower reaction time variability on a test of sustained attention. Internal validation tests support high prediction accuracy of all variables in the multivariable model, except for lower reaction time variability. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use frequency, beliefs about use, perceived cognitive abilities, and anxiety are robustly associated with CUD severity in young adult, regular cannabis users, and may be important in guiding prevention and treatment efforts.
Collapse
|
7
|
Padmanabhanunni A. An examination of the psychometric properties and dimensionality of the Aggression-Problem Behavior Frequency Scale in a sample of Black South African adolescents. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246318824517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Advancing research into aggressive behaviour in South Africa necessitates a range of suitable measuring instruments. The Aggression-Problem Behavior Frequency Scale is one such instrument that has been extensively used in diverse settings. The authors of the Aggression-Problem Behavior Frequency Scale present it as a multidimensional scale that purports to measure physical, non-physical, and relational aggression. Despite the widespread use of the scale as a three-factor scale, the psychometric properties, specifically the factor structure of the instrument, have not been examined either globally or in South Africa. This article reports on the reliability, factor structure, and dimensionality of the Aggression-Problem Behavior Frequency Scale among a sample of Black South African adolescents. The scale demonstrated a high level of reliability both in terms of coefficient alpha and coefficient omega. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a second-order factor model and a bifactor model demonstrated a better fit than a one-factor model. Despite the superiority of fit of the two models, bifactor indices demonstrated that the Aggression-Problem Behavior Frequency Scale is essentially unidimensional. First, Omega Hierarchical Subscale indicated a significant reduction in the reliability of the subscales after partitioning out the variance attributable to the general factor (total aggression). Second, the percentage of common variance explained by the total scale was 75% with only 25% attributable to the three subscales. While the findings of the study tentatively confirmed the suitability of the Aggression-Problem Behavior Frequency Scale for use in South Africa, the results indicate that there is no empirical basis for the use of subscale scores and that the Aggression-Problem Behavior Frequency Scale is essentially unidimensional.
Collapse
|
8
|
Arsenault CE, Fisher S, Stevens-Watkins D, Barnes-Najor J. The Indirect Effect of Ethnic Identity on Marijuana Use Through School Engagement: An African American High School Sample. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:1444-1453. [PMID: 29336671 PMCID: PMC6033642 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1412464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American marijuana use is associated with many negative social, emotional, and health-related consequences. Of significance, over recent years this population has shown an increase in use. In the literature, ethnic identity and school engagement are prominent protective factors against substance use. OBJECTIVE This study will examine how these protective factors are related, specifically whether ethnic identity mitigates risk through school engagement to reduce marijuana use. METHOD A path analysis was conducted with 437 African American high school students (41% male) from Midwestern schools to examine the role of school engagement in the relationship between ethnic identity and marijuana use. RESULTS The results revealed that students high in ethnic identity have higher school engagement, which lessens their frequency of marijuana use. Therefore, ethnic identity reduces marijuana use by increasing student's school engagement. Conclusions/Importance: The results offer a clearer picture of how ethnic identity and school engagement protect against marijuana use. The results also present insight into how to protect students who are low in ethnic identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Arsenault
- a Department of Educational , School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Sycarah Fisher
- a Department of Educational , School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Danelle Stevens-Watkins
- a Department of Educational , School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Jessica Barnes-Najor
- b Department of Community Evaluation and Research Collaborative , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farrell AD, Goncy EA, Sullivan TN, Thompson EL. Victimization, Aggression, and Other Problem Behaviors: Trajectories of Change Within and Across Middle School Grades. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2018; 28:438-455. [PMID: 28971556 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined trajectories of victimization and problem behaviors within and across three grades of middle school. Participants were 2,166 adolescents from three urban middle schools in the United States who completed measures of victimization, physical and relational aggression, substance use, and delinquent behavior. Latent curve analyses modeled changes in each construct across 12 waves collected every 3 months. In each case, the best-fitting model required separate linear slopes to represent changes within each grade and a factor representing decreases in the summers. Positive cross-construct correlations were found for intercepts, linear slopes, and measures within waves. The findings suggest strong associations among victimization and problem behaviors, and individual differences in their patterns of change both within and across grades.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wojciechowski T. Development of Marijuana Use Among Juvenile Offenders and Its Relevance for Predicting Problematic Binge Drinking: A Dual Trajectory Analysis Approach. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042618762730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study builds on past research to examine the association of engagement in consistently high binge drinking behavior in adolescence with the concurrent development of marijuana use and to better understand the development of marijuana use during adolescence among a sample of juvenile offenders. This research used group-based trajectory analysis to examine heterogeneity in the development of marijuana use and dual trajectory analysis to examine the relevance of trajectories for predicting concurrent problematic binge drinking. A seven-group model best fit the marijuana use data. Marijuana use in adolescence predicted increased odds of assignment to the heavy chronic binge drinking group. The heavy chronic marijuana use group was overwhelmingly the best predictor of assignment to this group. Juvenile offenders are at risk of engagement in marijuana use and problematic levels of marijuana use. Engagement in marijuana use predicts higher odds of problematic binge drinking behavior during adolescence.
Collapse
|
11
|
Orpinas P, Raczynski K, Hsieh HL, Nahapetyan L, Horne AM. Longitudinal Examination of Aggression and Study Skills From Middle to High School: Implications for Dropout Prevention. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2018; 88:246-252. [PMID: 29399843 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High school completion provides health and economic benefits. The purpose of this study is to describe dropout rates based on longitudinal trajectories of aggression and study skills using teacher ratings. METHODS The sample consisted of 620 randomly selected sixth graders. Every year from Grade 6 to 12, a teacher completed a nationally normed behavioral rating scale. We used latent class mixture modeling to identify the trajectories. RESULTS Participants followed 3 trajectories of aggression (Low, Medium Desisting, and High Desisting) and 5 trajectories of study skills (Low, Average-Low, Decreasing, Increasing, and High). Over three-quarters of the sample were in stable trajectories of study skills over time. Most students in the High Desisting Aggression group were in the Low Study Skills group, and all students in the High Study Skills group were in the Low Aggression group. The overall dropout rate was 17%, but varied dramatically across combined aggression and study skills groups, ranging from 2% to 50%. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of early prevention that combines academic enhancement and behavioral management for reducing school dropout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Orpinas
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, Wright Hall-Health Sciences Campus, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Katherine Raczynski
- Safe and Welcoming Schools, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Hsien-Lin Hsieh
- Center for Clinical and Outcomes Research, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, 3495 Piedmont Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30305
| | - Lusine Nahapetyan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106
| | - Arthur M Horne
- College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Patte KA, Qian W, Leatherdale ST. Marijuana and Alcohol Use as Predictors of Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Analysis Among Youth in the COMPASS Study. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2017; 87:310-318. [PMID: 28382670 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested the effect of initiating marijuana and alcohol use at varying frequencies on academic indices. METHODS In a sample of 26,475 grade 9-12 students with at least 2 years of linked longitudinal data from year 1 (Y1: 2012-2013), year 2 (Y2: 2013-2014), and year 3 (Y3: 2014-2015) of the COMPASS study, separate multinomial generalized estimating equations models tested the likelihood of responses to measures of academic goals, engagement, preparedness, and performance when shifting from never using alcohol or marijuana at baseline to using them at varying frequencies at follow -up. RESULTS Students who began using alcohol or marijuana were less likely to attend class regularly, complete their homework, achieve high marks, and value good grades, relative to their abstaining peers. Changing from abstaining to rare/sporadic-to-weekly drinking or rare/sporadic marijuana use predicted aspirations to continue to all levels of higher education, and initiating weekly marijuana use increased the likelihood of college ambitions, while more regular marijuana use reduced the likelihood of wanting to pursue graduate/professional degrees, over high school. CONCLUSIONS The importance of delaying or preventing substance use is evident in associations with student performance and engagement. The influence on academic goals varied by substance and frequency of initiated use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Patte
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, LHS 1628, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wei Qian
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, LHS 1618C, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, LHS 1617, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maccarrone M, Maldonado R, Casas M, Henze T, Centonze D. Cannabinoids therapeutic use: what is our current understanding following the introduction of THC, THC:CBD oromucosal spray and others? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:443-455. [PMID: 28276775 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1292849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The complexity of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is becoming better understood and new drivers of eCB signaling are emerging. Modulation of the activities of the eCB system can be therapeutic in a number of diseases. Research into the eCB system has been paralleled by the development of agents that interact with cannabinoid receptors. In this regard it should be remembered that herbal cannabis contains a myriad of active ingredients, and the individual cannabinoids have quite distinct biological activities requiring independent studies. Areas covered: This article reviews the most important current data involving the eCB system in relation to human diseases, to reflect the present (based mainly on the most used prescription cannabinoid medicine, THC/CBD oromucosal spray) and potential future uses of cannabinoid-based therapy. Expert commentary: From the different therapeutic possibilities, THC/CBD oromucosal spray has been in clinical use for approximately five years in numerous countries world-wide for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS)-related moderate to severe resistant spasticity. Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy and tolerability. Other diseases in which different cannabinoids are currently being investigated include various pain states, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and epilepsy. The continued characterization of individual cannabinoids in different diseases remains important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- a Department of Medicine , Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,b Laboratory of Lipid Neurochemistry, European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome , Italy
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- c Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (CEXS), Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida , Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Miguel Casas
- d Servicio de Psiquiatría , Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain.,e Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,f CIBERSAM , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Thomas Henze
- g Passauer Wolf Reha-Zentrum Nittenau , Nittenau , Germany
| | - Diego Centonze
- h Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Center, Tor Vergata University, Rome & Unit of Neurology , IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed , Pozzilli , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Orpinas P, Nahapetyan L, Truszczynski N. Low and Increasing Trajectories of Perpetration of Physical Dating Violence: 7-Year Associations with Suicidal Ideation, Weapons, and Substance Use. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:970-981. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Emerging Scholar Best Article Award, 2016. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:2497-2498. [PMID: 27714579 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
16
|
D’Amico EJ, Tucker JS, Miles JN, Ewing BA, Shih RA, Pedersen ER. Alcohol and marijuana use trajectories in a diverse longitudinal sample of adolescents: examining use patterns from age 11 to 17 years. Addiction 2016; 111:1825-35. [PMID: 27130360 PMCID: PMC5016216 DOI: 10.1111/add.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested race/ethnic differences in alcohol and marijuana (AM) trajectories (comprising an intercept term, reflecting overall probability of use, and a slope term, reflecting change in probability of use) during adolescence, whether AM use trajectories predicted high school outcomes, and whether outcomes differed by race/ethnicity after controlling for trajectory of AM use. DESIGN This longitudinal study involved 6509 youth from 16 middle schools in Southern California surveyed from age 11.5 (2008) to age 17 (2015) years; all surveys assessed AM use, and the final survey also examined high school outcomes. SETTING Youth completed five surveys in middle school and two on-line surveys in high school. PARTICIPANTS The sample was 50% male and 80% non-white. MEASUREMENTS Intercept (at 2.75 years post-baseline) and slope of AM use were examined as outcomes for race/ethnic differences. AM use trajectories were examined as predictors of academic performance and unpreparedness, social functioning, mental and physical health and delinquency. FINDINGS We found differences in trajectories of use by race/ethnicity, with white youth reporting a higher overall intercept of alcohol use compared to all other groups (versus Asian P < 0.001, black P = 0.001, multi-ethnic P = 0.008). Overall, examination of trajectories of use showed that adolescents with a higher alcohol use intercept term reported greater academic unpreparedness (P < 0.001) and delinquency (P < 0.001) at wave 7 in high school. In addition, youth with a higher intercept for marijuana use reported greater academic unpreparedness (P < 0.001) and delinquency (P < 0.001), and poorer academic performance (P = 0.032) and mental health (P = 0.002) in high school. At wave 7, compared to white youth, Hispanic and multi-ethnic youth reported poorer academic performance (P < 0.001 and P = 0.034, respectively); Asian, black and Hispanic youth reported higher academic unpreparedness (P < 0.001, P = 0.019, and P = 0.001); and Asian youth and multi-ethnic youth reported poorer physical health (P = 0.012 and P = 0.018) controlling for AM use. CONCLUSIONS Greater AM use was associated with worse functioning in high school for all youth. After controlling for AM use, non-white youth reported worse outcomes in high school for academics and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Regina A. Shih
- RAND Corporation; 1200 S. Hayes St., Arlington, VA 22202
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bilsky SA, Feldner MT, Knapp AA, Babson KA, Leen-Feldner EW. The interaction between anxiety sensitivity and cigarette smoking level in relation to sleep onset latency among adolescent cigarette smokers. J Adolesc 2016; 51:123-32. [PMID: 27351343 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking during adolescence is linked to a number of sleep disturbances and has been consistently linked to sleep onset latency among adults. However, little research has examined factors that may influence the relation between cigarette smoking level and sleep onset latency among adolescents. One factor that may be particularly important in this regard is anxiety sensitivity (AS). The current study examined whether cigarette smoking level interacted with AS in its association with sleep onset latency among 94 adolescent (Mage = 15.72) cigarette smokers. As hypothesized, AS interacted with smoking level to relate to sleep onset latency, even after controlling for age and gender. This relation was specific to sleep onset latency as opposed to other types of sleep disturbances, and that adolescents who smoked at higher levels tended to go to sleep later and wake up later than adolescents who smoked at relatively lower levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Bilsky
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Matthew T Feldner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ashley A Knapp
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kimberly A Babson
- National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ellen W Leen-Feldner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Up in Smoke: Neighborhood Contexts of Marijuana Use from Adolescence Through Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 45:35-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Rolle IV, Kennedy SM, Agaku I, Jones SE, Bunnell R, Caraballo R, Xu X, Schauer G, McAfee T. Cigarette, Cigar, and Marijuana Use Among High School Students — United States, 1997–2013. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2015; 64:1136-41. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6440a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
20
|
Kennedy SM, Patel RP, Cheh P, Hsia J, Rolle IV. Tobacco and Marijuana Initiation Among African American and White Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18 Suppl 1:S57-64. [PMID: 26391577 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION African American youth use marijuana at similar rates and tobacco at lower rates compared with white youth; however, in adulthood, tobacco use is similar. Tobacco and marijuana use are closely associated; differing initiation patterns may contribute to observed racial differences in tobacco prevalence by age. Therefore, it is important to assess tobacco and marijuana initiation patterns by race. METHODS Data were obtained from 56,555 adults aged 18-25 who completed the 2005-2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The analysis was restricted to those who reported ever use of marijuana and combustible tobacco (cigarettes and/or cigars). Three mutually exclusive categories of initiation patterns were evaluated: use of marijuana before tobacco; marijuana and tobacco at the same age; and tobacco before marijuana. Multivariable regression models were used to assess changes over time and compare these outcomes by race while controlling for sociodemographics, risk perceptions, and current substance use. RESULTS In 2005, 26.6% of African American and 14.3% of white young adults used marijuana before tobacco, compared with 41.5% of African American and 24.0% of white young adults in 2012 (P < .001). Overall, African American young adults had greater odds of using marijuana before tobacco (AOR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.67, 1.91) compared with whites. CONCLUSION African American young adults were more likely than whites to use marijuana before tobacco and both groups were increasingly likely to use marijuana before tobacco over time. A greater understanding of how marijuana initiation interacts with tobacco initiation could inform more effective tobacco and marijuana use prevention efforts. IMPLICATIONS Among ever users of combustible tobacco and marijuana, greater proportions of African American young adults used marijuana before tobacco or at the same age than their white counterparts. Moreover, both African Americans and whites were more likely to use marijuana before tobacco in 2012 compared with 2005. Tobacco control policy may benefit from a broader understanding of the patterns of initiation to tobacco and marijuana use. Some public health interventions aimed at preventing and reducing combustible tobacco use among African American young adults may be strengthened by considering marijuana use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Kennedy
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Atlanta, GA;
| | | | - Paul Cheh
- Strengthening Vulnerable Children and Families Portfolio, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ
| | - Jason Hsia
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Italia V Rolle
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Orpinas P, Lacy B, Nahapetyan L, Dube SR, Song X. Cigarette Smoking Trajectories From Sixth to Twelfth Grade: Associated Substance Use and High School Dropout. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:156-62. [PMID: 25744961 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this longitudinal study was to identify distinct trajectories of cigarette smoking from sixth to twelfth grade and to characterize these trajectories by use of other drugs and high school dropout. METHODS The diverse sample for this analysis consisted of a cohort of 611 students from Northeast Georgia who participated in the Healthy Teens Longitudinal Study (2003-2009). Students completed seven yearly assessments from sixth through twelfth grade. We used semi-parametric, group-based modeling to identify groups of students whose smoking behavior followed a similar progression over time. RESULTS Current smoking (past 30 day) increased from 6.9% among sixth graders to 28.8% among twelfth graders. Four developmental trajectories of cigarette smoking were identified: Abstainers/Sporadic Users (71.5% of the sample), Late Starters (11.3%), Experimenters (9.0%), and Continuous Users (8.2%). The Abstainer/Sporadic User trajectory was composed of two distinct groups: those who never reported any tobacco use (True Abstainers) and those who reported sporadic, low-level use (Sporadic Users). The True Abstainers reported significantly less use of alcohol and other drugs and lower dropout rates than students in all other trajectories, and Sporadic Users had worse outcomes than True Abstainers. Experimenters and Continuous Users reported the highest drug use. Over one-third of Late Starters (35.8%) and almost half of Continuous Users (44.4%) dropped out of high school. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking was associated with behavioral and academic problems. Results support early and continuous interventions to reduce use of tobacco and other drugs and prevent high school dropout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Orpinas
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA;
| | - Beth Lacy
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Lusine Nahapetyan
- Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA
| | - Shanta R Dube
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| |
Collapse
|