LncRNA H19 Regulates P-glycoprotein Expression Through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in the Model of Status Epilepticus

LncRNAs Orchestrating Neuroinflammation: A Comprehensive Review

CNS diseases account for a major part of the comorbidity and mortality of the human population; moreover, neuroinflammation has become an indication for different CNS diseases, for instance, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Microglia and astrocytes are the two main glial cells that can be found in the CNS. Each of these plays an important role in mediating immune responses like inflammation. There are many studies suggesting the role of LncRNAs in mediating neuroinflammation. Indeed, LncRNAs orchestrate neuroinflammation through various mechanisms, namely miRNA sponge, and transcriptional activation/inhibition. In addition, LncRNAs regulate different downstream pathways like NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT. In this study, we gathered the existing studies regarding the mechanisms of action of LncRNAs in the pathogenesis of different CNS diseases like neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries through regulating neuroinflammation. We aim to elaborate on the regulatory roles of LncRNAs in neuroinflammation and bring a more profound understanding of the etiology of CNS diseases in terms of neuroinflammation.

Fucosyltransferase 4 upregulates P-gp expression for chemoresistance via NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Multidrug resistance (MDR) poses a significant obstacle to developing chemotherapeutic treatments. In previous studies using a traditional model of adriamycin resistance (ADR) with K562 cells, we demonstrated that N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) expression negatively regulates chemoresistance. Additionally, we observed that fucosylation levels were increased in the ADR cells.

METHOD

Fucosylation levels were determined using lectin blot, western blot, and flow cytometry. Gene expression levels were analyzed via qPCR. We generated a FUT4 knockout (KO) ADR cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Cytotoxicity and drug efflux assays were conducted to evaluate chemotherapy tolerance.

RESULTS

The expression levels of FUT4 and its products, the LeX antigens, were significantly upregulated in the ADR cells compared to the parental K562 cells. The FUT4 KO reduced the elevated levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) found in ADR cells and exhibited increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, restoring FUT4 expression in the KO cells effectively reversed P-gp expression, drug efflux, and chemoresistance. Given the critical role of the NF-κB pathway in P-gp expression, we investigated NF-κB signaling and found that the phosphorylation levels of p65 were significantly increased in the ADR cells but were downregulated in the FUT4 KO cells. Furthermore, the restoration of FUT4 rescued the phosphorylation levels of p65.

CONCLUSIONS

FUT4 specifically upregulates P-gp expression related to chemoresistance through the NF-κB signaling pathway.

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

This study highlights the importance of FUT4 in chemoresistance and suggests it may serve as a promising target for combating MDR.

Mir155hg Accelerates Hippocampal Neuron Injury in Convulsive Status Epilepticus by Inhibiting Microglial Phagocytosis

Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is a common critical neurological condition that can lead to irreversible hippocampal neuron damage and cognitive dysfunction. Multiple studies have demonstrated the critical roles that long non-coding RNA Mir155hg plays in a variety of diseases. However, less is known about the function and mechanism of Mir155hg in CSE. Here we investigate and elucidate the mechanism underlying the contribution of Mir155hg to CSE-induced hippocampal neuron injury. By applying high-throughput sequencing, we examined the expression of differentially expressed genes in normal and CSE rats. Subsequent RT-qPCR enabled us to measure the level of Mir155hg in rat hippocampal tissue. Targeted knockdown of Mir155hg was achieved by the AAV9 virus. Additionally, we utilized HE and Tunel staining to evaluate neuronal injury. Immunofluorescence (IF), Golgi staining, and brain path clamping were also used to detect the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons. Finally, through IF staining and Sholl analysis, we assessed the degree of microglial phagocytic function. It was found that the expression of Mir155hg was elevated in CSE rats. HE and Tunel staining results showed that Mir155hg knockdown suppressed the hippocampal neuron loss and apoptosis followed CSE. IF, Golgi staining and brain path clamp data found that Mir155hg knockdown enhanced neuronal synaptic plasticity. The results from IF staining and Sholl analysis showed that Mir155hg knockdown enhanced microglial phagocytosis. Our findings suggest that Mir155hg promotes CSE-induced hippocampal neuron injury by inhibiting microglial phagocytosis.

Research progress on the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of epilepsy

Epilepsy is an abnormal neurologic disorder distinguished by the recurrent manifestation of seizures, and the precise underlying mechanisms for its development and progression remain uncertain. In recent years, the hypothesis that inflammatory mediators and corresponding pathways contribute to seizures has been supported by experimental results. The potential involvement of neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy has garnered growing interest. This review centers attention on the involvement of inflammatory mediators in the emergence and progression of epilepsy within recent years, focusing on both clinical research and animal models, to enhance comprehension of the intricate interplay between brain inflammation and epileptogenesis.

Epigenetic regulation in epilepsy: A novel mechanism and therapeutic strategy for epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures with excessive and abnormal neuronal discharges. Epileptogenesis is usually involved in neuropathological processes such as ion channel dysfunction, neuronal injury, inflammatory response, synaptic plasticity, gliocyte proliferation and mossy fiber sprouting, currently the pathogenesis of epilepsy is not yet completely understood. A growing body of studies have shown that epigenetic regulation, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and restrictive element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF) are also involved in epilepsy. Through epigenetic studies, we found that the synaptic dysfunction, nerve damage, cognitive dysfunction and brain development abnormalities are affected by epigenetic regulation of epilepsy-related genes in patients with epilepsy. However, the functional roles of epigenetics in pathogenesis and treatment of epilepsy are still to be explored. Therefore, profiling the array of genes that are epigenetically dysregulated in epileptogenesis is likely to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of epilepsy and may for the amelioration of these serious human conditions provide novel insight into therapeutic strategies and diagnostic biomarkers for epilepsy to improve serious human condition.

The regulatory function of lncRNA and constructed network in epilepsy

BACKGROUND

Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by neural network dysfunction. Although most reports indicate that the pathological process of epilepsy is related to inflammation, synaptic plasticity, cell apoptosis, and ion channel dysfunction, the underlying molecular mechanisms of epilepsy are not fully understood.

METHODS

This review summarizes the latest literature on the roles and characteristics of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.

RESULTS

lncRNAs are a class of long transcripts without protein-coding functions that perform important regulatory functions in various biological processes. lncRNAs are involved in the regulation of the pathological process of epilepsy and are abnormally expressed in both patients and animal models. This review provides an overview of research progress in epilepsy, the multifunctional features of lncRNAs, the lncRNA expression pattern related to epileptogenesis and status epilepticus, and the potential mechanisms for the two interactions contributing to epileptogenesis and progression.

CONCLUSION

lncRNAs can serve as new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for epilepsy in the future.