1
|
Yánez-Jácome GS, Romero-Estévez D, Rosero-Jácome AP, Cipriani-Avila I, Navarrete H, Vélez-Terreros PY. Lead content in cinnamon and its health risk assessment for Ecuadorian consumers. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 193:115010. [PMID: 39299376 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a poisonous metal that affects organs and the nervous system. Its presence in spices such as cinnamon has been identified as a potential human exposure pathway. In late October 2023, a safety alert was issued in the United States regarding four children with elevated Pb levels in their blood after consuming apple-cinnamon fruit puree manufactured and exported by an Ecuadorian company. Thus, this study aimed to determine the Pb content in 61 ground and stick cinnamon samples, from different commercial brands and lots sold in Ecuador. Results showed that ground cinnamon samples had almost twice the level of Pb (0.80 ± 0.75 mg/kg) than stick samples (0.36 ± 0.28 mg/kg). Three ground samples had Pb content above the maximum level established by Ecuadorian and European Union regulations (2.0 mg/kg). A Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in Pb content between ground and stick cinnamon (p < 0.05). The HQ values showed negligible non-carcinogenic effects for children and adults, even at the highest Pb content. However, the carcinogenic risk of ground cinnamon at maximum and mean Pb concentrations was found for the population. Our study highlights the deficiencies in current surveillance systems and the lack of effective national regulations for exposure to foodborne metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Yánez-Jácome
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Pichincha 170525, Ecuador
| | - David Romero-Estévez
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Pichincha 170525, Ecuador
| | - Ana P Rosero-Jácome
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito. Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 170525, Ecuador
| | - Isabel Cipriani-Avila
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito. Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 170525, Ecuador
| | - Hugo Navarrete
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito. Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 170525, Ecuador
| | - Pamela Y Vélez-Terreros
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Pichincha 170525, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moussa L, Hassan HF, Savvaidis IN, Karam L. Impact of source, packaging and presence of food safety management system on heavy metals levels in spices and herbs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307884. [PMID: 39178188 PMCID: PMC11343411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spices and herbs are susceptible to various contaminants, including heavy metals. Our study aimed to quantify the levels of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (As), and cadmium (Cd) in 96 composite samples of 13 herbs and spices frequently consumed in Lebanon. Twenty percent (19/96) and 4% (4/96) of the samples exceeded the permissible levels of Pb and Cd, respectively and all the samples met the permissible levels of As and Hg according to Codex Alimentarius standards. For Pb and Cd, unpackaged samples had the highest levels of unacceptable samples of 31% (8/26) and 8% (2/26), respectively. The samples locally packaged in companies with and without Food Safety Management System (FSMS) had the same levels of unacceptable samples of 12% (3/26) and 4% (1/26) for Pb and Cd, respectively. Imported packaged samples had unacceptable levels of Pb (28% (5/18)) and were acceptable for the three other heavy metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layale Moussa
- Faculty of Nursing & Health Sciences, Department of Nursing & Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mikael, Lebanon
| | - Hussein F. Hassan
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ioannis N. Savvaidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khan A, Ahmad M, Sultan A, Khan R, Raza J, Ul Abidin SZ, Khan S, Zafar M, Uddin MN, Kazi M. Herbal Spices as Food and Medicine: Microscopic Authentication of Commercial Herbal Spices. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1067. [PMID: 38674476 PMCID: PMC11054362 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Herbal spices are an agricultural commodity, economically very important and beneficial in primary healthcare in the food and medicine sectors. Herbal spices are used as food flavoring agents as well as in phytotherapies throughout the world and have nutritive benefits. The food and medicine industries widely employ artificial or natural adulteration to retard the deterioration and utilization of these adulterants in food and medicine products has given rise to significant apprehension among consumers, primarily stemming from the potential health risks that they pose. Thus, their characterization for the purpose of identification, origin, and quality assurance is mandatory for safe human consumption. Here, we studied 22 samples of commonly traded herbal spices that belong to 20 different genera and 21 species comprising 14 families, investigated macroscopically or organoleptically as well as histologically under microscopic examination. In this study, we provide details on organoleptic features including appearance, taste, odor, color, shape, size, fractures, types of trichomes, and the presence of lenticels among the examined herbal spices and these features have great significance in the detection of both natural as well as artificial deterioration. In terms of microscopic characterization, each examined plant part comprising different anatomical characteristics has taxonomic importance and also provides useful information for authentication from natural adulterants. Furthermore, the studied taxa were also described with nutritive and therapeutic properties. For condiments, herbal beverages and medicinal purposes, different herbal parts such as leaves, floral buds, seeds, fruit, and accessory parts like mericarp, rhizome, bulbs, and bark were used and commercially traded. Similarly, in this study, the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala and Mentha spicata, the floral buds of Syzygium aromaticum, the seeds of Amomum subulatum, Brassica nigra, Punica granatum, Myristica fragrans, Phyllanthus emblica, and Elettaria cardamomum, the mericarp of Coriandrum sativum, and Cuminum cyminum were observed. As a result, we show the potential of herbal spices as a source of many valuable phytochemicals and essential nutrients for food, nutraceutical, and homoeopathic medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Khan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.K.); (J.R.)
- National Herbarium of Pakistan (Stewart Collection), Plant Genetic Resources Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, PARC, Islamabad 30341, Pakistan;
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Amir Sultan
- National Herbarium of Pakistan (Stewart Collection), Plant Genetic Resources Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, PARC, Islamabad 30341, Pakistan;
| | - Raees Khan
- National Herbarium of Pakistan (Stewart Collection), Plant Genetic Resources Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, PARC, Islamabad 30341, Pakistan;
| | - Jamil Raza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Sheikh Zain Ul Abidin
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Gomal University D I Khan, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan;
| | - Siraj Khan
- Qarshi Herb Research Center at Qarshi Industries (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore 22610, Pakistan;
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Qarshi University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Mohammad N. Uddin
- College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alam MNE, Hosen MM, Ullah AKMA, Maksud MA, Khan SR, Lutfa LN, Choudhury TR, Quraishi SB. Lead Exposure of Four Biologically Important Common Branded and Non-branded Spices: Relative Analysis and Health Implication. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:4972-4984. [PMID: 36627477 PMCID: PMC9838428 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances and socioeconomic development of Bangladesh are leading to the best choice between branded and non-branded powdered spices. But toxic metal issues can be another factor to elect them. So lead (Pb) exposure and its consequence on the human body for these two categories of four common spices have been ascertained here. A validated laboratory method using hot plate digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) has been used for that. The obtained mean concentration of Pb in branded and non-branded spice powders followed the decreasing order of turmeric > coriander > red chili > cumin powder and turmeric > red chili > cumin > coriander powder, respectively, where, in any analysis mode, the non-branded items are potentially ahead of Pb exposure. The market-based mean concentration between these two categories was not a significant difference (t-test). Approximately 90% of the spice samples have shown within the maximum allowable limit by Bangladesh Standard. The sum of estimated daily intake indicated that most of the city market (67%) for non-branded items and some branded (33%) samples have crossed the maximum tolerable daily intake (> 0.21 mg/kg). So, the human health risk assumption for the inhabitant of studied areas suggests there is no significant level of risk for them due to the consumption of spices regarding non-carcinogenic risk factor (THQ and total THQ) and carcinogenic risk factor (CR). But the development of a quality control process for loose spice powders as well as toxic metal screening from raw materials to finish products urgently needed and continuous monitoring with identifying the source of toxic metal is highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nur E. Alam
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - M. Mozammal Hosen
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Atique Ullah
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - M. A. Maksud
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - S. R. Khan
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - L. N. Lutfa
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Tasrina Rabia Choudhury
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Shamshad B. Quraishi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Estimating the potential of spices for mineral provision in a refugee context in East Africa. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMicronutrient deficiency remains an enormous problem in refugee settings. Transforming refugees’ food systems through the scaling up of kitchen gardening and fortifying relief food crops with minor food components including nutrient-dense spices can help improve the quality of staple foods. Globally, spices are indispensable in the daily diet and play an important role in the socio-cultural setting of different communities. Forty turmeric and curry powder samples were collected from different market establishments and geographic locations in East Africa. The samples were analyzed for selected elements using Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (PXRF). The contents of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) and strontium (Sr) in turmeric powder were statistically different among geographic origins (Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda). We also aimed to determine if a small portion of spices (turmeric (5 g) and curry (4 g)) would contribute to an adequate intake (AI) or recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for selected minerals, for refugee men and women aged between 19 and 50 years as defined by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (IOM). For the reference groups, the contributions of turmeric and curry powder to AI/RDA for K, Ca and Zn varied between 0.48 to 4.13%. On the other hand, turmeric was identified to contribute > 20% AI/RDA for refugee men and women aged between 19 and 50 years for two micro minerals: manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe). Considering turmeric and curry powder of East African origins are good sources of minerals and present acceptable toxic metal(loid)s loads coupled with low cost, these spices particularly turmeric should be more widely popularized and recommended for food-to-spice fortification among the refugee population located in East Africa.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhutto AA, Baig JA, Sirajuddin, Kazi TG, Sierra-Alvarez R, Akhtar K, Hussain S, Afridi HI, Hol A, Samejo S. Biosynthesis and Analytical Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanobiocomposite for In-Depth Adsorption Strategy for the Removal of Toxic Metals from Drinking Water. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022; 48:7411-7424. [PMID: 36466582 PMCID: PMC9685060 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the iron oxide nanoparticles was done using Ixoro coccinea leaf extract, followed by the fabrication of iron oxide nanobiocomposites (I-Fe3O4-NBC) using chitosan biopolymer. Furthermore, the synthesized I-Fe3O4-NPs and I-Fe3O4-NBC were characterized, and I-Fe3O4-NBC was applied to remove toxic metals (TMs: Cd, Ni, and Pb) from water. The characterization study confirmed that the nanostructure, porous, rough, crystalline structure, and different functional groups of chitosan and I-Fe3O4-NPs in I-Fe3O4-NBCs showed their feasibility for the application as excellent adsorbents for quantitative removal of TMs. The batch mode strategy as feasibility testing was done to optimize different adsorption parameters (pH, concentrations of TMs, dose of I-Fe3O4-NBC, contact time, and temperature) for maximum removal of TMs from water by Fe3O4-NBC. The maximum adsorption capacities using nanocomposites for Cd, Ni, and Pb were 66.0, 60.0, and 66.4 mg g-1, respectively. The adsorption process follows the Freundlich isotherm model by I-Fe3O4-NBC to remove Cd and Ni, while the Pb may be adsorption followed by multilayer surface coverage. The proposed adsorption process was best fitted to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics and showed an exothermic, favorable, and spontaneous nature. In addition, the I-Fe3O4-NBC was applied to adsorption TMs from surface water (%recovery > 95%). Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed nanocomposite is most efficient in removing TMs from drinking water up to recommended permissible limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaque Ali Bhutto
- Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080 Pakistan
| | - Jameel Ahmed Baig
- Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080 Pakistan
| | - Sirajuddin
- ICCBS, HEJ, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080 Pakistan
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011 USA
| | - Khalil Akhtar
- Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080 Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 05422 Pakistan
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080 Pakistan
| | - Aysen Hol
- Chemistry Department, Pamukkale University, 20017 Denizli, Turkey
| | - Suraya Samejo
- Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080 Pakistan
- Chemistry Department, Pamukkale University, 20017 Denizli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Winiarska-Mieczan A, Jachimowicz K, Kwiecień M, Krusiński R, Kislova S, Sowińska L, Zasadna Z, Yanovych D. The Content of Cd and Pb in Herbs and Single-Component Spices Used in Polish Cuisine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 201:3567-3581. [PMID: 36205876 PMCID: PMC10160165 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spices and herbs play an important role in the human diet, mostly due to the presence of essential oils and high antioxidant activity. Therefore, the toxicity of metals raises concerns about the safety of consumption of spices and herbs. This paper examines the content of Cd and Pb in fresh and dried herbs and single-component spices that are the most popular in Polish cuisine: 100 samples of nine kinds of dried herbs, 184 samples of 15 kinds of fresh herbs and 148 samples of 14 kinds of loose single-component spices. The level of Cd and Pb was determined using the GF AAS method. The safety of herbs and spices for consumption was estimated based on the percentage intake of Cd and Pb compared with the tolerable intake (% TWI, % BMDL), chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and comparisons of the results of chemical analyses with the maximum admissible levels of Cd and Pb in Poland and in the European Union. Calculated per fresh weight of the product, dried herbs on average contained 0.134 ± 0.168 mg of Cd and 0.548 ± 0.161 mg of Pb per kg-1, fresh herbs on average contained 0.004 ± 0.007 mg of Cd and 0.039 ± 0.033 mg of Pb per kg-1, and the mean content of Cd in spices was 0.017 ± 0.019 mg per kg-1 and 0.064 ± 0.050 mg of Pb. The % TWI, % BMDL, CDI, THQ and HI (Cd + Pb) for all the analysed products were lower than 1. The results do not imply a risk due to the supply of Cd and Pb with the diet to the human body, primarily due to the small intake of these products. However, it should be highlighted that the content of Cd in dried coriander and estragon and that of Pb in watercress, jiaogulan, celery, basil and dill exceeded the acceptable limit. Thus, their consumption for people from particularly sensitive groups such as babies, pregnant and breastfeeding women and people should be carefully limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Jachimowicz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Krusiński
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Svitlana Kislova
- State Scientific-Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Lesya Sowińska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zvenyslava Zasadna
- State Scientific-Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Yanovych
- State Scientific-Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumari P, Maiti SK. Metal(loid) contamination in water, sediment, epilithic periphyton and fish in three interconnected ecosystems and health risk assessment through intake of fish cooked in Indian style. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41914-41927. [PMID: 32705555 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Samples of water, sediment and epilithic periphyton (EP) were collected from a lake (Dimna, DL), an intermediate canal (IC), and a river (Subarnarekha River, SR) to compare the pollution status of an urban ecosystem, and the concentrations of metal(loid) s were determined. Water characteristics were analysed by the water quality index (WQI). Sediment pollution was assessed using the ecological risk index (ERI). Accumulation of metal(loid) s in EP was determined by using bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). The result showed that the DL was least polluted (WQI = 30.39) and SR (WQI = 90.13) was the most polluted ecosystem. Sediment analysis revealed that Ni, Cr and Cd are the significant pollutants, especially in SR. The THQ value for fish dishes cooked in Indian style was found higher than that of raw fish, suggesting calculations considering the cooking process can provide better results. Health risk assessment shows that people inhabiting DL are vulnerable to Cr and Cu exposure, whereas people inhabiting IC and SR are susceptible to As and Co exposure due to the consumption of cooked fish. Moreover, for a developing country like India, it is important to upgrade the assessment methods and include regular monitoring of interconnecting ecosystems for the safeguard of human and ecological health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Subodh Kumar Maiti
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Akhtar S, Riaz M, Naeem I, Gong YY, Ismail A, Hussain M, Akram K. Risk assessment of aflatoxins and selected heavy metals through intake of branded and non-branded spices collected from the markets of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|