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Tomonari Y, Onishi Y, Hashimoto F, Ote K, Okamoto T, Ohba H. Animal PET scanner with a large field of view is suitable for high-throughput scanning of rodents. Ann Nucl Med 2024; 38:544-552. [PMID: 38717535 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-024-01937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In preclinical studies, high-throughput positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, known as simultaneous multiple animal scanning, can reduce the time spent on animal experiments, the cost of PET tracers, and the risk of synthesis of PET tracers. It is well known that the image quality acquired by high-throughput imaging depends on the PET system. Herein, we investigated the influence of large field of view (FOV) PET scanner on high-throughput imaging. METHODS We investigated the influence of scanning four objects using a small animal PET scanner with a large FOV. We compared the image quality acquired by four objects scanned with the one acquired by one object scanned using phantoms and animals. We assessed the image quality with uniformity, recovery coefficient (RC), and spillover ratio (SOR), which are indicators of image noise, spatial resolution, and quantitative precision, respectively. For the phantom study, we used the NEMA NU 4-2008 image quality phantom and evaluated uniformity, RC, and SOR, and for the animal study, we used Wistar rats and evaluated the spillover in the heart and kidney. RESULTS In the phantom study, four phantoms had little effect on imaging quality, especially SOR compared with that for one phantom. In the animal study as well, four rats had little effect on spillover from the heart muscle and kidney cortex compared with that for one rat. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that an animal PET scanner with a large FOV was suitable for high-throughput imaging. Thus, the large FOV PET scanner can support drug discovery and bridging research through rapid pharmacological and pathological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tomonari
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamana, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan.
| | - Yuya Onishi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamana, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Fumio Hashimoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamana, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Kibo Ote
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamana, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department 13, Electron Tube Division, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamana, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
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Kanematsu N, Araki F, Ichikawa K, Miyati T, Sakae T, Shiraishi J, Uchiyama Y, Yamaya T. Selection of Radiological Physics and Technology Awards 2023. Radiol Phys Technol 2024; 17:9-10. [PMID: 38308718 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-024-00781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taiga Yamaya
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Hashimoto F, Onishi Y, Ote K, Tashima H, Reader AJ, Yamaya T. Deep learning-based PET image denoising and reconstruction: a review. Radiol Phys Technol 2024; 17:24-46. [PMID: 38319563 PMCID: PMC10902118 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-024-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging algorithms and traces the evolution of PET image reconstruction methods. First, we provide an overview of conventional PET image reconstruction methods from filtered backprojection through to recent iterative PET image reconstruction algorithms, and then review deep learning methods for PET data up to the latest innovations within three main categories. The first category involves post-processing methods for PET image denoising. The second category comprises direct image reconstruction methods that learn mappings from sinograms to the reconstructed images in an end-to-end manner. The third category comprises iterative reconstruction methods that combine conventional iterative image reconstruction with neural-network enhancement. We discuss future perspectives on PET imaging and deep learning technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Hashimoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamana-Ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoicho, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Yuya Onishi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamana-Ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Kibo Ote
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamana-Ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tashima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Andrew J Reader
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Taiga Yamaya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoicho, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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4
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Lazauskas A, Gimžauskaitė D, Ilickas M, Marcinauskas L, Aikas M, Abakevičienė B, Volyniuk D. Laser Ablation of Silicon Nanoparticles and Their Use in Charge-Coupled Devices for UV Light Sensing via Wavelength-Shifting Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2915. [PMID: 37999270 PMCID: PMC10674811 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the controlled laser ablation and corresponding properties of silicon nanoparticles (Si NP) with potential applications in ultraviolet (UV) light sensing. The size distribution of Si NPs was manipulated by adjusting the laser scanning speed during laser ablation of a silicon target in a styrene solution. Characterization techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence analysis, were employed to investigate the Si NP structural and photophysical properties. Si NP produced at a laser scanning speed of 3000 mm/s exhibited an average diameter of ~4 nm, polydispersity index of 0.811, and a hypsochromic shift in the Raman spectrum peak position. Under photoexcitation at 365 nm, these Si NPs emitted apparent white light, demonstrating their potential for optoelectronic applications. Photoluminescence analysis revealed biexponential decay behavior, suggesting multiple radiative recombination pathways within the nanoscale structure. Furthermore, a thin film containing Si NP was utilized as a passive filter for a 2nd generation CCD detector, expanding the functionality of the non-UV-sensitive detectors in optics, spectrometry, and sensor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Lazauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.I.); (B.A.)
| | - Dovilė Gimžauskaitė
- Plasma Processing Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.G.); (L.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Mindaugas Ilickas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.I.); (B.A.)
| | - Liutauras Marcinauskas
- Plasma Processing Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.G.); (L.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Mindaugas Aikas
- Plasma Processing Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.G.); (L.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Brigita Abakevičienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.I.); (B.A.)
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Charaev I, Bandurin DA, Bollinger AT, Phinney IY, Drozdov I, Colangelo M, Butters BA, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, He X, Medeiros O, Božović I, Jarillo-Herrero P, Berggren KK. Single-photon detection using high-temperature superconductors. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:343-349. [PMID: 36941357 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection of individual quanta of light is important for quantum communication, fluorescence lifetime imaging, remote sensing and more. Due to their high detection efficiency, exceptional signal-to-noise ratio and fast recovery times, superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have become a critical component in these applications. However, the operation of conventional SNSPDs requires costly cryocoolers. Here we report the fabrication of two types of high-temperature superconducting nanowires. We observe linear scaling of the photon count rate on the radiation power at the telecommunications wavelength of 1.5 μm and thereby reveal single-photon operation. SNSPDs made from thin flakes of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ exhibit a single-photon response up to 25 K, and for SNSPDs from La1.55Sr0.45CuO4/La2CuO4 bilayer films, this response is observed up to 8 K. While the underlying detection mechanism is not fully understood yet, our work expands the family of materials for SNSPD technology beyond the liquid helium temperature limit and suggests that even higher operation temperatures may be reached using other high-temperature superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Charaev
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - D A Bandurin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - I Y Phinney
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - I Drozdov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - M Colangelo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B A Butters
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - X He
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - O Medeiros
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - I Božović
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - K K Berggren
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Benfante V, Stefano A, Ali M, Laudicella R, Arancio W, Cucchiara A, Caruso F, Cammarata FP, Coronnello C, Russo G, Miele M, Vieni A, Tuttolomondo A, Yezzi A, Comelli A. An Overview of In Vitro Assays of 64Cu-, 68Ga-, 125I-, and 99mTc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071210. [PMID: 37046428 PMCID: PMC10093267 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Radionuclides are unstable isotopes that mainly emit alpha (α), beta (β) or gamma (γ) radiation through radiation decay. Therefore, they are used in the biomedical field to label biomolecules or drugs for diagnostic imaging applications, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and/or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A growing field of research is the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for use in cancer treatments. Preclinical studies are the gold standard for translational research. Specifically, in vitro radiopharmaceutical studies are based on the use of radiopharmaceuticals directly on cells. To date, radiometric β- and γ-counters are the only tools able to assess a preclinical in vitro assay with the aim of estimating uptake, retention, and release parameters, including time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity and kinetic parameters. This review has been designed for researchers, such as biologists and biotechnologists, who would like to approach the radiobiology field and conduct in vitro assays for cellular radioactivity evaluations using radiometric counters. To demonstrate the importance of in vitro radiopharmaceutical assays using radiometric counters with a view to radiogenomics, many studies based on 64Cu-, 68Ga-, 125I-, and 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been revised and summarized in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Benfante
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefano
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Walter Arancio
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Cucchiara
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caruso
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cammarata
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Claudia Coronnello
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Miele
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vieni
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anthony Yezzi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Albert Comelli
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Performance evaluation of dedicated brain PET scanner with motion correction system. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:746-755. [PMID: 35698016 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-022-01757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various motion correction (MC) algorithms for positron emission tomography (PET) have been proposed to accelerate the diagnostic performance and research in brain activity and neurology. We have incorporated MC system-based optical motion tracking into the brain-dedicated time-of-flight PET scanner. In this study, we evaluate the performance characteristics of the developed PET scanner when performing MC in accordance with the standards and guidelines for the brain PET scanner. METHODS We evaluate the spatial resolution, scatter fraction, count rate characteristics, sensitivity, and image quality of PET images. The MC evaluation is measured in terms of the spatial resolution and image quality that affect movement. RESULTS In the basic performance evaluation, the average spatial resolution by iterative reconstruction was 2.2 mm at 10 mm offset position. The measured peak noise equivalent count rate was 38.0 kcps at 16.7 kBq/mL. The scatter fraction and system sensitivity were 43.9% and 22.4 cps/(Bq/mL), respectively. The image contrast recovery was between 43.2% (10 mm sphere) and 72.0% (37 mm sphere). In the MC performance evaluation, the average spatial resolution was 2.7 mm at 10 mm offset position, when the phantom stage with the point source translates to ± 15 mm along the y-axis. The image contrast recovery was between 34.2 % (10 mm sphere) and 66.8 % (37 mm sphere). CONCLUSIONS The reconstructed images using MC were restored to their nearly identical state as those at rest. Therefore, it is concluded that this scanner can observe more natural brain activity.
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Onishi Y, Hashimoto F, Ote K, Ota R. Unbiased TOF estimation using leading-edge discriminator and convolutional neural network trained by single-source-position waveforms. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac508f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a strong tool for improving the coincidence time resolution (CTR) of time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography detectors. However, several signal waveforms from multiple source positions are required for CNN training. Furthermore, there is concern that TOF estimation is biased near the edge of the training space, despite the reduced estimation variance (i.e. timing uncertainty). Approach. We propose a simple method for unbiased TOF estimation by combining a conventional leading-edge discriminator (LED) and a CNN that can be trained with waveforms collected from one source position. The proposed method estimates and corrects the time difference error calculated by the LED rather than the absolute time difference. This model can eliminate the TOF estimation bias, as the combination with the LED converts the distribution of the label data from discrete values at each position into a continuous symmetric distribution. Main results. Evaluation results using signal waveforms collected from scintillation detectors show that the proposed method can correctly estimate all source positions without bias from a single source position. Moreover, the proposed method improves the CTR of the conventional LED. Significance. We believe that the improved CTR will not only increase the signal-to-noise ratio but will also contribute significantly to a part of the direct positron emission imaging.
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Akamatsu G, Shimada N, Matsumoto K, Daisaki H, Suzuki K, Watabe H, Oda K, Senda M, Terauchi T, Tateishi U. New standards for phantom image quality and SUV harmonization range for multicenter oncology PET studies. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:144-161. [PMID: 35029817 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Not only visual interpretation for lesion detection, staging, and characterization, but also quantitative treatment response assessment are key roles for 18F-FDG PET in oncology. In multicenter oncology PET studies, image quality standardization and SUV harmonization are essential to obtain reliable study outcomes. Standards for image quality and SUV harmonization range should be regularly updated according to progress in scanner performance. Accordingly, the first aim of this study was to propose new image quality reference levels to ensure small lesion detectability. The second aim was to propose a new SUV harmonization range and an image noise criterion to minimize the inter-scanner and intra-scanner SUV variabilities. We collected a total of 37 patterns of images from 23 recent PET/CT scanner models using the NEMA NU2 image quality phantom. PET images with various acquisition durations of 30-300 s and 1800 s were analyzed visually and quantitatively to derive visual detectability scores of the 10-mm-diameter hot sphere, noise-equivalent count (NECphantom), 10-mm sphere contrast (QH,10 mm), background variability (N10 mm), contrast-to-noise ratio (QH,10 mm/N10 mm), image noise level (CVBG), and SUVmax and SUVpeak for hot spheres (10-37 mm diameters). We calculated a reference level for each image quality metric, so that the 10-mm sphere can be visually detected. The SUV harmonization range and the image noise criterion were proposed with consideration of overshoot due to point-spread function (PSF) reconstruction. We proposed image quality reference levels as follows: QH,10 mm/N10 mm ≥ 2.5 and CVBG ≤ 14.1%. The 10th-90th percentiles in the SUV distributions were defined as the new SUV harmonization range. CVBG ≤ 10% was proposed as the image noise criterion, because the intra-scanner SUV variability significantly depended on CVBG. We proposed new image quality reference levels to ensure small lesion detectability. A new SUV harmonization range (in which PSF reconstruction is applicable) and the image noise criterion were also proposed for minimizing the SUV variabilities. Our proposed new standards will facilitate image quality standardization and SUV harmonization of multicenter oncology PET studies. The reliability of multicenter oncology PET studies will be improved by satisfying the new standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Akamatsu
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoki Shimada
- Cancer Institute Hospital, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Matsumoto
- Kyoto College of Medical Science, 1-3 Imakita, Oyamahigashi-cho, Sonobe-cho, Nantan, Kyoto, 622-0041, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Daisaki
- Gunma Prefectural College of Health Sciences, 323-1 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0052, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Suzuki
- Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsugagun, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watabe
- Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keiichi Oda
- Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Michio Senda
- Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Terauchi
- Cancer Institute Hospital, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Ukihide Tateishi
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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