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Vitale A, Caggiano V, Tufan A, Ragab G, Batu ED, Portincasa P, Aragona E, Sota J, Conti G, De Paulis A, Rigante D, Olivieri AN, Şahin A, La Torre F, Lopalco G, Cattalini M, Maggio MC, Insalaco A, Sfikakis PP, Verrecchia E, Yildirim D, Kucuk H, Kardas RC, Laymouna AH, Ghanema M, Saad MA, Sener S, Ercan Emreol H, Ozen S, Jaber N, Khalil M, Di Ciaula A, Gaggiano C, Malizia G, Affronti A, Patroniti S, Romeo M, Sbalchiero J, Della Casa F, Mormile I, Silvaroli S, Gicchino MF, Çelik NÇ, Tarsia M, Karamanakos A, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Parronchi P, Opris-Belinski D, Barone P, Recke A, Costi S, Sfriso P, Giardini HAM, Gentileschi S, Wiesik-Szewczyk E, Vasi I, Loconte R, Jahnz-Różyk K, Martín-Nares E, Torres-Ruiz J, Cauli A, Conforti A, Emmi G, Li Gobbi F, Biasi GR, Terribili R, Ruscitti P, Del Giudice E, Tharwat S, Brucato AL, Ogunjimi B, Hinojosa-Azaola A, Balistreri A, Fabiani C, Frediani B, Cantarini L. Risk for cancer development in familial Mediterranean fever and associated predisposing factors: an ambidirectional cohort study from the international AIDA Network registries. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397890. [PMID: 38799474 PMCID: PMC11116561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Inflammation has been associated with an increased risk for cancer development, while innate immune system activation could counteract the risk for malignancies. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a severe systemic inflammatory condition and also represents the archetype of innate immunity deregulation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the risk for cancer development in FMF. Methods The risk ratio (RR) for malignancies was separately compared between FMF patients and fibromyalgia subjects, Still's disease patients and Behçet's disease patients. Clinical variables associated with cancer development in FMF patients were searched through binary logistic regression. Results 580 FMF patients and 102 fibromyalgia subjects, 1012 Behçet's disease patients and 497 Still's disease patients were enrolled. The RR for the occurrence of malignant neoplasms was 0.26 (95% Confidence Interval [CI.] 0.10-0.73, p=0.006) in patients with FMF compared to fibromyalgia subjects; the RR for the occurrence of malignant cancer was 0.51 (95% CI. 0.23-1.16, p=0.10) in FMF compared to Still's disease and 0.60 (95% CI. 0.29-1.28, p=0.18) in FMF compared to Behçet's disease. At logistic regression, the risk of occurrence of malignant neoplasms in FMF patients was associated with the age at disease onset (β1 = 0.039, 95% CI. 0.001-0.071, p=0.02), the age at the diagnosis (β1 = 0.048, 95% CI. 0.039-0.085, p=0.006), the age at the enrolment (β1 = 0.05, 95% CI. 0.007-0.068, p=0.01), the number of attacks per year (β1 = 0.011, 95% CI. 0.001- 0.019, p=0.008), the use of biotechnological agents (β1 = 1.77, 95% CI. 0.43-3.19, p=0.009), the use of anti-IL-1 agents (β1 = 2.089, 95% CI. 0.7-3.5, p=0.002). Conclusions The risk for cancer is reduced in Caucasic FMF patients; however, when malignant neoplasms occur, this is more frequent in FMF cases suffering from a severe disease phenotype and presenting a colchicine-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vitale
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Caggiano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Abdurrahman Tufan
- Gazi University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gaafar Ragab
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, Newgiza University, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ezgi Deniz Batu
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emma Aragona
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Vincenzo Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jurgen Sota
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Conti
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy
| | - Amato De Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Rare Diseases and Periodic Fevers Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alma Nunzia Olivieri
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ali Şahin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Medical Faculty, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Francesco La Torre
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology Center, Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J) Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Cattalini
- Pediatrics Clinic, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili of Brescia, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Maggio
- University Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Insalaco
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Rome, Italy
| | - Petros P. Sfikakis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Verrecchia
- Rare Diseases and Periodic Fevers Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head and Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Derya Yildirim
- Gazi University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Hamit Kucuk
- Gazi University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Riza Can Kardas
- Gazi University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ahmed Hatem Laymouna
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ghanema
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Ali Saad
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Seher Sener
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Hulya Ercan Emreol
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Seza Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Nour Jaber
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Carla Gaggiano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Malizia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Vincenzo Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Affronti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Vincenzo Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Patroniti
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy
| | - Meri Romeo
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy
| | - Jessica Sbalchiero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Della Casa
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mormile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Silvaroli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Gicchino
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Neşe Çabuk Çelik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Medical Faculty, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Maria Tarsia
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
- Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - José Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic of Barcelona [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Parronchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Opris-Belinski
- Rheumatology and Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Patrizia Barone
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Department of integrated Maternal-Child and Reproduction Activity AOU “Policlinico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Andreas Recke
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center, European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefania Costi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Sfriso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Henrique A. Mayrink Giardini
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefano Gentileschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Ewa Wiesik-Szewczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ibrahim Vasi
- Gazi University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Roberta Loconte
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology Center, Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Karina Jahnz-Różyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eduardo Martín-Nares
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jiram Torres-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Cauli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University and AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Conforti
- Ospedale San Paolo di Civitavecchia, U.O. Medicina Generale, ASL Roma 4, Civitavecchia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy, and Clinical Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Francesca Li Gobbi
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital S. Giovanni di Dio, Azienda USL-Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rosario Biasi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Terribili
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Emanuela Del Giudice
- Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Samar Tharwat
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Antonio Luca Brucato
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Hinojosa-Azaola
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Balistreri
- Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabiani
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Frediani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet’s Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy
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Dangoni GD, Teixeira ACB, da Costa SS, Scliar MO, Carvalho LML, Silva LN, Novak EM, Vince CSC, Maschietto MC, Sugayama SMM, Odone-Filho V, Krepischi ACV. Germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes among pediatric patients with cancer and congenital anomalies. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1346-1355. [PMID: 38182823 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-03000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer has a poorly known etiology, and investigating the underlying genetic background may provide novel insights. A recognized association exists between non-chromosomal birth defects and childhood cancer susceptibility. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray analysis in a cohort of childhood cancer (22 individuals, 50% with congenital anomalies) to unravel deleterious germline variants. RESULTS A diagnostic yield of 14% was found, encompassing heterozygous variants in bona fide dominant Cancer Predisposition Genes (CPGs). Considering candidate and recessive CPGs harboring monoallelic variants, which were also deemed to play a role in the phenotype, the yield escalated to 45%. Most of the deleterious variants were mapped in genes not conventionally linked to the patient's tumor type. Relevant findings were detected in 55% of the syndromic individuals, mostly variants potentially underlying both phenotypes. CONCLUSION We uncovered a remarkable prevalence of germline deleterious CPG variants, highlighting the significance of a comprehensive genetic analysis in pediatric cancer, especially when coupled with additional clinical signs. Moreover, our findings emphasized the potential for oligogenic inheritance, wherein multiple genes synergistically increase cancer risk. Lastly, our investigation unveiled potentially novel genotype-phenotype associations, such as SETD5 in neuroblastoma, KAT6A in gliomas, JAG1 in hepatoblastomas, and TNFRSF13B in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. IMPACT Novel gene-phenotype associations and candidate genes for pediatric cancer were unraveled, such as KAT6A in gliomas, SETD5 in neuroblastoma, JAG1 in hepatoblastomas, and TNFRSF13B in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Our analysis revealed a high frequency of deleterious germline variants, particularly in cases accompanied by additional clinical signs, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive genetic evaluation in childhood cancer. Our findings also underscored the potential for oligogenic inheritance in pediatric cancer risk. Understanding the cancer etiology is crucial for genetic counseling, often influencing therapeutic decisions and offering valuable insights into molecular targets for the development of oncological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Dangoni
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline B Teixeira
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia S da Costa
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília O Scliar
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura M L Carvalho
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana N Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (ITACI), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Estela M Novak
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (ITACI), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sofia M M Sugayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (ITACI), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vicente Odone-Filho
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (ITACI), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina V Krepischi
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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