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Barchiki F, Fracaro L, Dominguez AC, Senegaglia AC, Vaz IM, Soares P, de Moura SAB, Brofman PRS. Biocompatibility of ABS and PLA Polymers with Dental Pulp Stem Cells Enhance Their Potential Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4629. [PMID: 38139880 PMCID: PMC10747830 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) are commonly used polymers in 3D printing for biomedical applications. Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) are an accessible and proliferative source of stem cells with significant differentiation potential. Limited knowledge exists regarding the biocompatibility and genetic safety of ABS and PLA when in contact with DPSCs. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PLA and ABS on the adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, genetic stability, proteomics, and immunophenotypic profile of DPSCs. A total of three groups, 1- DPSC-control, 2- DPSC+ABS, and 3- DPSC+PLA, were used in in vitro experiments to evaluate cell morphology, proliferation, differentiation capabilities, genetic stability, proteomics (secretome), and immunophenotypic profiles regarding the interaction between DPSCs and polymers. Both ABS and PLA supported the adhesion and proliferation of DPSCs without exhibiting significant cytotoxic effects and maintaining the capacity for osteogenic differentiation. Genetic stability, proteomics, and immunophenotypic profiles were unaltered in DPSCs post-contact with these polymers, highlighting their biosafety. Our findings suggest that ABS and PLA are biocompatible with DPSCs and demonstrate potential in dental or orthopedic applications; the choice of the polymer will depend on the properties required in treatment. These promising results stimulate further studies to explore the potential therapeutic applications in vivo using prototyped polymers in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Barchiki
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Letícia Fracaro
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Correa Dominguez
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil;
| | - Alexandra Cristina Senegaglia
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isadora May Vaz
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Paulo Soares
- LaBES—Laboratory of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Polytechnic School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil;
| | - Sérgio Adriane Bezerra de Moura
- Departament of Morphology, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59072-970, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Schneider KH, Oberoi G, Unger E, Janjic K, Rohringer S, Heber S, Agis H, Schedle A, Kiss H, Podesser BK, Windhager R, Toegel S, Moscato F. Medical 3D printing with polyjet technology: effect of material type and printing orientation on printability, surface structure and cytotoxicity. 3D Print Med 2023; 9:27. [PMID: 37768399 PMCID: PMC10540425 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-023-00190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high printing resolution and ability to print multiple materials simultaneously, inkjet technology has found wide application in medicine. However, the biological safety of 3D-printed objects is not always guaranteed due to residues of uncured resins or support materials and must therefore be verified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of standard assessment methods for determining the quality and properties of polyjet-printed scaffolds in terms of their dimensional accuracy, surface topography, and cytotoxic potential.Standardized 3D-printed samples were produced in two printing orientations (horizontal or vertical). Printing accuracy and surface roughness was assessed by size measurements, VR-5200 3D optical profilometer dimensional analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity tests were performed with a representative cell line (L929) in a comparative laboratory study. Individual experiments were performed with primary cells from clinically relevant tissues and with a Toxdent cytotoxicity assay.Dimensional measurements of printed discs indicated high print accuracy and reproducibility. Print accuracy was highest when specimens were printed in horizontal direction. In all cytotoxicity tests, the estimated mean cell viability was well above 70% (p < 0.0001) regardless of material and printing direction, confirming the low cytotoxicity of the final 3D-printed objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl H Schneider
- Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunpreet Oberoi
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Center for Medical Innovation and Technology (ACMIT), Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Janjic
- University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Rohringer
- Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Heber
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schedle
- University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Kiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Francesco Moscato
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Milton LA, Viglione MS, Ong LJY, Nordin GP, Toh YC. Vat photopolymerization 3D printed microfluidic devices for organ-on-a-chip applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3537-3560. [PMID: 37476860 PMCID: PMC10448871 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00094j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-a-chip, or OoCs, are microfluidic tissue culture devices with micro-scaled architectures that repeatedly achieve biomimicry of biological phenomena. They are well positioned to become the primary pre-clinical testing modality as they possess high translational value. Current methods of fabrication have facilitated the development of many custom OoCs that have generated promising results. However, the reliance on microfabrication and soft lithographic fabrication techniques has limited their prototyping turnover rate and scalability. Additive manufacturing, known commonly as 3D printing, shows promise to expedite this prototyping process, while also making fabrication easier and more reproducible. We briefly introduce common 3D printing modalities before identifying two sub-types of vat photopolymerization - stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) - as the most advantageous fabrication methods for the future of OoC development. We then outline the motivations for shifting to 3D printing, the requirements for 3D printed OoCs to be competitive with the current state of the art, and several considerations for achieving successful 3D printed OoC devices touching on design and fabrication techniques, including a survey of commercial and custom 3D printers and resins. In all, we aim to form a guide for the end-user to facilitate the in-house generation of 3D printed OoCs, along with the future translation of these important devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Milton
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew S Viglione
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
| | - Louis Jun Ye Ong
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre (MPQC) for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre (MPQC) for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Microbiome Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Mocanu AC, Miculescu F, Constantinescu AE, Pandele MA, Voicu ȘI, Cîmpean A, Miculescu M, Negrescu AM. Selection Route of Precursor Materials in 3D Printing Composite Filament Development for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2359. [PMID: 36984239 PMCID: PMC10058857 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing technologies might advance the fabrication sector of personalised biomaterials with high-tech precision. The selection of optimal precursor materials is considered the first key-step for the development of new printable filaments destined for the fabrication of products with diverse orthopaedic/dental applications. The selection route of precursor materials proposed in this study targeted two categories of materials: prime materials, for the polymeric matrix (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA)); and reinforcement materials (natural hydroxyapatite (HA) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) of different dimensions). HA was isolated from bovine bones (HA particles size < 40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) through a reproducible synthesis technology. The structural (FTIR-ATR, Raman spectroscopy), morphological (SEM), and, most importantly, in vitro (indirect and direct contact studies) features of all precursor materials were comparatively evaluated. The polymeric materials were also prepared in the form of thin plates, for an advanced cell viability assessment (direct contact studies). The overall results confirmed once again the reproducibility of the HA synthesis method. Moreover, the biological cytotoxicity assays established the safe selection of PLA as a future polymeric matrix, with GNP of grade M as a reinforcement and HA as a bioceramic. Therefore, the obtained results pinpointed these materials as optimal for future composite filament synthesis and the 3D printing of implantable structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Elena Constantinescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mădălina-Andreea Pandele
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ștefan Ioan Voicu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anișoara Cîmpean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marian Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Mariana Negrescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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Dupard SJ, Garcia AG, Bourgine PE. Customizable 3D printed perfusion bioreactor for the engineering of stem cell microenvironments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1081145. [PMID: 36698631 PMCID: PMC9870251 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful modeling of tissues and organs requires the development of systems reflecting their dynamic 3D cellular architecture and organization. Current technologies suffer from a lack of design flexibility and complex prototyping, preventing their broad adoption by the scientific community. To make 3D cell culture more available and adaptable we here describe the use of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology to rapid-prototype 3D printed perfusion bioreactors. Our 3D printed bioreactors are made of polylactic acid resulting in reusable systems customizable in size and shape. Following design confirmation, our bioreactors were biologically validated for the culture of human mesenchymal stromal cells under perfusion for up to 2 weeks on collagen scaffolds. Microenvironments of various size/volume (6-12 mm in diameter) could be engineered, by modulating the 3D printed bioreactor design. Metabolic assay and confocal microscopy confirmed the homogenous mesenchymal cell distribution throughout the material pores. The resulting human microenvironments were further exploited for the maintenance of human hematopoietic stem cells. Following 1 week of stromal coculture, we report the recapitulation of 3D interactions between the mesenchymal and hematopoietic fractions, associated with a phenotypic expansion of the blood stem cell populations.Our data confirm that perfusion bioreactors fit for cell culture can be generated using a 3D printing technology and exploited for the 3D modeling of complex stem cell systems. Our approach opens the gates for a more faithful investigation of cellular processes in relation to a dynamic 3D microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Dupard
- Cell, Tissue and Organ engineering laboratory, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Garcia Garcia
- Cell, Tissue and Organ engineering laboratory, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul E. Bourgine
- Cell, Tissue and Organ engineering laboratory, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Nam NE, Hwangbo NK, Jin G, Shim JS, Kim JE. Effects of heat-treatment methods on cytocompatibility and mechanical properties of dental products 3D-printed using photopolymerized resin. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:121-131. [PMID: 35570000 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_21_00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test heat-treatment methods for improving the cytocompatibility of dental 3D printable photopolymer resins. METHODS Nextdent C&B resin and a digital light processing 3D printer were used to print all specimens, which were divided into seven groups as follows: 1-month storage at controlled room temperature, 20 to 25 °C (RT), 24-hour storage at RT, 24-hour storage in RT water, 1-min immersion in 80 °C water, 1-min immersion in 100 °C water, 5-min immersion in 100 °C water, and autoclaving. Cell viability tests, cytotoxicity tests, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed to analyze the cytocompatibility of the 3D-printed resin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed after heat-treatment to determine the degree of conversion (DC). RESULTS Immersing printed resin samples in 100 °C water for 1 or 5 min after the curing process was an effective method for increasing cytocompatibility by inducing the preleaching of toxic substances such as unpolymerized monomers, photoinitiators, and additives. Moreover, the DC can be increased by additional polymerization without affecting the mechanical properties of the material. CONCLUSIONS Immersing the printed photosensitive dental resins in 100 °C water for 5 min is a suitable method for increasing cytocompatibility and the DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Eun Nam
- BK21 FOUR Project, Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Na-Kyung Hwangbo
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Gan Jin
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Korea
| | - June-Sung Shim
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Korea
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7
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Hoyle H, Stenger C, Przyborski S. Design considerations of benchtop fluid flow bioreactors for bio-engineered tissue equivalents in vitro. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 8:100063. [PMID: 36824373 PMCID: PMC9934498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major aims of bio-engineering tissue equivalents in vitro is to create physiologically relevant culture conditions to accurately recreate the cellular microenvironment. This often includes incorporation of factors such as the extracellular matrix, co-culture of multiple cell types and three-dimensional culture techniques. These advanced techniques can recapitulate some of the properties of tissue in vivo, however fluid flow is a key aspect that is often absent. Fluid flow can be introduced into cell and tissue culture using bioreactors, which are becoming increasingly common as we seek to produce increasingly accurate tissue models. Bespoke technology is continuously being developed to tailor systems for specific applications and to allow compatibility with a range of culture techniques. For effective perfusion of a tissue culture many parameters can be controlled, ranging from impacts of the fluid flow such as increased shear stress and mass transport, to potentially unwanted side effects such as temperature fluctuations. A thorough understanding of these properties and their implications on the culture model can aid with a more accurate interpretation of results. Improved and more complete characterisation of bioreactor properties will also lead to greater accuracy when reporting culture conditions in protocols, aiding experimental reproducibility, and allowing more precise comparison of results between different systems. In this review we provide an analysis of the different factors involved in the development of benchtop flow bioreactors and their potential biological impacts across a range of applications.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ABS, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
- ALI, air-liquid interface
- Bioreactors
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- Cell culture
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FDM, fused deposition modelling
- Fluid flow
- PC, polycarbonate
- PET, polyethylene terephthalate
- PLA, polylactic acid
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- SLA, stereolithography
- Tissue engineering
- UL, unstirred layer
- UV, ultraviolet light
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Affiliation(s)
- H.W. Hoyle
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - C.M.L. Stenger
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S.A. Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,NETPark Incubator, Reprocell Europe Ltd., Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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8
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Shi P, Tan CK, Wu Z, Gabriel JCP, Srinivasan M, Lee JM, Tay CY. Direct reuse of electronic plastic scraps from computer monitor and keyboard to direct stem cell growth and differentiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151085. [PMID: 34749966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reuse of electronic wastes is a critical aspect for a more sustainable circular economy as it provides the simplest and most direct route to extend the lifespan of non-renewable resources. Herein, the distinctive surface and micro topographical features of computer electronic-plastic (E-plastic) scraps were unconventionally repurposed as a substrate material to guide the growth and differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). Specifically, the E-plastics were scavenged from discarded computer components such as light diffuser plate (polyacrylates), prismatic sheet (polyethylene terephthalate), and keyboards (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) were cleaned, sterilized, and systematically characterized to determine the identity of the plastics, chemical constituents, surface features, and leaching characteristics. Multiparametric analysis revealed that all the E-plastics could preserve stem-cell phenotype and maintain cell growth over 2 weeks, rivalling the performance of commercial tissue-culture treated plates as cell culture plastics. Interestingly, compared to commercial tissue-culture treated plastics and in a competitive adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation environment, ADSCs cultured on the keyboard and light diffuser plastics favoured bone cells formation while the grating-like microstructures of the prismatic sheet promoted fat cells differentiation via the process of contact guidance. Our findings point to the real possibility of utilizing discarded computer plastics as a "waste-to-resource" material to programme stem cell fate without further processing nor biochemical modification, thus providing an innovative second-life option for E-plastics from personal computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujiang Shi
- Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Chiew Kei Tan
- Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Zhuoran Wu
- Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Jean-Christophe P Gabriel
- Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Madhavi Srinivasan
- Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, 637459, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore.
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9
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Nejedlá Z, Poustka D, Herma R, Liegertová M, Štofik M, Smejkal J, Šícha V, Kaule P, Malý J. Class II biocompatible E-Shell 300 3D printing material causes severe developmental toxicity in Danio rerio embryos and reduced cell proliferation in vitro – implications for 3D printed microfluidics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16252-16267. [PMID: 35479142 PMCID: PMC9031839 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is a new technology that represents a highly promising, cheap, and efficient solution for the production of various tools in the biomedicine field. In our study, the toxicity of the commercially available E-Shell 300 series photopolymer, which is used in the manufacture of hearing aids and other implants and which could be potentially exploited in microfluidic device fabrication, was tested using in vivo and in vitro biological models. We examined B14 cell proliferation in direct contact with the three-dimensional (3D)-printed material as well as in water extracts to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity. Similarly, in vivo tests were performed using an OECD-standardized fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test on Danio rerio embryos in direct contact with the material and in extracts as well. Despite E-Shell 300 3D-printed material being declared as class-IIa biocompatible, in the case of direct contact with both biological models, the results demonstrated a considerable negative impact on cell proliferation and severe developmental toxicity. In this study, up to 84% reduced cell proliferation in vitro and 79% mortality of in vivo models were observed. In contrast, a negligible toxic influence of E-Shell 300 water extracts was present. Four different post-processing treatments to reduce the toxicity were also tested. We observed that post-printing treatment of 3D-printed material in 96% ethanol can reduce embryonic mortality in the FET test by 71% and also completely eliminate negative effects on cell proliferation. We analyzed leachates from the polymeric structures by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and we discovered the presence of surfactant residues. In summary, our results indicate the importance of biocompatibility testing of the 3D printing photopolymer material in direct contact with the given biological model. On the other hand, the possibility of eliminating toxic effects by an appropriate post-processing strategy opens the door for broader applications of E-Shell 300 photopolymers in the development of complex microfluidic devices for various biological applications. E-Shell 300 3D-printed material demonstrated a considerable negative impact on cell proliferation and severe developmental toxicity due to release of surfactant residues. Post-treatment with ethanol improved the biocompatibility of the material.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Nejedlá
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - David Poustka
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Regina Herma
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Liegertová
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Štofik
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Smejkal
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Václav Šícha
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kaule
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malý
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Jan Evangelista Purkinje University
- Usti nad Labem
- Czech Republic
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10
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Jurischka C, Dinter F, Efimova A, Weiss R, Schiebel J, Schulz C, Fayziev B, Schierack P, Fischer T, Rödiger S. An explorative study of polymers for 3D printing of bioanalytical test systems. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 75:57-84. [PMID: 31929149 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 3D printing is relevant as a manufacturing technology of functional models for forensic, pharmaceutical and bioanalytical applications such as drug delivery systems, sample preparation and point-of-care tests. OBJECTIVE Melting behavior and autofluorescence of materials are decisive for optimal printing and applicability of the product which are influenced by varying unknown additives. METHODS We have produced devices for bioanalytical applications from commercially available thermoplastic polymers using a melt-layer process. We characterized them by differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy and functional assays (DNA capture assay, model for cell adhesion, bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation test). RESULTS From 14 tested colored, transparent and black materials we found only deep black acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and some black polylactic acid (PLA) useable for fluorescence-based assays, with low autofluorescence only in the short-wave range of 300-400 nm. PLA was suitable for standard bioanalytical purposes due to a glass transition temperature of approximately 60°C, resistance to common laboratory chemicals and easy print processing. For temperature-critical methods, such as hybridization reactions up to 90°C, ABS was better suited. CONCLUSIONS Autofluorescence was not a disadvantage per se but can also be used as a reference signal in assays. The rapid development of individual protocols for sample processing and analysis required the availability of a material with consistent quality over time. For fluorescence-based assays, the use of commercial standard materials did not seem to meet this requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jurischka
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Dinter
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Efimova
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Romano Weiss
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Schiebel
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Project Group Pz-Syn, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses IZI-BB, Potsdam, Germany Located at the BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Bekzodjon Fayziev
- Chair of Mathematical Modeling, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Peter Schierack
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Zentrales Analytisches Labor, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany.,Study Program Forensic Sciences and Engineering, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Stefan Rödiger
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.,Study Program Forensic Sciences and Engineering, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Senftenberg, Germany
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11
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Beckwith AL, Velásquez‐García LF, Borenstein JT. Microfluidic Model for Evaluation of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Human Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900289. [PMID: 31056856 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Presented is the first demonstration of real-time monitoring of the response of resident lymphocyte populations in biopsied tumor tissue to immunotherapeutic agents in a perfused tumor microenvironment. This technology comprises a microfluidic tumor trapping device constructed from a novel 3D-printed, transparent, noncytotoxic substrate. The 3D-printed device sustains viability of biopsied tissue fragments under dynamic perfusion for at least 72 h while enabling simultaneous administration of various drug treatments, illustrating a useful tool for drug development and precision medicine for immunotherapy. Confocal microscopy of the tumor tissue and resident lymphocytes in the presence of fluorescent tracers provides real-time monitoring of tumor response to various immunotherapies. Devices are additively manufactured in Pro3dure GR-10 (i.e., a relatively new, high-resolution stereolithographic resin with properties suitable for biomedical applications), allowing integration of a set of finely featured functional components into a monolithically constructed platform. The presented platform comprises a new methodology for modeling and analyzing tumor response for the improved prediction of patient-specific immunotherapy efficacy. It is acknowledged that this is the first report of human tumor fragments cultured in a dynamic perfusion system capable of testing the effect of circulating immune checkpoint inhibitors on resident tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Beckwith
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Draper 555 Technology Sq. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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12
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Ngan CGY, O’Connell CD, Blanchard R, Boyd-Moss M, Williams RJ, Bourke J, Quigley A, McKelvie P, Kapsa RMI, Choong PFM. Optimising the biocompatibility of 3D printed photopolymer constructs
in vitro
and
in vivo. Biomed Mater 2019; 14:035007. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab09c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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3D Printing Solutions for Microfluidic Chip-To-World Connections. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9020071. [PMID: 30393347 PMCID: PMC6187806 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The connection of microfluidic devices to the outer world by tubes and wires is an underestimated issue. We present methods based on 3D printing to realize microfluidic chip holders with reliable fluidic and electric connections. The chip holders are constructed by microstereolithography, an additive manufacturing technique with sub-millimeter resolution. The fluidic sealing between the chip and holder is achieved by placing O-rings, partly integrated into the 3D-printed structure. The electric connection of bonding pads located on microfluidic chips is realized by spring-probes fitted within the printed holder. Because there is no gluing or wire bonding necessary, it is easy to change the chip in the measurement setup. The spring probes and O-rings are aligned automatically because of their fixed position within the holder. In the case of bioanalysis applications such as cells, a limitation of 3D-printed objects is the leakage of cytotoxic residues from the printing material, cured resin. This was solved by coating the 3D-printed structures with parylene-C. The combination of silicon/glass microfluidic chips fabricated with highly-reliable clean-room technology and 3D-printed chip holders for the chip-to-world connection is a promising solution for applications where biocompatibility, optical transparency and accurate sample handling must be assured. 3D printing technology for such applications will eventually arise, enabling the fabrication of complete microfluidic devices.
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14
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Shahin-Shamsabadi A, Hashemi A, Tahriri M. A Viscoelastic Study of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Microsphere Sintered Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-017-0325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Brünler R, Aibibu D, Wöltje M, Anthofer AM, Cherif C. In silico modeling of structural and porosity properties of additive manufactured implants for regenerative medicine. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:810-817. [PMID: 28482595 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies are a promising technology towards patient-specific implants for applications in regenerative medicine. The Net-Shape-Nonwoven technology is used to manufacture structures from short fibers with interconnected pores and large functional surfaces that are predestined for cell adhesion and growth. The present study reports on a modeling approach with a particular focus on the specific structural properties. The overall porosities and mean pore-sizes of the digital models are simulated according to liquid-displacement porosity in a tool implemented in the modeling software. This allows adjusting the process parameters fiber length and fiber diameter to generate biomimetic structures with pore-sizes adapted to the requirements of the tissue that is to be replaced. Modeling the structural and porosity properties of scaffolds and implants leads to an efficient use of the processed biomaterials as the trial-and-error method is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Brünler
- Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology (ITM), Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dilbar Aibibu
- Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology (ITM), Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Wöltje
- Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology (ITM), Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Anthofer
- Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology (ITM), Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chokri Cherif
- Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology (ITM), Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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