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Radnaa E, Richardson LS, Sheller-Miller S, Baljinnyam T, de Castro Silva M, Kumar Kammala A, Urrabaz-Garza R, Kechichian T, Kim S, Han A, Menon R. Extracellular vesicle mediated feto-maternal HMGB1 signaling induces preterm birth. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1956-1973. [PMID: 34008619 PMCID: PMC8162392 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01323d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks of gestation) impacts ∼11% of all pregnancies and contributes to 1 million neonatal deaths worldwide annually. An understanding of the feto-maternal (F-M) signals that initiate birthing (parturition) at term is critical to design strategies to prevent their premature activation, resulting in PTB. Although endocrine and immune cell signaling are well-reported, fetal-derived paracrine signals capable of transitioning quiescent uterus to an active state of labor are poorly studied. Recent reports have suggested that senescence of the fetal amnion membrane coinciding with fetal growth and maturation generates inflammatory signals capable of triggering parturition. This is by increasing the inflammatory load at the feto-maternal interface (FMi) tissues (i.e., amniochorion-decidua). High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), an alarmin, is one of the inflammatory signals released by senescent amnion cells via extracellular vesicles (exosomes; 40-160 nm). Increased levels of HMGB1 in the amniotic fluid, cord and maternal blood are associated with term and PTB. This study tested the hypothesis that senescent amnion cells release HMGB1, which is fetal signaling capable of increasing FMi inflammation, predisposing them to parturition. To test this hypothesis, exosomes from amnion epithelial cells (AECs) grown under normal conditions were engineered to contain HMGB1 by electroporation (eHMGB1). eHMGB1 was characterized (quantity, size, shape, markers and loading efficiency), and its propagation through FMi was tested using a four-chamber microfluidic organ-on-a-chip device (FMi-OOC) that contained four distinct cell types (amnion and chorion mesenchymal, chorion trophoblast and decidual cells) connected through microchannels. eHMGB1 propagated through the fetal cells and matrix to the maternal decidua and increased inflammation (receptor expression [RAGE and TLR4] and cytokines). Furthermore, intra-amniotic injection of eHMGB1 (containing 10 ng) into pregnant CD-1 mice on embryonic day 17 led to PTB. Injecting carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled eHMGB1, we determined in vivo kinetics and report that eHMGB1 trafficking resulting in PTB was associated with increased FMi inflammation. This study determined that fetal exosome mediated paracrine signaling can generate inflammation and induce parturition. Besides, in vivo functional validation of FMi-OOC experiments strengthens the reliability of such devices to test physiologic and pathologic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhtuya Radnaa
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA.
| | - Lauren S Richardson
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA. and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samantha Sheller-Miller
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA.
| | - Tuvshintugs Baljinnyam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mariana de Castro Silva
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA.
| | - Ananth Kumar Kammala
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA.
| | - Rheanna Urrabaz-Garza
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA.
| | - Talar Kechichian
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA.
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA.
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Skruber K, Read TA, Vitriol EA. Delivering defined amounts of purified protein with high precision into living cells. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100272. [PMID: 33511357 PMCID: PMC7817494 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we detail a protocol using electroporation to precisely deliver defined amounts of purified protein into CAD cells. This method allows one million cells to be electroporated with protein simultaneously, with high delivery efficiency and low cell death. Further, by circumventing the normal biosynthetic pathway, proteins can be studied without the complication of post-translational modifications and before a transcriptional response can be initiated. This protocol will be useful for any researcher who is interested in protein concentration-dependent cellular phenotypes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Skruber et al. (2020). Precise amounts of purified protein can be delivered into cells by electroporation Delivered protein is proportional to bath concentration in electroporation reaction Protein retains functionality after electroporation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Skruber
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tracy-Ann Read
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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3
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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4
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Sun C, Ouyang M, Cao Z, Ma S, Alqublan H, Sriranganathan N, Wang Y, Lu C. Electroporation-delivered fluorescent protein biosensors for probing molecular activities in cells without genetic encoding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:11536-9. [PMID: 25133322 PMCID: PMC5783554 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04730c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent protein biosensors are typically implemented via genetic encoding which makes the examination of scarce cell samples impractical. By directly delivering the protein form of the biosensor into cells using electroporation, we detected intracellular molecular activity with the sample size down to ~100 cells with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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5
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Sontag RL, Mihai C, Orr G, Savchenko A, Skarina T, Cui H, Cort JR, Adkins JN, Brown RN. Electroporation of functional bacterial effectors into mammalian cells. J Vis Exp 2015:52296. [PMID: 25650771 PMCID: PMC4331347 DOI: 10.3791/52296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of protein interactions in the context of living cells can generate critical information about localization, dynamics, and interacting partners. This information is particularly valuable in the context of host-pathogen interactions. Many pathogen proteins function within host cells in a variety of way such as, enabling evasion of the host immune system and survival within the intracellular environment. To study these pathogen-protein host-cell interactions, several approaches are commonly used, including: in vivo infection with a strain expressing a tagged or mutant protein, or introduction of pathogen genes via transfection or transduction. Each of these approaches has advantages and disadvantages. We sought a means to directly introduce exogenous proteins into cells. Electroporation is commonly used to introduce nucleic acids into cells, but has been more rarely applied to proteins although the biophysical basis is exactly the same. A standard electroporator was used to introduce affinity-tagged bacterial effectors into mammalian cells. Human epithelial and mouse macrophage cells were cultured by traditional methods, detached, and placed in 0.4 cm gap electroporation cuvettes with an exogenous bacterial pathogen protein of interest (e.g. Salmonella Typhimurium GtgE). After electroporation (0.3 kV) and a short (4 hr) recovery period, intracellular protein was verified by fluorescently labeling the protein via its affinity tag and examining spatial and temporal distribution by confocal microscopy. The electroporated protein was also shown to be functional inside the cell and capable of correct subcellular trafficking and protein-protein interaction. While the exogenous proteins tended to accumulate on the surface of the cells, the electroporated samples had large increases in intracellular effector concentration relative to incubation alone. The protocol is simple and fast enough to be done in a parallel fashion, allowing for high-throughput characterization of pathogen proteins in host cells including subcellular targeting and function of virulence proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Sontag
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
| | - Cosmin Mihai
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Structural Proteomics Group, Ontario Center for Structural Proteomics, University of Toronto
| | - Tatiana Skarina
- Structural Proteomics Group, Ontario Center for Structural Proteomics, University of Toronto
| | - Hong Cui
- Structural Proteomics Group, Ontario Center for Structural Proteomics, University of Toronto
| | - John R Cort
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
| | - Joshua N Adkins
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory;
| | - Roslyn N Brown
- Center for Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Washington State University;
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6
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Vickers DAL, Hur SC. Microscale vortex-assisted electroporator for sequential molecular delivery. J Vis Exp 2014:e51702. [PMID: 25145886 PMCID: PMC4672957 DOI: 10.3791/51702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation has received increasing attention in the past years, because it is a very powerful technique for physically introducing non-permeant exogenous molecular probes into cells. This work reports a microfluidic electroporation platform capable of performing multiple molecule delivery to mammalian cells with precise and molecular-dependent parameter control. The system's ability to isolate cells with uniform size distribution allows for less variation in electroporation efficiency per given electric field strength; hence enhanced sample viability. Moreover, its process visualization feature allows for observation of the fluorescent molecular uptake process in real-time, which permits prompt molecular delivery parameter adjustments in situ for efficiency enhancement. To show the vast capabilities of the reported platform, macromolecules with different sizes and electrical charges (e.g., Dextran with MW of 3,000 and 70,000 Da) were delivered to metastatic breast cancer cells with high delivery efficiencies (>70%) for all tested molecules. The developed platform has proven its potential for use in the expansion of research fields where on-chip electroporation techniques can be beneficial.
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7
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Park S, Bassat DB, Yossifon G. Individually addressable multi-chamber electroporation platform with dielectrophoresis and alternating-current-electro-osmosis assisted cell positioning. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024117. [PMID: 24803966 PMCID: PMC4000404 DOI: 10.1063/1.4873439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A multi-functional microfluidic platform was fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of on-chip electroporation integrated with dielectrophoresis (DEP) and alternating-current-electro-osmosis (ACEO) assisted cell/particle manipulation. A spatial gradient of electroporation parameters was generated within a microchamber array and validated using normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and red fluorescent protein-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (RFP-HUVECs) with various fluorescent indicators. The edge of the bottom electrode, coinciding with the microchamber entrance, may act as an on-demand gate, functioning under either positive or negative DEP. In addition, at sufficiently low activation frequencies, ACEO vortices can complement the DEP to contribute to a rapid trapping/alignment of particles. As such, results clearly indicate that the microfluidic platform has the potential to achieve high-throughput screening for electroporation with spatial control and uniformity, assisted by DEP and ACEO manipulation/trapping of particles/cells into individual microchambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Dana Ben Bassat
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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8
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Time-dependent intracellular trafficking of FITC-conjugated epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate in L-929 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9652-9. [PMID: 18951028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many in vitro studies about green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) focused on its pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects on various types of cancer cells, while less attention has been paid to its incorporation into the cytoplasm and nuclear translocation. This study concentrated on the time-dependent intracellular trafficking of EGCG in L-929 cells. EGCG was conjugated with fluorescein-4-isothiocyanate (FITC) via the 3''-OH or 5''-OH group, as confirmed by NMR analysis, and then treated to either suspended or cultured cells. Confocal microscopic observations revealed that FITC-EGCG was clearly seen onto the membrane of suspended cells as well as into the cytoplasm and nucleus within 1h. As an increase in treatment time, it concentrated on the nucleus and then was located at any places of the cells. The cellular uptake of FITC-EGCG in cultured cells was not observed until 1h of culture, but started to be observed after at least 2h. These results imply that although the cellular sensitivity and response to EGCG would be different from those of FITC-EGCG, it would be incorporated into the cytoplasm of cells and further be translocated into the nucleus in a time-dependent manner.
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9
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Gowrishankar TR, Esser AT, Vasilkoski Z, Smith KC, Weaver JC. Microdosimetry for conventional and supra-electroporation in cells with organelles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:1266-76. [PMID: 16469297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electroporation (EP) by 0.1 to 1 kV/cm pulses longer than 100 micros, and supra-electroporation by 10 to 300 kV/cm pulses shorter than 1 micros cause different cellular effects. Conventional EP delivers DNA, proteins, small drugs, and fluorescent indicators across the plasma membrane (PM) and causes moderate levels of phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation at the PM. We hypothesize that supra-EP is central to intracellular effects such as apoptosis induction and higher levels of PS translocation. Our cell system model has 20,000 interconnected local models for small areas of the PM and organelle membranes, small regions of aqueous media, appropriate resting potentials, and the asymptotic EP model. Conventional EP primarily affects the PM, but with a hint of endoplasmic reticulum involvement. Supra-EP can involve all of a cell's membrane at the largest fields. Conventional EP fields tend to go around cells, but supra-EP fields go through cells, extensively penetrating organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvallur R Gowrishankar
- Harvard-M.I.T., Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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10
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Huynh C, Roth D, Ward DM, Kaplan J, Andrews NW. Defective lysosomal exocytosis and plasma membrane repair in Chediak-Higashi/beige cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16795-800. [PMID: 15557559 PMCID: PMC534728 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405905101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane resealing is a Ca(2+)-dependent process that involves the exocytosis of intracellular vesicles next to the wound site. Recent studies revealed that conventional lysosomes behave as Ca(2+)-regulated secretory compartments and play a central role in membrane resealing. These findings raised the possibility that the complex pathology of lysosomal diseases might also include defects in plasma membrane repair. Here, we investigated the capacity for lysosomal exocytosis and membrane resealing of fibroblasts derived from Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) patients, or from beige-J mice. By using a sensitive electroporation/fluorescence-activated cell sorter-based assay, we show that lysosomal exocytosis triggered by membrane wounding is impaired in both human Chediak-Higashi and mouse beige-J fibroblasts. Lysosomal exocytosis increased when the normal size of lysosomes was restored in beige-J cells by expression of the CHS/Beige protein. A similar effect was seen when the lysosomal enlargement in beige-J cells was reversed by treatment with E64d. In addition, the survival of Chediak-Higashi and beige-J fibroblasts after wounding was reduced, indicating that impaired lysosomal exocytosis inhibits membrane resealing in these mutant cells. Thus, the severe symptoms exhibited by CHS patients may also include defects in the ability of cells to repair plasma membrane lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Huynh
- Section of Microbial Pathogenesis and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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11
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Yang ZJ, Appleby VJ, Coyle B, Chan WI, Tahmaseb M, Wigmore PM, Scotting PJ. Novel strategy to study gene expression and function in developing cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 132:149-60. [PMID: 14706712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The advent of techniques for global analyses of cell biology, such as genomics and proteomics, opens the way to rapid progress in understanding the molecular control of developing tissues. However, such studies in the CNS are hindered by the complexity of this tissue. In particular, few approaches allow cells to be isolated that are enriched for specific stages of their maturation. We describe a new strategy to study gene expression and function in cerebellar granule cells. In these experiments, we have used square pulse electroporation to introduce fluorescent dye or DNA constructs into immature granule cell precursors in situ. This method only labels granule cell precursors in the superficial part of the external granule layer. Combining this labelling with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) allows the transfected cells to be isolated at any time during their subsequent development, thus providing a means of analysing granule cells as they undergo maturation. This transfection method can be used to study events in the normal maturation of granule cells or the effects of introduced transgenes. Such studies can be carried out on cells purified from primary cultures or cells in situ using cerebellar slice cultures. Our strategy provides a new route to detailed analysis of the role of genes in controlling many aspects of granule cell biology. These approaches will allow recent global analyses to be more readily applied to subpopulations of cells in complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-jie Yang
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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12
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Wang MM, Schnabel CA, Chachisvilis M, Yang R, Paliotti MJ, Simons LA, McMullin L, Hagen N, Lykstad K, Tu E, Pestana LM, Sur S, Zhang H, Butler WF, Kariv I, Marchand PJ. Optical forces for noninvasive cellular analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:5765-5773. [PMID: 14528941 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.005765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel, noninvasive measurement technique for quantitative cellular analysis is presented that utilizes the forces generated by an optical beam to evaluate the physical properties of live cells in suspension. In this analysis, a focused, near-infrared laser line with a high cross-sectional intensity gradient is rapidly scanned across a field of cells, and the interaction of those cells with the beam is monitored. The response of each cell to the laser depends on its size, structure, morphology, composition, and surface membrane properties; therefore, with this technique, cell populations of different type, treatment, or biological state can be compared. To demonstrate the utility of this cell analysis platform, we evaluated the early stages of apoptosis induced in the U937 cancer cell line by the drug camptothecin and compared the results with established reference assays. Measurements on our platform show detection of cellular changes earlier than either of the fluorescence-based Annexin V or caspase assays. Because no labeling or additional cell processing is required and because accurate assays can be performed with a small number of cells, this measurement technique may find suitable applications in cell research, medical diagnostics, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Wang
- Genoptix, Inc., 3398 Carmel Mountain Road, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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13
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Gift EA, Weaver JC. Simultaneous quantitative determination of electroporative molecular uptake and subsequent cell survival using gel microdrops and flow cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(20000401)39:4<243::aid-cyto1>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Liu Y, Santin AD, Mane M, Chiriva-Internati M, Parham GP, Ravaggi A, Hermonat PL. Transduction and utility of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene into monocytes and dendritic cells by adeno-associated virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:21-30. [PMID: 10670649 DOI: 10.1089/107999000312702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic manipulation of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC) offers promise for stimulating the immune response, in particular for anticancer and antiviral protocols. As adeno-associated virus (AAV) has shown promise as a gene delivery vector for transducing a variety of hematopoietic cell types, we have investigated AAV's ability to genetically alter DC. In this analysis, we modified the standard granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment of adherent monocytes to generate DC. In our protocol, adherent monocytes were first infected with an AAV/GM-CSF/Neo vector, and the addition of IL-4 was delayed for 2 days to allow for a brief period of monocyte proliferation. AAV-mediated transduction of the GM-CSF and Neo genes into monocytes/DC precursors was demonstrated by G418 selection, GM-CSF secretion, GM-CSF RNA expression (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification [RT-PCR]), and cell proliferation. Cells resulting from infection with AAV/GM-CSF/Neo virus, and subsequent IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) treatment, displayed multiple classic markers consistent with mature DC. Finally, chromosomal integration of the AAV vector was also demonstrated in sorted CD83+ DC. These data strongly suggest that AAV vectors will be useful for the genetic manipulation of DC and suggest that the transduction of the GM-CSF gene was able to fully replace the need for exogenous GM-CSF in the production of mature DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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15
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Zewert TE, Pliquett UF, Vanbever R, Langer R, Weaver JC. Creation of transdermal pathways for macromolecule transport by skin electroporation and a low toxicity, pathway-enlarging molecule. BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 1999; 49:11-20. [PMID: 10619443 DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(99)00056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A combined electrical (HV, "high voltage", pulsing) and chemical (topical sodium thiosulfate) intervention is hypothesized to create enlarged aqueous pathways that allow large quantities of macromolecules to be transported through human skin's stratum corneum (SC), the dominant barrier for transdermal drug delivery and biochemical analyte extraction. This expectation is based on the known structure and composition of the SC, and previous models and experiments for local transport regions (LTRs) due to transdermal HV pulsing. In vitro experiments demonstrated that transdermal macromolecule fluxes of 10(-9) to 10(-8) mol h(-1) cm(-2) (10 to 100 microg h(-1) cm(-2)) or greater are possible for lactalbumin and an antibody (IgG), which are potentially therapeutic values for peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. In the absence of sodium thiosulfate, only a small molecule (sulforhodamine) flux increased significantly, consistent with many previous studies. Significant macromolecule transdermal fluxes occurred only if a pathway enlarging molecule (sodium thiosulfate) was present. Our results also provide support for the mechanism hypothesis that HV pulses leading to transdermal voltages U(skin) > 50 V create straight-through aqueous pathways that penetrate multilamellar bilayer membranes, corneocyte envelopes and corneocyte interiors within the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Zewert
- Harvard-M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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16
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Prausnitz MR, Milano CD, Gimm JA, Langer R, Weaver JC. Quantitative study of molecular transport due to electroporation: uptake of bovine serum albumin by erythrocyte ghosts. Biophys J 1994; 66:1522-30. [PMID: 8061201 PMCID: PMC1275872 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is believed to involve the creation of aqueous pathways in lipid bilayer membranes by transient elevation of the transmembrane voltage to approximately 1 V. Here, results are presented for a quantitative study of the number of bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules transported into erythrocyte ghosts caused by electroportion. 1) Uptake of BSA was found to plateau at high field strength. However, this was not necessarily an absolute maximum in transport. Instead, it represented the maximum effect of increasing field strength for a particular pulse protocol. 2) Maximum uptake under any conditions used in this study corresponded to approximately one-fourth of apparent equilibrium with the external solution. 3) Multiple and longer pulses each increased uptake of BSA, where the total time integral of field strength correlated with uptake, independent of inter-pulse spacing. 4) Pre-pulse adsorption of BSA to ghost membranes appears to have increased transport. 5) Most transport of BSA probably occurred by electrically driven transport during pulses; post-pulse uptake occurred, but to a much lesser extent. Finally, approaches to increasing transport are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Prausnitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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17
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Wakatsuki Y, Neurath MF, Max EE, Strober W. The B cell-specific transcription factor BSAP regulates B cell proliferation. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1099-108. [PMID: 7511679 PMCID: PMC2191448 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.4.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The B cell-specific activator protein (BSAP) is a DNA-binding transcription factor expressed in pro-B, pre-B, and mature B cells, but not in plasma cells. In this study, we explored the role of BSAP in B cell function by assessing how the content of this protein varies in cells driven by proliferative stimuli and, conversely, how artificial manipulation of BSAP activity affects cell proliferation. We found that BSAP activity of nuclear extracts increased when B cells were activated by mitogen (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), antigen receptor-mediated signaling (surface immunoglobulin D [IgD] cross-linking) or T cell-dependent stimulation (CD40 cross-linking). We could suppress BSAP activity by exposure of B cells to phosphorothioate oligonucleotides antisense to the BSAP translation initiation start site, whereas control oligonucleotides were virtually inactive. Antisense-induced BSAP suppression was associated with a striking reduction in LPS-induced proliferation of splenic B cells and in the spontaneous proliferation of B lymphoma cells (CH12.LX), but the antisense oligonucleotide had virtually no effect on proliferation of two cell lines lacking BSAP: the T lymphoma line EL-4 and the plasma cell line MOPC-315. Overexpression of BSAP in splenic B cells or de novo expression in MOPC-315 plasma cells induced by transfection of a BSAP expression plasmid stimulated cell proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that BSAP activity is a rate-limiting regulator of B cell proliferation. We also found that treatment with the antisense BSAP oligonucleotide downregulated Ig class switching induced by interleukin 4 plus LPS. This effect may be secondary to reduced proliferation or could be mediated through BSAP binding sites in the IgH locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wakatsuki
- Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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18
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Djuzenova CS, Sukhorukov VL, Klöck G, Arnold WM, Zimmermann U. Effect of electric field pulses on the viability and on the membrane-bound immunoglobulins of LPS-activated murine B-lymphocytes: correlation with the cell cycle. CYTOMETRY 1994; 15:35-45. [PMID: 8162823 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990150107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microsecond electropulses (1-5 kV/cm) on the viability of murine B lymphocytes and on their binding of antibodies by surface immunoglobulin (Ig) were studied in relation to the cell cycle. Before electropulsing, cultures given 48 h mitogenic stimulation showed at least two cell subpopulations, which were distinguishable by their levels of surface-Ig expression as assessed with FITC-labelled antibodies against mouse Ig. The immunofluorescence intensity of cells in S and G2/M phases was higher than that of G0/G1 cells. After exposure of the mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to three exponentially decaying (time constant tau = 5-40 microseconds) electric field pulses, dye exclusion assay showed that pulsing at 1 or 2 kV/cm (at 4 degrees C or 20 degrees C) did not cause permeabilization. Field strengths of 3, 4, or 5 kV/cm resulted in 20%, 45%, or 70% of dye-permeable cells, respectively, if the pulsed cells were transferred to phosphate-buffered saline on ice for 30 min. Incubation in full medium at 37 degrees C for 30 min ("resealing") significantly decreased the percentage of permeabilized cells. Electropulsed G0/G1 cells were not only more resistant to direct electric exposure (tolerated higher field strengths) than S + G2/M cells but also responded better to resealing. The surface Ig of lymphocytes pulsed at higher fields and low temperature (4 or 5 kV/cm, tau = 5 microseconds, three pulses, 4 degrees C) was less easily immunostained than in controls or in cells pulsed at 2 kV/cm or less. At 5 kV/cm those cells that were not permeabilized showed a greater reduction in immunostaining, especially if resealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Djuzenova
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Andreason GL. Electroporation as a technique for the transfer of macromolecules into mammalian cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01667362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Arora N, Leppla S. Residues 1-254 of anthrax toxin lethal factor are sufficient to cause cellular uptake of fused polypeptides. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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21
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Maccarrone M, Veldink GA, Vliegenthart JF. Inhibition of lipoxygenase activity in lentil protoplasts by monoclonal antibodies introduced into the cells via electroporation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 205:995-1001. [PMID: 1577015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of lentil protoplasts and the transfer of anti-lipoxygenase monoclonal antibodies into plant protoplasts by electroporation is reported. The dependence of the efficiency of monoclonal antibody incorporation on the field strength is shown as well. The transferred immunoglobulins retained their functional and structural integrity and were able to inhibit the intracellular target enzyme, with a linear relationship between inhibition of lipoxygenase activity and amount of incorporated monoclonal antibody. Moreover, the inhibition of lipoxygenase activity was well correlated with the increase of protoplast viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maccarrone
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Bio-organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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