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Li J, Li K, Li H, Wang X, Wang W, Wang K, Ge M. Long-chain alkanes in the atmosphere: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:37-52. [PMID: 35459500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a representative species of intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs), long-chain alkanes are considered to be important precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. This work reviews the previous studies on long-chain alkanes in the atmosphere: (1) the detection methods and filed observations of long-chain alkanes in both gas and particle phases are summarized briefly; (2) the laboratory studies of long chain alkanes are reviewed, the kinetic data, reaction mechanism, SOA yields, and physicochemical properties of SOA are included in detail; (3) the research progress related to model simulations of long-chain alkanes are also discussed. In addition, based on available research results, several perspective contents are proposed that can be used as a guideline for future research plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kun Li
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xuezhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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2
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Formation and growth of sub-3-nm aerosol particles in experimental chambers. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1013-1040. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lamkaddam H, Gratien A, Ropion M, Pangui E, Doussin JF. Kinetic Study of the Temperature Dependence of OH-Initiated Oxidation of n-Dodecane. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9462-9468. [PMID: 31609621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction rate constants for the reaction of n-dodecane with hydroxyl radicals were measured as a function of temperature between 283 and 303 K, using the relative rate method in the CESAM chamber (French acronym for "experimental multiphasic atmospheric simulation chamber"). The rate constants obtained at 283, 293, and 303 K are (1.27 ± 0.31) × 10-11, (1.33 ± 0.34) × 10-11, and (1.27 ± 0.40) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. Rate constants measured were in excellent agreement with the few available data in the literature over the studied temperature range (283-340 K). Rate constants estimated by the structure-activity relationship and transition state theory methods agreed with our experimental data within 14%. From these data combined with previous literature measurement, the following Arrhenius expression, kDDC+OH = (9.77 ± 6.19) × 10-11 × exp[(-595 ± 5580)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, was found to be valid over a temperature range (283-340 K) of the tropospheric interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , Créteil , France
| | - Aline Gratien
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , Créteil , France
| | - Manon Ropion
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , Créteil , France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , Créteil , France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , Créteil , France
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4
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Rate Constants for the Reaction of OH Radicals with Hydrocarbons in a Smog Chamber at Low Atmospheric Temperatures. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9080320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical reaction of OH radicals with the 17 hydrocarbons n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, cyclooctane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpentane, 2,2-dimethylhexane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, and o-xylene was investigated at 288 and 248 K in a temperature controlled smog chamber. The rate constants were determined from relative rate calculations with toluene and n-pentane as reference compounds, respectively. The results from this work at 288 K show good agreement with previous literature data for the straight-chain hydrocarbons, as well as for cyclooctane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane, benzene, and toluene, indicating a convenient method to study the reaction of OH radicals with many hydrocarbons simultaneously. The data at 248 K (k in units of 10−12 cm3 s−1) for 2,2-dimethylpentane (2.97 ± 0.08), 2,2-dimethylhexane (4.30 ± 0.12), 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (3.20 ± 0.11), and ethylbenzene (7.51 ± 0.53) extend the available data range of experiments. Results from this work are useful to evaluate the atmospheric lifetime of the hydrocarbons and are essential for modeling the photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons in the real troposphere.
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Phan M, Li Z. Kinetics Study of the Reactions of OH with n-Undecane and n-Dodecane Using the RR/DF/MS Technique. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3647-3654. [PMID: 28464606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radical with n-undecane (n-C11H24) and n-dodecane (n-C12H26) has been studied at 240-340 K and a total pressure of 1 Torr using the relative rate/discharge flow/mass spectrometry (RR/DF/MS) technique. The rate constants at 298 K for these reactions were determined to be kn-undecane+OH = (1.59 ± 0.24) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and kn-dodecane+OH = (1.83 ± 0.26) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. The rate constants of these reactions were found to positively dependent on temperature at 277-340 K, and negatively dependent on temperature at 240-277 K. The atmospheric lifetime of these compounds are estimated to be 25.8 and 19.8 h for n-undecane and n-dodecane, respectively, based the kinetics results in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Fullerton , Fullerton, California 92834, United States
| | - Zhuangjie Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Fullerton , Fullerton, California 92834, United States
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Wittmer J, Bleicher S, Zetzsch C. Iron(III)-Induced Activation of Chloride and Bromide from Modeled Salt Pans. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4373-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508006s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wittmer
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Research Unit,
BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Dr. Hans-Frisch Strasse 1-3, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sergej Bleicher
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Research Unit,
BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Dr. Hans-Frisch Strasse 1-3, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Research Unit,
BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Dr. Hans-Frisch Strasse 1-3, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
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Gennaco MA, Huang YW, Hannun RA, Dransfield TJ. Absolute Rate Constants for the Reaction of OH with Cyclopentane and Cycloheptane from 233 to 351 K. J Phys Chem A 2012. [PMID: 23194446 DOI: 10.1021/jp3048482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Gennaco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard,
Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Yi-wen Huang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric
and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United
States
| | - Reem A. Hannun
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical
Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy J. Dransfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard,
Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
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Tay KS, Rahman NA, Abas MRB. Fenton degradation of dialkylphthalates: products and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2011; 9:539-546. [DOI: 10.1007/s10311-011-0317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Tay KS, Rahman NA, Abas MRB. Removal of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals and personal care products in surface waters and secondary wastewater by ozonation. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2011; 83:684-691. [PMID: 21905405 DOI: 10.2175/106143011x12989211841179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of parabens, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), and phthalates by ozonation. The second-order rate constants for the reaction between selected compounds with ozone at pH 7 were of (2.2 +/-0.2) X 10(6) to (2.9 +/-0.3) X 10(6) M 1/s for parabens, (2.1+/- 0.3) to (3.9 +/-0.5) M-1/s for phthalates, and (5.2 +/-0.3) M-1/s for DEET. The rate constants for the reaction between selected compounds with hydroxyl radical ranged from (2.49 +/-0.06) x 10(9) to (8.5 +/-0.2) x 10(9) M-1/s. Ozonation of selected compounds in secondary wastewater and surface waters revealed that ozone dose of 1 and 3 mg/L yielded greater than 99% depletion of parabens and greater than 92% DEET and phthalates, respectively. In addition, parabens were found to transform almost exclusively through the reaction with ozone, while DEET and phthalates were transformed almost entirely by hydroxyl radicals (.OH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheng Soo Tay
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Crawford MA, Dang B, Hoang J, Li Z. Kinetic study of OH radical reaction with n
-heptane and n
-hexane at 240-340K using the relative rate/discharge flow/mass spectrometry (RR/DF/MS) technique. INT J CHEM KINET 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Jalali HA, Manucharova LA, Tsarukyan SV, Vardanyan IA. Reaction of peroxide radicals with methane on the titanium oxide surface: Effects of the composition of the initial mixture. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441103006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Temperature dependent kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with EMS. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Tay KS, Rahman NA, Abas MRB. Ozonation of parabens in aqueous solution: kinetics and mechanism of degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:1446-53. [PMID: 20875662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the reaction kinetics and degradation mechanism of parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben) during ozonation. Experiments were performed at pH 2, 6 and 12 to determine the rate constants for the reaction of protonated, undissociated and dissociated paraben with ozone. The rate constants for the reaction of ozone with dissociated parabens (3.3 × 10(9)-4.2 × 10(9)M(-1)s(-1)) were found to be 10(4) times higher than the undissociated parabens (2.5 × 10(5)-4.4 × 10(5)M(-1)s(-1)) and 10(7) times higher than with the protonated parabens (1.02 × 10(2)-1.38 × 10(2)M(-1)s(-1)). The second-order rate constants for the reaction between parabens with hydroxyl radicals were found to vary from 6.8 × 10(9) to 9.2 × 10(9)M(-1)s(-1). Characterization of degradation by-products (DBPs) formed during the ozonation of each selected parabens has been carried out using GCMS after silylation. Twenty DBPs formed during ozonation of selected parabens have been identified. Hydroxylation has been found to be the major reaction for the formation of the identified DBPs. Through the hydroxylation reaction, a variety of hydroxylated parabens was formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheng Soo Tay
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Zetzsch C, Behnke W. Heterogeneous Photochemical Sources of Atomic Cl in the Troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Tay KS, Abd Rahman N, Abas MRB. Ozonation of a mixture of dialkylphthalates in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 85:726-729. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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17
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Sivaramakrishnan R, Michael JV. Rate Constants for OH with Selected Large Alkanes: Shock-Tube Measurements and an Improved Group Scheme. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:5047-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810987u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Sivaramakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - J. V. Michael
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Sprengnether MM, Demerjian KL, Dransfield TJ, Clarke JS, Anderson JG, Donahue NM. Rate Constants of Nine C6−C9 Alkanes with OH from 230 to 379 K: Chemical Tracers for [OH]. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:5030-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810412m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy J. Dransfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts, 02125
| | | | | | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Doherty Hall B204, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
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Peters RJB, Beeltje H, van Delft RJ. Xeno-estrogenic compounds in precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:760-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b805983g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Li Z, Singh S, Woodward W, Dang L. Kinetics study of OH radical reactions with n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane at 240-340 K using the relative rate/discharge flow/mass spectrometry technique. J Phys Chem A 2007; 110:12150-7. [PMID: 17078610 DOI: 10.1021/jp0638134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radical with n-octane (k1), n-nonane (k2), and n-decane (k3) at 240-340 K and a total pressure of approximately 1 Torr has been studied using relative rate combined with discharge flow and mass spectrometer (RR/DF/MS) technique. The rate constant for these reactions was found to be positively dependent on temperature, with an Arrhenius expression of k1 = (2.27 +/- 0.21) x 10(-11)exp[(-296 +/- 27)/T], k2 = (4.35 +/- 0.49) x 10(-11)exp[(-411 +/- 32)/T], and k3 = (2.26 +/- 0.28) x 10(-11)exp[(-160 +/- 36)/T] cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (uncertainties taken as 2sigma), respectively. Our results are in good agreement with previous studies at and above room temperature using different techniques. Assuming that the reaction of alkane with hydroxyl radical is the predominant form for loss of these alkanes in the troposphere, the atmospheric lifetime for n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane is estimated to be about 43, 35, and 28 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangjie Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92834, USA.
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Wilson EW, Hamilton WA, Kennington HR, Evans B, Scott NW, DeMore WB. Measurement and estimation of rate constants for the reactions of hydroxyl radical with several alkanes and cycloalkanes. J Phys Chem A 2007; 110:3593-604. [PMID: 16526640 DOI: 10.1021/jp055841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Relative rate experiments were used to measure ratios of chemical kinetics rate constants as a function of temperature for the reactions of OH with isobutane, isopentane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane, 2,3,4-trimethylpentane, n-heptane, n-octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cycloheptane. The results have been used to calibrate a structure-reactivity rate constant estimation method for k(298 K) which, when combined with previously determined relationships between k(298 K) and the Arrhenius parameters, is capable of determining the temperature dependence accurately. The estimation method reproduces most of the observed rate data within experimental accuracy but appears to fail for 2,3-dimethylbutane, which has an anomalously high rate constant. Curvature in the Arrhenius plots at low temperatures is not present for compounds with a single type of C-H bond and, for compounds with different C-H bonds, is shown to be consistent with effects due to different group sites on the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond W Wilson
- Department of Physical Science, Harding University, Mail Stop 10849, 900 East Center Street, Searcy, Arkansas 72149, USA.
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Klöpffer W, Wagner BO. Persistence revisited. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2007; 14:141-2. [PMID: 17561771 DOI: 10.1065/espr2007.04.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We are happy and proud to announce that our book 'Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances - Data for Persistence and Long-range Transport' (see pp. 143-144) has recently been published by Wiley-VCH. It contains a critical compilation of photo degradation rate constants and quantum efficiencies relevant for calculating the atmospheric persistence of volatile and a few semi-volatile organic compounds. In addition to the data of nearly 1100 substances, the importance of persistence in air and long-range transport potential is presented in two chapters from the point of view of chemicals legislation and of atmospheric photochemistry.
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ter Schure AFH, Larsson P, Agrell C, Boon JP. Atmospheric transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls to the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:1282-7. [PMID: 15046327 DOI: 10.1021/es0348086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was compared by measuring concentrations in air and deposition on an island located in the central basin of the Baltic Sea. Median sigmaPBDE and sigmaPCB concentrations (gaseous + particle) were 8.6 and 7.4 pg m(-3), respectively. Airborne PCBs were mainly found in the gaseous phase, while most of the PBDEs were detected on particles, which agrees with predicted particle/gas distributions. SigmaPBDE levels were dominated by the decabrominated BDE209 followed bythe tetrabrominated BDE47 and pentabrominated BDE99. BDE209 is a marker for the environmental distribution of the commercial deca-BDE formulation (>99.5% BDE209), whereas BDE47 and BDE99 are markers for the commercial penta-BDE mixture. General correlations between PBDEs and PCBs suggested similarities in sources and transport mechanism, while more detailed examination of the data identified notable behaviors and exceptions. Differences in regression slopes among tetra-, penta-, and decabrominated PBDEs may reflect different transport processes and the change in usage pattern. Tetra- and pentabrominated PBDEs may originate from secondary sources such as air surface exchange in a manner similar to that of the PCBs, while the deca-BDE209 formulation still has primary sources. The tribrominated BDE17 was also detected and is proposed to be a breakdown product due to atmospheric debromination processes. PBDEs had higher washout ratios than PCBs, explaining their higher concentrations compared to PCBs in precipitation (median of 6.0 and 0.5 ng L(-1) for sigmaBDE and sigmaPCB concentrations ("dissolved" + particle), respectively) than in air. The calculated yearly deposition of PBDEs and PCBs indicated that the atmospheric input of PBDEs to the Baltic Proper is currently exceeding that of the PCBs by a factor of 40, while that of the PCBs is decreasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnout F H ter Schure
- Chemical Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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24
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Li Z. Kinetic study of OH radical reactions with volatile organic compounds using relative rate/discharge fast flow/mass spectrometer technique. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Manucharova LA, Tsarukyan SV, Vardanyan IA. Reactions of CH3O2 radicals on solid surface. INT J CHEM KINET 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (ISTE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Aschmann
- Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Janet Arey
- Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Roger Atkinson
- Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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28
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Oh S, Andino JM. Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of hydroxyl radicals with C1-C6 aliphatic alcohols in the presence of ammonium sulfate aerosols. INT J CHEM KINET 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Palm WU, Millet M, Zetzsch C. OH radical reactivity of pesticides adsorbed on aerosol materials: first results of experiments with filter samples. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1998; 41:36-43. [PMID: 9756687 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1998.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary results of a new method to investigate the OH radical reactivity of semi-volatile organic compounds (e.g., pesticides) are presented. Terbuthylazine, simazine, sodium benzoate, and bromoxynil were adsorbed on highly disperse silicon dioxide powder as an unreactive carrier at a thickness well below one monolayer. The coated material was suspended in air as an aerosol, sampled on filters, and exposed in an 840-liter Duran chamber to OH radicals, produced by photolysis of hydrogen peroxide in the gas phase. Sunlamps on top of the chamber were used as cold light sources [T(aerosol) approximately 25 degreesC]. OH radical concentrations (10(5)<cOH (cm-3)<3x10(6)) were monitored in the gas phase using a set of four hydrocarbons with well-known OH reactivities as reference compounds. The triazine terbuthylazine (kOH=1.1x10(-11) cm3 s-1) was used as a reference compound in the filter samples. Simazine and isoproturon were found to react with a comparable OH rate constant with respect to terbuthylazine. Sodium benzoate reacts about a factor of 3 slower. Rapid degradation was observed for bromoxynil, explained mainly by photolysis. Besides the characterization and discussion of the experimental setup used, the rate constants obtained are discussed and compared with estimated values.
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Affiliation(s)
- W U Palm
- Abteilung Atmosphärische Chemie, Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Aerosolforschung, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
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Klöpffer W. Environmental hazard assessment of chemicals and products. Part VI. Abiotic degradation in the troposphere. CHEMOSPHERE 1996; 33:1083-1099. [PMID: 8784998 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere constitutes an important sink for many volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (Part II). Even non-volatile compounds may enter the troposphere due to incomplete burning of fuel and industrial, agricultural and traffic-related processes. Depending on vapour pressure, temperature and content of aerosol particles, chemicals prefer the free gas phase, the surface of the particles, or both compartments. Polar compounds (low Henry-coefficient) may dissolve in cloud- and fog droplets. Clearly, the prefered compartment influences the dominant abiotic degradation path. In this paper, a survey is given about the distribution and degradation pathways of chemicals in the troposphere. In the free gas phase of the troposphere, the reaction with OH-radicals is the dominant degradation path. In addition, the reactions with ozone and nitrate-radicals, and direct photochemical reactions also play a role in abiotic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Klöpffer
- C.A.U. GmbH, Dreieich/Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Production of a photolytic precursor of atomic Cl from aerosols and Cl- in the presence of O3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0061-8_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Donaghy T, Shanahan I, Hande M, Fitzpatrick S. Rate constants and atmospheric lifetimes for the reactions of OH radicals and Cl atoms with haloalkanes. INT J CHEM KINET 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550250407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kutsuna S, Ebihara Y, Nakamura K, Ibusuki T. Heterogeneous photochemical reactions between volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene) and titanium dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90217-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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