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Liang Q, Wang JW, Bai YR, Li RL, Wu CJ, Peng W. Targeting TRPV1 and TRPA1: A feasible strategy for natural herbal medicines to combat postoperative ileus. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106923. [PMID: 37709183 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological or pathological conditions, transient receptor potential (TRP) channel vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) possess the ability to detect a vast array of stimuli and execute diverse functions. Interestingly, increasing works have reported that activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 could also be beneficial for ameliorating postoperative ileus (POI). Increasing research has revealed that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is rich in TRPV1/TRPA1, which can be stimulated by capsaicin, allicin and other compounds. This activation stimulates a variety of neurotransmitters, leading to increased intestinal motility and providing protective effects against GI injury. POI is the most common emergent complication following abdominal and pelvic surgery, and is characterized by postoperative bowel dysfunction, pain, and inflammatory responses. It is noteworthy that natural herbs are gradually gaining recognition as a potential therapeutic option for POI due to the lack of effective pharmacological interventions. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on the TRPV1/TRPA1 channel, and an analysis and summary of the processes and mechanism by which natural herbs activate TRPV1/TRPA1 to enhance GI motility and relieve pain are provided, which will lay the foundation for the development of natural herb treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Jing-Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Yu-Ru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Ruo-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- Institute of Innovation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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Khandker SS, Kabir A, Hasan MJ, Ahmed MS, Gan SH, Khalil MI, Islam MA, Hossan T, Kamal MA. Elachi Lemon (Citrus limon) Peel and Pulp: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant Activities, Bioactive Compounds, Minerals, and Heavy Metals. CURRENT BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407215999201005164239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
According to a number of previous studies, citrus fruits are rich in phytochemicals,
minerals and bioactive compounds.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticoagulant
activities, phytonutrients, bioactive compounds, mineral and heavy metals in the peel and pulp of
Elachi lemon (Citrus limon).
Methods:
Phytochemical screening was performed to estimate the total polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin,
reducing sugar, total protein and vitamin C contents. High performance liquid chromatography
was performed to determine the concentrations of phenolics and ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activities
were evaluated by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity,
reducing power assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antibacterial activity
was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Besides estimating heavy metals and minerals, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and
prothrombin time (PT) were observed for detecting anticoagulant activity.
Results:
In the case of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, the pulp was found to be richer.
Both the peel and pulp showed similar anticoagulant activities. Among the phytonutrients, protein
content was richer in the peel than in the pulp. Catechin, rutin, tannic, gallic and vanillic acids were
detected in the peel, whereas in pulp quercetin, tannic and gallic acids were found. Pb, Cr, Cd were
present in a negligible amount whereas, Co, Cu and Fe were high in both the peel and the pulp.
Conclusion:
This study exhibits that both the peel and the pulp of Citrus limon are a rich source of
antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, minerals and various bioactive compounds with nutritional
values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Saif Khandker
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Alamgir Kabir
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jahid Hasan
- Cell Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shohael Ahmed
- Cell Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md. Ibrahim Khalil
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Tareq Hossan
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Wang D, Zhao R, Duan HX, Zhang MM, He L, Ye X, Wei DN, Wu CJ. Research progress regarding potential effects of traditional Chinese medicine on postoperative intestinal obstruction. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1007-1022. [PMID: 33861338 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postoperative intestinal obstruction is a common postoperative complication with typical symptoms of abdominal pain, vomiting, abdominal distension and constipation. The principal aim of this paper is to provide a full-scale review on the categories and characteristics of postoperative intestinal obstruction, pathophysiology, effects and detailed mechanisms of compounds and monomers from traditional Chinese medicine for treating postoperative intestinal obstruction. Moreover, the possible development and perspectives for future research are also analyzed. METHODS Literature regarding postoperative intestinal obstruction as well as the anti-pio effect of aqueous extracts and monomers from traditional Chinese medicine in the last 20 years was summarized. KEY FINDINGS To date, approximately 30 compounds and 25 monomers isolated from traditional Chinese medicine including terpenes, alkaloids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and quinones, have exerted significant antipio effect. This paper reviews the effective doses, models, detailed mechanisms, and composition of these traditional Chinese medicine compounds, as well as the structure of these monomers. Moreover, challenges existed in the current investigation and further perspectives were discussed as well, hoping to provide a reference for future clinical treatment of postoperative intestinal obstruction and the development of new drugs. CONCLUSIONS Above all, the convincing evidence from modern pharmacology studies powerfully supported the great potential of traditional Chinese medicine in the management of postoperative intestinal obstruction. Regrettably, less attention was currently paid on the mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine compounds and monomers with antipio effect. Consequently, future study should focus on monomer-mechanism and structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu-Xinyue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Da-Neng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Allam AN, Hamdallah SI, Abdallah OY. Chitosan-coated diacerein nanosuspensions as a platform for enhancing bioavailability and lowering side effects: preparation, characterization, and ex vivo/in vivo evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4733-4745. [PMID: 28740381 PMCID: PMC5503500 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s139706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodrug delivery systems have been widely reviewed for their use in several drug formulations to improve bioavailability, sustain effect, and decrease side effects of many candidate drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of chitosan (CS)-coated nanosuspensions to enhance bioavailability and reduce the diarrheal side effect of diacerein (DCN) after oral administration. DCN nanosuspensions (DNS) were prepared by sonoprecipitation technique using different stabilizers at three different concentrations. The selected DNS with optimum particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and Zeta potential (ZP) was coated with three different concentrations of CS-coated DNS (CS-DNS) and screened. In vitro dissolution was performed for the selected lyophilized formulae and compared with DCN powder in addition to the assessment of drug crystallinity via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Ex vivo drug permeability using noneverted rat intestine, intraluminal content, and mucoadhesion evaluation was studied for nominated formulae in comparison to DCN suspension. Moreover, in vivo study, pharmacokinetic parameters, and evaluation of diarrheal potential were conducted after oral administration of selected formulae. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized DNS showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in PS and PDI as the stabilizer concentration increased. PVP-stabilized DNS with the lowest CS concentration was protected from aggregation by lyophilization with mannitol. A remarked enhancement in dissolution parameters was observed in the nanocrystals’ formulae. Morphological examination and X-ray diffraction confirmed drug crystallinity. The intermediate permeation parameters of CS-DNS-F10, lowest rhein-to-DCN ratio in intraluminal content along with the highest percentage of mucoadhesive, could serve as a sustaining profile of coated formula. CS-DNS-F10 showed a significantly higher Cmax of 0.74±0.15 µg/mL at a delayed Tmax of 3.60±0.55 hours with a relative bioavailability of 172.1% compared to DCN suspension. CS-coated nanosuspensions could serve as promising revenue to enhance bioavailability and reduce the diarrheal side effect of DCN after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherif I Hamdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi T, Odaka T, Nakamura T, Tsuchiya S, Yokosuka O, Yano S. Regionally Differential Effects of Sennoside A on Spontaneous Contractions of Colon in Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:121-6. [PMID: 17651314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sennosides, the most popular irritant laxatives, cause purgative actions in the intestine through biotransformation to rhein anthrone; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to define colonic motor actions of sennoside A with special reference to purgative action. Mice received a single oral dose of 30 mg/kg sennoside A, and the colon was removed about 6 hr later. Contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles were recorded using an isometric force transducer and a pressure transducer, respectively. In longitudinal muscle preparations, spontaneous contractions were augmented in distal colon compared to control. In circular muscle preparations, contractions were reduced in the proximal colon, but increased in the distal colon. Particularly in the proximal colon, the frequency of high-amplitude contraction was reduced. In the control group, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic treatment decreased the amplitude of contractions in the proximal colon, but not in the distal colon. In the sennoside A group, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic treatment only slightly depressed the amplitude of contractions in the proximal and distal colon. To confirm a causal relationship between luminal prostaglandin level and purgative action of sennoside A, the mice were treated with indomethacin. Significant changes induced by sennoside A were attenuated by indomethacin treatment. The present study indicates that spontaneous motility is inhibited by sennoside A in the proximal colon, but accelerated in the distal colon, and that effects are associated with luminal prostanoid level and only partially with cholinergic nerve mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Deachapunya C, Thongsaard W, Poonyachoti S. Barakol suppresses norepinephrine-induced inhibition of spontaneous longitudinal smooth muscle contractions in isolated rat small intestine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 101:227-32. [PMID: 16043318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the purgative effects of barakol, the purified extract of Cassia siamea Lam., on the longitudinal smooth muscle contractions of the rat ileum. The extract increased the force of spontaneous muscle contractions in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50=0.3 mM). Saxitoxin (0.3 microM) abolished the stimulatory effects of barakol, a result indicating a neural mechanism of action. In addition, atropine (10 microM) but not propanolol (10 microM) or phentolamine (10 microM), partially inhibited barakol-induced smooth muscle contractions suggesting that cholinergic nerves were involved. The motor effects of barakol were further examined in muscle strips treated with catecholamines to suppress spontaneous contractile activity and decrease muscle tone. Norepinephrine or dopamine (10 microM) decreased the amplitude of spontaneous contractions by 72% and 18%, respectively. Pretreatment of the tissues with barakol (1 mM) significantly decreased the inhibitory effect of norepinephrine by 60%, but not that of dopamine. Its ability to potentiate atropine- and saxitoxin-sensitive contractions and inhibit the antimotility actions of norepinephrine suggests that barakol may increase longitudinal smooth muscle contractions by decreasing the inhibitory effect of norepinephrine on excitatory cholinergic motor neurons. Barakol may produce a purgative action in small intestine which may be clinically important in patients with intestinal hypomotility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatsri Deachapunya
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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Deachapunya C, Poonyachoti S, Thongsaard W, Krishnamra N. Barakol Extracted from Cassia siamea Stimulates Chloride Secretion in Rat Colon. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:732-7. [PMID: 15870391 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.084210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Barakol is a purified extract of Cassia siamea, a plant that has been used as a laxative in traditional medicine. In this study, the effect of barakol on anion transport across the rat colon epithelium was investigated. Colonic epithelium was mounted in Ussing chambers and bathed with Ringer's solution. Addition of 1 mM barakol to the basolateral solution produced a slow increase in short-circuit current (Isc) in proximal colon and distal colon by 24.5 +/- 2.2 and 24.2 +/- 1.4 microA/cm(2), respectively. Barakol increased Isc in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC(50) value of 0.4 mM. The barakol-stimulated increase in Isc was inhibited by subsequent treatment with 500 microM diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid or 400 microM glibenclamide added to the apical solution and 200 microM bumetanide added to the basolateral solution. Pretreatment of the tissues with 200 microM bumetanide, but not 10 microM amiloride, completely abolished the barakol-increased Isc. Ion substitution experiments showed an inhibition of barakol-stimulated Isc in chloride-free solution but not in bicarbonate-free solution. In addition, pretreatment of tissues with 10 microM tetrodotoxin or 10 microM indomethacin, but not 1 microM atropine or 10 microM hexamethonium, partially inhibited the Isc response by barakol. The present results demonstrated the stimulatory effect of barakol on the bumetanide-sensitive chloride secretion in rat colon. The effect of barakol was partly mediated by the stimulation of submucosal nerves and through the release of cyclooxygenase metabolites. These findings thus provide an explanation for the underlying mechanism of barakol as a secretagogue in mammalian colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatsri Deachapunya
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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Wang X, Lan M, Wu HP, Shi YQ, Lu J, Ding J, Wu KC, Jin JP, Fan DM. Direct effect of croton oil on intestinal epithelial cells and colonic smooth muscle cells. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:103-7. [PMID: 11833082 PMCID: PMC4656597 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2001] [Revised: 10/15/2001] [Accepted: 10/23/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the direct effect of croton oil (CO) on human intestinal epithelial cell (HIEC) and guinea pig colonic smooth muscle cells in vitro. METHODS Growth curves of HIEC were drawn by MTT colorimetry. The dynamics of cell proliferation was analyzed with flow cytometry, and morphological changes were observed under light and electron microscopy after long-term (6 weeks) treatment with CO. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA was detected by dot blot in HIEC treated with CO. Genes related to CO were screened by DD-PCR, and the direct effect of CO on the contractility of isolated guinea pig colonic smooth muscle cells was observed. RESULTS High concentration (20-40 mg x L(-1)) CO inhibited cell growth significantly (1, 3, 5, 7d OD sequence: (20 mg x L(-1)) 0.040+/-0.003, 0.081+/-0.012, 0.147+/-0.022,0.024+/-0.016; (40 mg x L(-1)) 0.033+/-0.044, 0.056+/-0.012, 0.104+/-0.010, 0.189+/-0.006; OD control 0.031+/-0.008, 0.096+/-0.012, 0.173+/-0.009, 0.300+/-0.016, P<0.01), which appeared to be related directly to the dosage. Compared with the control, the fraction number of cells in G1 phase decreased from 0.60 to 0.58, while that in S phase increased from 0.30 to 0.34 and DNA index also increased after 6 weeks of treatment with CO (the dosage was increased gradually from 4 to 40 mg x L(-1)). Light microscopic observation revealed that cells had karyomegaly, less plasma and karyoplasm lopsidedness. Electron microscopy also showed an increase in cell proliferation and in the quantity of abnormal nuclei with pathologic mitosis. Expression of COX-2 mRNA decreased significantly in HIEC treated with CO. Thirteen differential cDNA fragments were cloned from HIEC treated with CO, one of which was 100 percent homologous with human mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit II. The length of isolated guinea pig colonic smooth muscle cells was significantly shortened after treatment with CO (P<0.05). CONCLUSION At a high CO concentration (>20 mg x L(-1)), cell growth and proliferation are inhibited in a dosage-dependent manner. Increase in cell proliferation and in malignant conversion of the cellular phenotype is observed in cells cultured chronically with CO. COX-2 mRNA expression decreases significantly, while human mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit IImRNA expression increases significantly in HIEC treated with CO. CO also has a direct effect on the contractility of Guinea pig colonic smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710033, Shaanxi Province,China
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Wang X, Zhong YX, Lan M, Zhang ZY, Shi YQ, Lu J, Ding J, Wu KC, Jin JP, Pan BR, Fan DM. Screening and identification of proteins mediating senna induced gastrointestinal motility enhancement in mouse colon. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:162-7. [PMID: 11833095 PMCID: PMC4656611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i1.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2001] [Revised: 10/12/2001] [Accepted: 11/05/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To isolate the proteins involved in pharmacologic action of senna extract (SE) from mouse gastrointestinal tract and to explore the molecular mechanism of gastrointestinal motility change induced by SE. METHODS SE was administrated to mice by different routes. Gastrointestinal motility of mice was observed using cathartic, gastrointestinal propellant movement experiments and X-ray analysis. Mouse model for gastrointestinal motility enhancement was established through continuous gastric administration of SE at progressively increased dose. At 3 h and week 3, 4, 6 and 10, morphological changes of gastrointestinal tissues were found under light microscope. Ultrastructural changes of intestinal and colonic tissues at week 6 were observed under transmission electron microscope. The colonic proteomic changes in model mice were examined by two-dimension polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing to screen the differentially expressed proteins, and their molecular masses and isoelectric points were determined. Two N-terminal sequences of the samples were also determined by mass spectrometry. RESULTS SE (0.3g) caused diarrhea after gastric administration in 1-6h and enhanced gastrointestinal propellant (65.1+/-7.5%; 45.8+/-14.6%, P<0.01) in mice, but intramuscular and hypodermic injection had no cathartic effect. X-ray analysis of gastrointestinal motility demonstrated that gastric administration of SE enhanced gastric evacuation and gastrointestinal transferring function. At 3 h and week 3 and 4 after gastric administration of SE, light microscopic examination revealed no apparent change in gastrointestinal mucosal tissues, but transmission electron microscopic examination revealed inflammatory changes in whole layer of intestinal and colonic wall. Twenty differential proteins were detected in the colonic tissues of the model mice by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and the N-terminal amino acid sequences of two proteins were determined. CONCLUSION SE causes diarrhea and enhances gastrointestinal motility through digestive tract administration. Long-term gastric administration of SE induces inflammatory changes and cell damage in the whole gastrointestinal tract. The differential proteins screened from the colonic tissues of the model mice might mediate the enhancing effect of SE on gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710033,Shaanxi Province,China
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van Gorkom BA, Karrenbeld A, van Der Sluis T, Koudstaal J, de Vries EG, Kleibeuker JH. Influence of a highly purified senna extract on colonic epithelium. Digestion 2000; 61:113-20. [PMID: 10705175 DOI: 10.1159/000007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic use of sennoside laxatives often causes pseudomelanosis coli. A recent study suggested that pseudomelanosis coli is associated with an increased colorectal cancer risk. A single high dose of highly purified senna extract increased proliferation rate and reduced crypt length in the sigmoid colon compared to historical controls. AIMS To evaluate in a controlled study the effects of highly purified senna extract on cell proliferation and crypt length in the entire colon and on p53 and bcl-2 expression. METHODS Addition of a senna extract to colonic lavage was studied in 184 consecutive outpatients. From 32 randomised patients, 15 with sennosides (Sen), 17 without (NSen), biopsies were taken. Proliferative activity was studied in 4 areas of the colon, using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labelling and immunohistochemistry (labelling index, LI). Expression of p53 and bcl-2 in the sigmoid colon was determined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Crypts were shorter in Sen than in NSen in the transverse and sigmoid colon. LI was higher in Sen than in NSen in the entire colon. No difference in p53 expression was seen. Bcl-2 expression was higher in both groups when crypts were shorter and/or proliferation was increased. CONCLUSION Sennosides induce acute massive cell loss probably by apoptosis, causing shorter crypts, and increased cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis to restore cellularity. These effects may reflect the mechanism for the suggested cancer-promoting effect of chronic sennoside use.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A van Gorkom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Gorkom BA, de Vries EG, Karrenbeld A, Kleibeuker JH. Review article: anthranoid laxatives and their potential carcinogenic effects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13:443-52. [PMID: 10215727 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anthranoid laxatives are widely used laxatives of natural origin. Because of their chemical structure they are carried unabsorbed to the large bowel, where metabolism to the active aglycones takes place. These aglycones exert their laxative effect by damaging epithelial cells, which leads directly and indirectly to changes in absorption, secretion and motility. Damaged epithelial cells can be found as apoptotic bodies in the pigmented colonic mucosa, characteristic for pseudomelanosis coli. Pseudomelanosis coli is a condition caused by chronic (ab)use of anthranoid laxatives and has recently been associated with an increased risk of colorectal carcinoma. In vitro and animal studies have shown a potential role of anthranoid laxatives in both the initiation and promotion of tumorigenesis. Studies in humans have also suggested tumour promoting activities for these laxatives. Although the short-term use of these substances is generally safe, long-term use cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A van Gorkom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Carney SL. Effect of diacetyl rhein on the development of experimental osteoarthritis. A biochemical investigation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1996; 4:251-61. [PMID: 11048622 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(05)80103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of diacetyl rhein (DAR) on the synthesis, turnover and composition of cartilage in an experimental model of osteoarthritis in beagle bitches. DESIGN Osteoarthritis was induced in mature beagle bitches by the transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Six animals received DAR 20 mg/kg daily for 11 weeks. A matched group received empty capsules daily for the same period. At 11 weeks, articular cartilage was examined for the ratio of the 6:4-sulfated disaccharides of chondroitin and the tissue concentration of hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan. In addition, labeling studies were performed to estimate the effect of DAR on proteoglycan synthesis and turnover. RESULTS DAR had no effect on body weight or food consumption but induced a mild diarrhea and slightly increased the incidence of vomiting. DAR tended to reduce proteoglycan synthesis, however, DAR did reduce proteoglycan turnover in the femoral cartilage. DAR produced changes in the composition of the osteoarthritic cartilage that could only partly be accounted for by changes in hydration and/or swelling. In addition, it was noted that induction of osteoarthritis increased the ratio of chondroitin 6-sulfated to chondroitin 4-sulfated disaccharides; DAR reduced the ratio in tibial plateau cartilage from osteoarthritic joints compared with untreated tissue from osteoarthritic joints. DAR showed moderate reduction on the biosynthesis of proteoglycans. DAR also produced a reduction in proteoglycan turnover from all anatomical areas compared with non-treated controls in both the lateral and medial femoral condyles. CONCLUSIONS DAR was well tolerated by the experimental animals, but did not produce significant changes in the synthesis or turnover of proteoglycans. The slight reduction in proteoglycan synthesis may prove to be biologically significant after chronic dosing. DAR's effects on the hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan content suggest, however, that it must influence the swelling of cartilage and loss of glycosaminoglycan. This indicates that small changes can translate, to significant differences in cartilage composition over an 11-week time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Carney
- Osteoarthritis Department, Lilly Research Centre Ltd., Windlesham, Surrey, UK
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Sakurai T, Sugawara H, Saito KI, Kano Y. Effects of TDEYA fromAtractylodes rhizome on experimental gastric ulcer. Phytother Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Hauer-Jensen M, Theus JW, Bradley JD, Baker ML, Langberg CW. Localized subclinical radiation enteropathy prolongs intestinal transit time:An experimental study in a rat model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/roi.2970030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Nijs G, De Witte P, Geboes K, Mertens J, Eyssen H. Conventionalization of germ-free rats reverses the disability of rhein anthrone to induce laxation. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 239:241-3. [PMID: 8223901 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)91003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that rhein anthrone has no laxative potency in germ-free rats because after intracaecal administration of a dose of 50 mg/kg the large intestine transit exceeded 240 min. The time course of the laxative potency of rhein anthrone injected intracaecally was evaluated after peroral inoculation of germ-free rats with the caecal contents of conventional rats. Large intestine transit was measured at consecutive periods, on days 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 after peroral inoculation. It appeared that 1 day after peroral inoculation the laxative potency of rhein anthrone was already established (large intestinal transit < 10 min) and laxation remained on the following days (days 2, 3 and 5). We concluded that rhein anthrone is inactive in germ-free rats and acquires laxative potency after peroral inoculation of germ-free rats with caecal contents of conventional rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nijs
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytopharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Nijs G, de Witte P, Geboes K, Meulemans A, Schuurkes J, Lemli J. Influence of rhein anthrone on peristaltic reflex of guinea-pig isolated ileum: involvement of prostaglandins. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 108:269-73. [PMID: 8094026 PMCID: PMC1907712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
1 The influence of rhein anthrone on the peristaltic reflex was studied with a modified Trendelenburg technique in a range from 10(-8) M to 4 x 10(-5) M, on a normal and reversed guinea-pig ileum segment. Rhein anthrone had no significant effects on longitudinal muscle tension, intraluminal pressure or volume displacement when tested on the normal segment in doses up to 10(-5) M. When applied to the mucosal side (reversed segment), rhein anthrone produced a dose-dependent increase of longitudinal muscle tension (significant from 10(-7) M), of intraluminal pressure (significant from 3 x 10(-6) M) and of volume displacement (significant from 10(-7) M). The data show that rhein anthrone possesses in vitro activity which is dependent on contact with the mucosa. 2 The action of rhein anthrone on the reversed segment was inhibited by BW755C (a dual inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase), by indomethacin and by SC19220 (an antagonist of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2 alpha). The effects remaining on longitudinal muscle tension, intraluminal pressure and volume displacement, calculated as percentage (mean +/- s.e.mean) of the initial value, were respectively: 13 +/- 8; 23 +/- 13; 112 +/- 5 for BW755C; 66 +/- 19; 51 +/- 8; 53 +/- 8 for indomethacin and 27 +/- 12; 13 +/- 7; 50 +/- 5 for SC19220. It is concluded that arachidonic acid metabolites, especially PGE2 and PGF2 alpha are involved in the effects of rhein anthrone on the reversed segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nijs
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytopharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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