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Nguyen BT, Chapman NM, Johnson N, Stessman HAF, Tracy S, Drescher KM. Complete sequence of the closed circular extrachromosomal element (CERE) of Naegleria australiensis De Jonckheere (strain PP 397). Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0032123. [PMID: 37750728 PMCID: PMC10586121 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00321-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal RNA is not encoded in chromosomal DNA in amoebae of the Naegleria genus but the rRNA genes are located on closed circular extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-containing elements (CERE). In this report, we describe the sequence of the CERE of Naegleria australiensis De Jonckheere (strain PP397).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nora M. Chapman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Niklas Johnson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Holly A. F. Stessman
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Steven Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kristen M. Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Sousa-Ramos D, Reyes-Batlle M, Bellini NK, Rodríguez-Expósito RL, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Naegleria australiensis isolated from a wastewater treatment station in Santiago Island, Cape Verde. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:443-450. [PMID: 37338323 PMCID: wh_2023_008 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the Naegleria genus being isolated from different natural environments such as water, soil, and air, not all Naegleria species are capable of causing infections in humans, and they are capable of completing their life cycle in environmental niches. However, the presence of this genus may suggest the existence of one of the highly pathogenic free-living amoeba (FLA) species: Naegleria fowleri or the brain-eating amoeba. This facultative parasitic protozoon represents a risk to public health, mainly related to domestic and agricultural waters. In this research, our main objective was to determine the existence of pathogenic protozoa in the Santa Cruz wastewater treatment plant, Santiago Island. Using 5 L of water we confirmed the presence of potentially pathogenic Naegleria australiensis, being the first report on Naegleria species in Cape Verde. This fact demonstrates the low efficiency in the treatment of wastewater and, consequently, a potential threat to public health. Nevertheless, more studies will be needed for the prevention and control of possible infections in this Macaronesian country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djeniffer Sousa-Ramos
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Both authors have contributed equally to this study
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Both authors have contributed equally to this study
| | - Natalia Karla Bellini
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubén Leocadio Rodríguez-Expósito
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - José Enrique Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Biglarnia F, Solhjoo K, Rezanezhad H, Taghipour A, Armand B. Isolation and identification of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba in dialysis fluid samples of hydraulic systems in hemodialysis units. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:454-461. [PMID: 34676414 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free-living amoeba (FLA), including Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Balamuthia and Vermamoeba, have been isolated from water, sand, soil, dust and air. Numerous studies considered that FLA are a significant cause of neurological and ocular complications in high-risk groups, including immunocompromised individuals. The present study aimed to identify morphological and molecular characteristics of FLA isolates in dialysis fluid samples of hydraulic systems in hemodialysis units in Iran. METHODS A total of 328 dialysis fluid samples were collected from 16 dialysis machines, including 164 samples before hemodialysis sessions (after cleaning) and 164 samples after hemodialysis sessions (before cleaning). Filtration and cultivation were performed on non-nutrient agar medium. Also, PCR and sequencing were applied by using the genus-specific primers along with a common primer set on positive samples. RESULTS Both morphology and molecular investigations showed that 22.5% (74/328) of dialysis fluid samples were positive for FLA. There was a positive relationship between the high frequency of FLA after hemodialysis sessions (before cleaning) compared with before hemodialysis sessions (after cleaning) (OR=2.86; 95% CI 1.5 to 5.45). Considering the PCR assay, 16.46% (54/328) samples were identified as Acanthamoeba spp. (belonging to T3 and T4 genotypes), 5.18% (17/328) as Vermamoeba vermiformis and 0.91% (3/328) as Vahlkampfiidae family (Naegleria australiensis, Naegleria pagei and Allovahlkampfia). CONCLUSION The present results support a need to improve filtration and purification methods for dialysis fluid of hydraulic systems in hemodialysis units. They also highlight the relevance of periodic screenings for FLA-related diseases in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Biglarnia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 7167715258, Iran
| | - Kavous Solhjoo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 7167715258, Iran.,Zoonoses Research Center, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 7167712521, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezanezhad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 7167715258, Iran.,Zoonoses Research Center, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 7167712521, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Zoonoses Research Center, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 7167712521, Iran
| | - Belal Armand
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen 78120, Germany
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Milanez G, Masangkay F, Somsak V, Kotepui M, Tangpong J, Karanis P. Occurrence and the first report of Naegleria australiensis presence in a major lake in the Philippines. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:647-653. [PMID: 31314001 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laguna de Bay or Laguna Lake is one of the six major lakes in the Philippines to be in close contact with population activities due to the expansion of urban settlements in the immediate cities surrounding the lake, thus pushing the population to settle upon its shores. To date, there are no data showing the biodiversity of free-living amoebae (FLA) present in this lake. The present study aims to isolate and identify the FLA present in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Thirty subsurface water samples were taken from Laguna De Bay using random purposive sampling in May 2018 and were examined for amoebic growth under light microscopy (LM). Results show that 8 out of 30 (26.6%) water samples were positive for amoebic growth and were further tested for more advanced data and genetic variation of the species. Initial molecular analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing showed the presence of potentially pathogenic FLA Naegleria australiensis (MK418954). The detection of potential pathogenic FLA in lakes and dams may prove useful in preventing and controlling possible human infections in the country. More data from this study will aid in public awareness and establishing safety guidelines and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Milanez
- Biomedical Science Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 8016, Thailand E-mail: ; Department of Medical Technology, Far Eastern University, Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Frederick Masangkay
- Biomedical Science Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 8016, Thailand E-mail: ; Department of Medical Technology, Far Eastern University, Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Voravuth Somsak
- Biomedical Science Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 8016, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Biomedical Science Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 8016, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- Biomedical Science Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 8016, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty, Anatomy Center, University of Cologne, Cologne 50923, Germany
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Liang SY, Ji DR, Hsia KT, Hung CC, Sheng WH, Hsu BM, Chen JS, Wu MH, Lai CH, Ji DD. Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba species related to amoebic encephalitis and nonpathogenic free-living amoeba species from the rice field. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1422-9. [PMID: 20553339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Isolation and characterization of the clinically relevant amphizoic amoebas in vegetated farmlands, which may present a risk to farmers' health. METHODS AND RESULTS Acanthamoeba species was isolated and characterized via morphological and molecular means in the rice field where the patient was exposed to rice paddy water which most probably was the point of infection. An Acanthamoeba sp. abundant in the rice field was identified. Genotyping showed the strain to be genotype T4, which was identical to the amoebic parasite found in patient's cerebrospinal fluid. During the course of the study, three nonpathogenic free-living amoeba species were also isolated and characterized for the first time in Taiwan. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully located a possible source of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in a patient and provided the first evidence that Acanthamoeba genotype T4 may be a potential pathogen in Taiwan. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The integration of field survey, clinical data and morphological and genetic examination represents a sound strategy for investigation of the possible role of free-living amoebae in causing human diseases. Future work should include investigating the potential contributory role of other nonpathogenic free-living protozoa in disease of livestock or even human.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Liang
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Diagnostic moléculaire d’une méningoencéphalite amibienne primitive à l’occasion d’un cas fatal en Guadeloupe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 103:14-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13149-009-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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De Jonckheere JF. Molecular identification of free-living amoebae of the Vahlkampfiidae and Acanthamoebidae isolated in Arizona (USA). Eur J Protistol 2006; 43:9-15. [PMID: 17222746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sediment samples from rivers, canals and lakes in Arizona (USA) were cultured for free-living amoebae at three different incubation temperatures (22, 37 and 40 degrees C). Isolates belonging to the Vahlkampfiidae were identified by sequencing the PCR-amplified ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 rDNA. With this molecular method three Naegleria spp. were identified, N. gruberi sensu stricto, N. australiensis and N. tihangensis. Also a strain each of Willaertia magna and Vahlkampfia avara were identified. Three samples yielded two new Tetramitus spp. of which the closest relative is T. ovis. Many Acanthamoeba strains were also isolated. The genotype of these strains was identified using Acanthamoeba-specific primers (JDP1 and JDP2) amplifying a part of the SSUrDNA and sequencing with an internal primer (892c). Five of the Acanthamoeba isolates belong to genotype T5 (A. lenticulata), while five are genotype T4.
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Cabanes PA, Wallet F, Pringuez E, Pernin P. Assessing the risk of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from swimming in the presence of environmental Naegleria fowleri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2927-31. [PMID: 11425704 PMCID: PMC92963 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.7.2927-2931.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living Naegleria fowleri amoebae cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Because of the apparent conflict between their ubiquity and the rarity of cases observed, we sought to develop a model characterizing the risk of PAM after swimming as a function of the concentration of N. fowleri. The probability of death from PAM as a function of the number of amoebae inhaled is modeled according to results obtained from animals infected with amoeba strains. The calculation of the probability of inhaling one or more amoebae while swimming is based on a double hypothesis: that the distribution of amoebae in the water follows a Poisson distribution and that the mean quantity of water inhaled while swimming is 10 ml. The risk of PAM for a given concentration of amoebae is then obtained by summing the following products: the probability of inhaling n amoebae x the probability of PAM associated with inhaling these n amoebae. We chose the lognormal model to assess the risk of PAM because it yielded the best analysis of the studentized residuals. Nonetheless, the levels of risk thereby obtained cannot be applied to humans without correction, because they are substantially greater than those indicated by available epidemiologic data. The curve was thus adjusted by a factor calculated with the least-squares method. This provides the PAM risk in humans as a function of the N. fowleri concentration in the river. For example, the risk is 8.5 x 10(-8) at a concentration of 10 N. fowleri amoebae per liter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Cabanes
- Service des Etudes Médicales, Electricité de France, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France.
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Scaglia M, Gatti S, Cevini C, Bernuzzi AM, Martinez AJ. Naegleria australiensis ssp. italica: experimental study in mice. Exp Parasitol 1989; 69:294-9. [PMID: 2792304 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(89)90076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A subspecies of Naegleria australiensis, N. australiensis italica, pathogenic for mice, was recently isolated and identified from an Italian thermal spa. We describe the histopathological changes of the central nervous system with experimental infection of albino mice. The histopathological patterns are intermediate to those seen with infection caused by N. fowleri and N. australiensis or Acanthamoeba spp. An acute inflammatory reaction was present within the choroid plexus, ependyma, midbrain, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Occasional single amebic trophozoites were found within some microabscesses. Cysts were not identified. Involvement of the olfactory neuroepithelium and of the nasal mucosa was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scaglia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pavia-IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Italy
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Marciano-Cabral FM, Fulford DE. Cytopathology of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria species for cultured rat neuroblastoma cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:1133-7. [PMID: 3729390 PMCID: PMC239024 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.5.1133-1137.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytopathology for rat neuroblastoma cells (B-103) and the pathogenicity for B6C3F1 mice of four species of Naegleria have been compared. Both live amoebae and cell-free extracts of N. australiensis, N. fowleri, N. gruberi, and N. lovaniensis added to 51Cr-labeled B-103 cells caused release of radiolabel. All four species of Naegleria exhibited surface extensions termed food cups. Only N. fowleri and N. australiensis were pathogenic for mice. Electron microscopic observations of cultures of either N. australiensis or N. lovaniensis with B-103 cells established that the cytopathology involved lysis of the B-103 target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Warhurst
- Amoebiasis Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London NW I OPE, UK
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De Jonckheere JF, Pernin P, Scaglia M, Michel R. A comparative study of 14 strains of Naegleria australiensis demonstrates the existence of a highly virulent subspecies: N. australiensis italica n. spp. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1984; 31:324-31. [PMID: 6470990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb02971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen strains of Naegleria australiensis, including the type strain, were compared for virulence for mice, maximum growth temperature, lectin agglutination, isoenzyme pattern, and total protein banding pattern. Their relation to other species of Naegleria also was compared by immunoelectrophoretic analysis. Strains with high virulence, comparable to that of N. fowleri, were found to be different in concanavalin A agglutination as well as with regard to zymograms and total protein patterns. Although serologically different from N. fowleri and reacting with N. australiensis antiserum in the fluorescent antibody test, these high-virulence strains differed in number of immunoelectrophoretic precipitin bands. Because of these results, the high-virulence strains are considered to be a subspecies of N. australiensis. The low-virulence strains showed minor differences from the type strain. Thus, N. australiensis does not appear to be as homogenous a species as N. fowleri. Pathogenic N. australiensis also seems to be more widespread than previously thought.
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Valenzuela G, López-Corella E, De Jonckheere JF. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in a young male from northwestern Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984; 78:558-9. [PMID: 6485064 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(84)90084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri was documented in a 16-year-old male from Mexicali in the state of Baja California in Mexico. In August 1978, seven days after sustaining moderate head trauma while swimming in a shallow, stagnant irrigation ditch on a hot summer day, the patient presented an acute illness with severe headache, fever and convulsions rapidly progressing into a comatose state. Actively moving trophozoites were observed in the spinal fluid on admission. The patient died shortly after admission to hospital on the third day of symptoms. Post-mortem examination revealed a meningoencephalitis with extensive destruction, haemorrhage and numerous parasites involving structures of the posterior fossa. Immunoperoxidase strains of trophozoites in meningeal and cerebellar tissue were positive for N. fowleri KUL and negative for N. gruberi, N. australiensis and Acanthamoeba rhysodes. This appears to be the first documented case of the disease in Mexico.
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