1
|
Amgott-Kwan AT, Zadina JE. Endomorphin analog ZH853 shows low reward, tolerance, and affective-motivational signs of withdrawal, while inhibiting opioid withdrawal and seeking. Neuropharmacology 2023; 227:109439. [PMID: 36709036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Currently available μ-opioid receptor agonist pharmacotherapies for opioid use disorder possess adverse effects limiting their use and, despite treatment, rates of relapse remain high. We previously showed that endomorphin analog ZH853 had no effect in rodent models that predict abuse liability in humans. Here we extended these findings by examining dependence liability and reinforcing properties in female rats and male rats with previous opioid exposure. The potential use of ZH853 in managing opioid use disorder was evaluated by examining its effect on opioid-seeking behavior and withdrawal. We found that ZH853 did not induce locomotor activation in male and female mice and was not self-administered by female rats. Relative to morphine, ZH853 led to similar somatic signs of withdrawal, but low affective-motivational signs of withdrawal, and absent changes in ventral tegmental area K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter expression associated with reward dysregulation. The low abuse liability of ZH853 was further supported in oxycodone self-administering male rats, where ZH853 substitution extinguished opioid-seeking behavior. ZH853 priming also did not reinstate morphine conditioned place preference. Lastly, ZH853 inhibited oxycodone-seeking behavior during relapse after forced abstinence and decreased the expression of morphine withdrawal. These findings suggest the potential use of ZH853 as a safer opioid medication for long-term treatment of pain and opioid use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel T Amgott-Kwan
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute: 6823 St Charles Avenue, 200 Flower Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
| | - James E Zadina
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute: 6823 St Charles Avenue, 200 Flower Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA; SE Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, 2400 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bertold M, Manuela B, Inge D, Sebastien L, Lorène MJ, Charly G, Miguel PE, Hamada A, Han A, Matteo C. Detecting the onset of autumn leaf senescence in deciduous forest trees of the temperate zone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:166-176. [PMID: 31209882 PMCID: PMC6713559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Information on the onset of leaf senescence in temperate deciduous trees and comparisons on its assessment methods are limited, hampering our understanding of autumn dynamics. We compare five field proxies, five remote sensing proxies and two data analysis approaches to assess leaf senescence onset at one main beech stand, two stands of oak and birch, and three ancillary stands of the same species in Belgium during 2017 and 2018. Across species and sites, onset of leaf senescence was not significantly different for the field proxies based on Chl leaf content and canopy coloration, except for an advanced canopy coloration during the extremely dry and warm 2018. Two remote sensing indices provided results fully consistent with the field data. A significant lag emerged between leaf senescence onset and leaf fall, and when a threshold of 50% change in the seasonal variable under study (e.g. Chl content) was used to derive the leaf senescence onset. Our results provide unprecedented information on the quality and applicability of different proxies to assess leaf senescence onset in temperate deciduous trees. In addition, a sound base is offered to select the most suited methods for the different disciplines that need this type of data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariën Bertold
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Balzarolo Manuela
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dox Inge
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leys Sebastien
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marchand J. Lorène
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Av du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Geron Charly
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Portillo-Estrada Miguel
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - AbdElgawad Hamada
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Asard Han
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Campioli Matteo
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Afify EA, Andijani NM. Potentiation of Morphine-Induced Antinociception by Propranolol: The Involvement of Dopamine and GABA Systems. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:794. [PMID: 29209205 PMCID: PMC5701645 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine is a major clinical problem which can be managed by co-administration of another drug. This study investigated the ability of propranolol to potentiate the antinociceptive action of morphine and the possible mechanisms underlying this effect. Antinociception was assessed in three nociceptive tests (thermal, hot plate), (visceral, acetic acid), and (inflammatory, formalin test) in mice and quantified by measuring the percent maximum possible effect, the percent inhibition of acetic acid-evoked writhing response, and the area under the curve values of number of flinches for treated mice, respectively. The study revealed that propranolol (0.25-20 mg/Kg, IP) administration did not produce analgesia in mice. However, 10 mg/Kg propranolol, enhanced the antinociceptive effect of sub-analgesic doses of morphine (0.2, 1, and 2 mg/Kg, IP) in the three nociceptive tests. It also shifted the dose response curve of morphine to the left. The combined effect of propranolol and morphine was attenuated by haloperidol (D2 receptor antagonist, 1.5 mg/Kg, IP), and bicuculline (GABAA receptor antagonist, 2 mg/Kg, IP). Repeated daily administration of propranolol (10 mg/Kg, IP) did not alter the nociceptive responses in the three pain tests, but it significantly potentiated morphine-induced antinociception in the hot plate, acetic acid-evoked writhing, and in the second phase of formalin tests. Together, the data suggest that a cross-talk exists between the opioidergic and adrenergic systems and implicate dopamine and GABA systems in this synergistic effect of morphine-propranolol combination. Propranolol may serve as an adjuvant therapy to potentiate the effect of opioid analgesics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham A Afify
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Najlaa M Andijani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shafaroodi H, Khosravani E, Fakhrzad A, Moezi L. The interaction between morphine and propranolol in chemical and electrical seizure models of mice. Neurol Res 2016; 38:166-76. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2015.1136779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
5
|
Pal A, Das S. Chronic morphine exposure and its abstinence alters dendritic spine morphology and upregulates Shank1. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:956-64. [PMID: 23538264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic drugs of abuse has been reported to produce significant changes in postsynaptic protein profile, dendritic spine morphology and synaptic transmission. In the present study we demonstrate alterations in dendritic spine morphology in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of mice following chronic morphine treatment as well as during abstinence for two months. Such alterations were accompanied with significant upregulation of the postsynaptic protein Shank1 in synaptosomal enriched fractions. mRNA levels of Shank1 was also markedly increased during morphine treatment and during withdrawal. Studies of the different postsynaptic proteins at the protein and mRNA levels showed significant alterations in the morphine treated groups compared to that of saline treated controls. Taken together, these observations suggest that Shank1 may have an important role in the regulation of spine morphology induced by chronic morphine leading to addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayantika Pal
- Neurobiology Department, Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma HS, Ali SF, Patnaik R, Zimmermann-Meinzingen S, Sharma A, Muresanu DF. Cerebrolysin Attenuates Heat Shock Protein (HSP 72 KD) Expression in the Rat Spinal Cord Following Morphine Dependence and Withdrawal: Possible New Therapy for Pain Management. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:223-35. [PMID: 21886595 PMCID: PMC3137188 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795017100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that pain perception and processing in the CNS results in cellular stress and may influence heat shock protein (HSP) expression was examined in a rat model of morphine dependence and withdrawal. Since activation of pain pathways result in exhaustion of growth factors, we examined the influence of cerebrolysin, a mixture of potent growth factors (BDNF, GDNF, NGF, CNTF etc,) on morphine induced HSP expression. Rats were administered morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c. /day) for 12 days and the spontaneous withdrawal symptoms were developed by cessation of the drug administration on day 13th that were prominent on day 14th and continued up to day 15th (24 to 72 h periods). In a separate group of rats, cerebrolysin was infused intravenously (5 ml/kg) once daily from day one until day 15th. In these animals, morphine dependence and withdrawal along with HSP immunoreactivity was examined using standard protocol. In untreated group mild HSP immunoreaction was observed during morphine tolerance, whereas massive upregulation of HSP was seen in CNS during withdrawal phase that correlated well with the withdrawal symptoms and neuronal damage. Pretreatment with cerebrolysin did not affect morphine tolerance but reduced the HSP expression during this phase. Furthermore, cerebrolysin reduced the withdrawal symptoms on day 14th to 15th. Taken together these observations suggest that cellular stress plays an important role in morphine induced pain pathology and exogenous supplement of growth factors, i.e. cerebrolysin attenuates HSP expression in the CNS and induce neuroprotection. This indicates a new therapeutic role of cerebrolysin in the pathophysiology of drugs of abuse, not reported earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari S Sharma
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang DY, Shi X, Li X, Li J, Clark JD. The beta2 adrenergic receptor regulates morphine tolerance and physical dependence. Behav Brain Res 2007; 181:118-26. [PMID: 17498818 PMCID: PMC1989675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations to the chronic administration of opioids reduce the utility of these drugs in treating pain and support addiction. Recent genetics-based approaches have implicated the beta2 adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR) in controlling some of these responses. We do not know, however, whether this receptor can modulate tolerance, dependence or changes in gene expression caused by chronic opioid administration. For our studies we used C57BL/6 mice and beta2-AR knockout mice in the FVB background. Morphine dose-response relationships were established both prior to and after chronic morphine treatment. In some cases, the selective beta2-AR antagonist butoxamine was administered along with or after morphine. Physical dependence was assessed using naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The expression of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) were measured in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissues using both real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Both the co-administration of butoxamine with morphine and the administration of butoxamine after chronic morphine reversed morphine tolerance. Morphine failed to cause tolerance in beta2-AR knockout mice. Physical dependence was reduced under the same circumstances. The chronic administration of butoxamine with morphine reduced or eliminated the normally observed up-regulation of CGRP and SP in spinal cord and DRG tissues. Our results suggest that the beta2-AR modulates both opioid tolerance and physical dependence. Activation of beta2-ARs appears to be required for some of the key neurochemical changes which characterize chronic opioid administration. Therefore, beta2-AR antagonists show some promise as agents to enhance chronic opioid analgesic therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Butoxamine/pharmacology
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Drug Tolerance/physiology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Morphine/administration & dosage
- Morphine Dependence/metabolism
- Morphine Dependence/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Yong Liang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University Department of Anesthesiology, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xiaoyou Shi
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University Department of Anesthesiology, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University Department of Anesthesiology, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University Department of Anesthesiology, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - J. David Clark
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University Department of Anesthesiology, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Corresponding author and author to whom reprint requests should be addressed, VAPAHCS, Anesthesiology, 112A, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, Phone: 650-493-5000, x6-7184, Fax: 650-852-3423,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin C, Araki H, Nagata M, Suemaru K, Shibata K, Kawasaki H, Hamamura T, Gomita Y. Withdrawal-induced c-Fos expression in the rat centromedial amygdala 24 h following a single morphine exposure. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 175:428-35. [PMID: 15175841 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE An opiate antagonist was found to induce motivational withdrawal signs 24 h or even up to 48 h after a single dose of morphine in rats. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to determine whether such a withdrawal state would modify the neuronal activity in the brain. METHODS A conditioned place aversion was established following a one-trial paradigm in rats undergoing a single exposure to morphine (10 mg/kg) 24 h prior to naloxone administration (0.5 mg/kg). Subsequently, the expression of the protein product of c-fos gene (c-Fos) following naloxone administration was measured within the extended amygdala. RESULTS A significant increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity was seen in the centromedial amygdala (CMA), but not in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the shell (AcbSh) of the nucleus accumbens (Acb) in rats treated with both morphine and naloxone. Further examination of the distribution of c-Fos-positive neurons along the rostrocaudal axis within CMA showed that the positive neurons distributed throughout this brain area and the caudal level of its central division (the central nucleus of the amygdala, CeA) exhibited the most robust labeling. CONCLUSIONS Neuronal activity can be increased by naloxone at a dose that produces conditioned place aversion 24 h after a single morphine exposure. CMA, particularly the caudal level of its central division, was of high sensitivity. The current data also suggest a possible involvement of CMA in negative motivational component of precipitated withdrawal from acute morphine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maldonado R. Participation of noradrenergic pathways in the expression of opiate withdrawal: biochemical and pharmacological evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21:91-104. [PMID: 8994212 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(95)00061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of biochemical and pharmacological evidence provide support for the involvement of the noradrenergic system in the expression of the somatic symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Early studies reported changes in brain noradrenaline and metabolite levels during opiate dependence. The significance of these changes has been clarified in recent microdialysis studies indicating that acute morphine decreases the extraneuronal levels of noradrenaline, whereas an increase in release of the neurotransmitter occurs during opiate withdrawal in several brain areas. Changes in the sensitivity and density of alpha 2- and beta-adrenoceptors have also been reported, probably as a consequence of the decreased presynaptic noradrenergic activity induced during morphine dependence. In addition, the administration of alpha 2-agonists, such as clonidine, or beta-antagonists, such as propranolol, has been reported to attenuate some manifestations of opiate withdrawal. The noradrenergic structure mediating the expression of opioid abstinence seems to be the locus coeruleus. However, the activation of the locus coeruleus during morphine withdrawal seems to be primarily due to the afferent projections containing excitatory amino acids and derived from the nucleus paragigantocellularis, although intrinsic modifications, consisting of an up-regulation of the cAMP pathway, seem also to be involved in this activation. The participation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in opiate dependence and its relation with the changes produced in the noradrenergic system are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Maldonado
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, U266 INSERM-URA D 1500 CNRS, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université René Descartes-Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valverde O, Maldonado R, Micó JA, Gibert-Rahola J. Study of the mechanisms involved in behavioral changes induced by flunitrazepam in morphine withdrawal. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995; 19:973-91. [PMID: 8539433 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(95)00125-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. The attenuation of morphine withdrawal syndrome by acute benzodiazepine administration has been well documented. However, the pharmacological mechanisms implicated in this effect remain unclear. 2. In this study, the possible participation of noradrenergic, serotonergic and benzodiazepine receptors on flunitrazepam-modified morphine withdrawal syndrome was investigated in mice. Flunitrazepam was associated to the noradrenergic antagonists prazosin (1 mg/kg) and propranolol (0.5 mg/kg), the serotonergic agents ritanserine (1 mg/kg) and p-chloro phenylalanine (600 mg/kg), the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil (10 mg/kg), and the benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist Ro 15-4513 (5 mg/kg). 3. The decrease in jumping behavior-induced by flunitrazepam was potentiated by prazosin, while ritanserine, flumazenil and Ro 15-4513 blocked this effect. 4. Flunitrazepam-induced increase on wet dog shake frequency was partially reduced by flumazenil, and strongly antagonized by ritanserine and Ro 15-4513. 5. Noradrenergic and serotonergic systems seem to be primarily implicated in the changes induced on jumping and wet dog shakes respectively. These modifications are induced through the activation of the benzodiazepine receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Valverde
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dennis SG, Melzack R, Gutman S, Boucher F. Pain modulation by adrenergic agents and morphine as measured by three pain tests. Life Sci 1980; 26:1247-59. [PMID: 7392798 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
12
|
Adrenergic alteration of morphine-induced suppression of sciatic-evoked unit responses in the central grey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0364-7722(78)90091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|