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Isaacs LL. Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes and Cancer: New Support for an Old Theory. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221096077. [PMID: 35514109 PMCID: PMC9083047 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221096077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1905, the embryologist John Beard first proposed that pancreatic proteolytic enzymes had potential as a treatment for cancer. His theories were dismissed by the medical world a decade later, but various practitioners have kept the concept alive through the publication of case reports of cancer patients treated with pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. In the last 2 decades, studies of the role of proteases in physiology have made it clear that they do more than digest food. This article reviews the history of the clinical use of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in cancer treatment, and recent research on protease activated receptors and their role in cancer.
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Minten IJ, Abello N, Schooneveld-Bergmans MEF, van den Berg MA. Post-production modification of industrial enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6215-31. [PMID: 24903809 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Industry has an increasing interest in the use of enzymes as environmentally friendly, highly efficient, and specific bio-catalysts. Enzymes have primarily evolved to function in aqueous environments at ambient temperature and pressure. These conditions however do not always correspond with industrial processes or applications, and only a small portion of all known enzymes are therefore suitable for industrial use. Protein engineering can sometimes be applied to convey more desirable properties to enzymes, such as increased stability, but is limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids or homologs thereof. Using post-production modification, which has the potential to combine desirable properties from the enzyme and the conjugated compounds, enzymes can be modified with both natural and synthetic molecules. This offers access to a myriad of possibilities for tuning the properties of enzymes. At this moment, however, the effects of post-production modification cannot yet be reliably predicted. The increasing number of applications will improve this so that the potential of this technology can be fully exploited. This review will focus on post-production modification of enzymes and its use and opportunities in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge J Minten
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands,
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Lohr V, Genzel Y, Jordan I, Katinger D, Mahr S, Sandig V, Reichl U. Live attenuated influenza viruses produced in a suspension process with avian AGE1.CR.pIX cells. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:79. [PMID: 23110398 PMCID: PMC3505166 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current influenza vaccines are trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated split or subunit vaccines administered intramuscularly, or live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) adapted to replicate at temperatures below body temperature and administered intranasally. Both vaccines are considered safe and efficient, but due to differences in specific properties may complement each other to ensure reliable vaccine coverage. By now, licensed LAIV are produced in embryonated chicken eggs. In the near future influenza vaccines for human use will also be available from adherent MDCK or Vero cell cultures, but a scalable suspension process may facilitate production and supply with vaccines. RESULTS We evaluated the production of cold-adapted human influenza virus strains in the duck suspension cell line AGE1.CR.pIX using a chemically-defined medium. One cold-adapted A (H1N1) and one cold-adapted B virus strain was tested, as well as the reference strain A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). It is shown that a medium exchange is not required for infection and that maximum virus titers are obtained for 1 × 10⁻⁶ trypsin units per cell. 1 L bioreactor cultivations showed that 4 × 10⁶ cells/mL can be infected without a cell density effect achieving titers of 1 × 10⁸ virions/mL after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study demonstrates that AGE1.CR.pIX cells support replication of LAIV strains in a chemically-defined medium using a simple process without medium exchanges. Moreover, the process is fast with peak titers obtained 24 h post infection and easily scalable to industrial volumes as neither microcarriers nor medium replacements are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Lohr
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestr. 54, 13086, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Katinger
- Polymun Scientific GmbH, Donaustr. 99, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Mahr
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- University for Applied Sciences, Robert-Gerwig-Platz 1, 78120, Furtwangen, Germany
| | | | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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Villalonga R, Fragoso A, Cao R, Ortiz PD, Villalonga ML, Damiao AE. Supramolecular-mediated Immobilization of Trypsin on Cyclodextrin-modified Gold Nanospheres. Supramol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270500126743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reynaldo Villalonga
- a Enzyme Technology Group, Center for Biotechnological Studies , University of Matanzas , Matanzas, C.P. 44740, Cuba
| | - Alex Fragoso
- b Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry , University of Havana , Havana, 10400, Cuba
| | - Roberto Cao
- b Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry , University of Havana , Havana, 10400, Cuba
| | - Pedro D. Ortiz
- b Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry , University of Havana , Havana, 10400, Cuba
| | - Maria L. Villalonga
- a Enzyme Technology Group, Center for Biotechnological Studies , University of Matanzas , Matanzas, C.P. 44740, Cuba
| | - Angelo E. Damiao
- a Enzyme Technology Group, Center for Biotechnological Studies , University of Matanzas , Matanzas, C.P. 44740, Cuba
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Villalonga ML, Villalonga R, Mariniello L, Gómez L, Pierro PD, Porta R. Transglutaminase-catalysed glycosidation of trypsin with aminated polysaccharides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fernández M, Fragoso A, Cao R, Baños M, Ansorge-Schumacher M, Hartmeier W, Villalonga R. Functional properties and application in peptide synthesis of trypsin modified with cyclodextrin-containing dicarboxylic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Villalonga ML, Fernández M, Fragoso A, Cao R, Villalonga R. Functional stabilization of trypsin by conjugation with beta-cyclodextrin-modified carboxymethylcellulose. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2003; 33:53-66. [PMID: 12693815 DOI: 10.1081/pb-120018369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bovine pancreatic trypsin was chemically modified by a beta-cyclodextrin-carboxymethylcellulose polymer using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide as coupling agent. The conjugate retained 110% and 95% of the initial esterolytic and proteolytic activity, respectively, and contained about 2 mol of polymer per mol of trypsin. The optimum temperature for trypsin was increased to 8 degrees C after conjugation. The thermostability of the enzyme was increased to about 16 degrees C after modification. The conjugate prepared was also more stable against thermal incubation at different temperatures ranging from 45 degrees C to 60 degrees C. In comparison with native trypsin, the polymer-enzyme complex was more resistant to autolytic degradation at pH 9.0, retaining about 65% of the initial activity after 3h incubation. In addition, modification protected trypsin against denaturation in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Villalonga
- Enzyme Technology Group, Center for Biotechnological Studies, University of Matanzas, Matanzas, Cuba
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Vercet A, Oria R, Crelier S, Lopez-Buesa P. Selective inactivation of phospholipase A2 in complex protein mixtures. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(02)00028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fernández M, Fragoso A, Cao R, Baños M, Villalonga R. Chemical conjugation of trypsin with monoamine derivatives of cyclodextrins. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vercet A, Burgos J, Crelier S, Lopez-Buesa P. Inactivation of proteases and lipases by ultrasound. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(00)00037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Villalonga R, Villalonga ML, Gómez L. Preparation and functional properties of trypsin modified by carboxymethylcellulose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gonzalez NJ, Isaacs LL. Evaluation of pancreatic proteolytic enzyme treatment of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, with nutrition and detoxification support. Nutr Cancer 1999; 33:117-24. [PMID: 10368805 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc330201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Historically, large doses of proteolytic enzymes, along with diet, nutritional supplements, and "detoxification" procedures, have been used in alternative therapies to treat all forms of cancer, without formal clinical studies to support their use. A 2-year, unblinded, 1-treatment arm, 10-patient, pilot prospective case study was used to assess survival in patients suffering inoperable stage II-IV pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with large doses of orally ingested pancreatic enzymes, nutritional supplements, "detoxification" procedures, and an organic diet. From January 1993 to April 1996 in the authors' private practice, 10 patients with inoperable, biopsy-proven pancreatic adenocarcinoma were entered into the trial. After one patient dropped out, an 11th patient was added to the study (however, all 11 are considered in the data tabulation). Patients followed the treatment at home, under the supervision of the authors. As of 12 January 1999, of 11 patients entered into the study, 9 (81%) survived one year, 5 (45%) survived two years, and at this time, 4 have survived three years. Two patients are alive and doing well: one at three years and the other at four years. These results are far above the 25% survival at one year and 10% survival at two years for all stages of pancreatic adenocarcinoma reported in the National Cancer Data Base from 1995. This pilot study suggests that an aggressive nutritional therapy with large doses of pancreatic enzymes led to significantly increased survival over what would normally be expected for patients with inoperable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Greco G, Pirozzi D, Gianfreda L. Thermal equivalence criteria in the chemical deactivation and stabilization of acid phosphatase. Enzyme Microb Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(91)90157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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