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Abstract
Linkage studies have defined at least five bipolar (BP) disorder susceptibility loci that meet suggested guidelines for initial identification and subsequent confirmation. These loci, found on 18p11, 18q22, 21q21, 4p16, and Xq26, are targets for BP candidate gene investigations. Molecular dissection of expressed sequences for these regions is likely to yield specific BP susceptibility alleles in most cases, in all probability, these BP susceptibility alleles will be common in the general population, and, individually, will be neither necessary nor sufficient for manifestation syndrome. Additive or multiplicative oligogenic models involving several susceptibility loci appear most reasonable at present, it is hoped thai these BP susceptibility genes will increase understanding of many mysteries surrounding these disorders, including drug response, cycling patterns, age-of-onset, and modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Berrettini
- The department of Psychiatry and the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Depression and the role of genes involved in dopamine metabolism and signalling. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:112-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Meloni R, Biguet NF, Mallet J. Post-genomic era and gene discovery for psychiatric diseases: there is a new art of the trade? The example of the HUMTH01 microsatellite in the Tyrosine Hydroxylase gene. Mol Neurobiol 2002; 26:389-403. [PMID: 12428766 DOI: 10.1385/mn:26:2-3:389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microsatellite HUMTH01, located in the first intron of the Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) gene (encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines), is characterized by a TCAT repeated motif and has been used in genetic studies of neuropsychiatric and other complex diseases, in which catecholaminergic neurotransmission is implicated. After reporting a positive association between HUMTH01 and bipolar disorder as well as schizophrenia, the authors established that HUMTH01 alleles display the features of regulatory elements. Thereafter, they cloned two proteins (ZNF191 and HBP1), specifically binding to HUMTH01, and demonstrated that allelic variations of HUMTH01 have a quantitative silencing effect on TH gene expression in vitro, and correlate with quantitative and qualitative changes in the binding by ZNF191. The authors aim to characterize the transduction pathway impinging on the HUMTH01 microsatellite and establish its relevance for TH gene regulation in vivo. Since the TCAT repeated sequence is widespread throughout the genome, their approach may lead to the dissection of the mechanisms underlying the quantitative expression of several genes implicated in complex genetic traits, both normal and pathological. Thus, these investigations on the possible contribution and potential role of the HUMTH01 microsatellite in neuro-pathological conditions may represent an example of the different approaches needed to validate genetic targets in the "post-genomic era."
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Meloni
- Laboratoire de Génétique de la Neurotransmissionet des Processus Neurodégénératifs (LGN), CNRS UMR 7091, Bât CERVI Hĵpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Souery D, Lipp O, Rivelli SK, Massat I, Serretti A, Cavallini C, Ackenheil M, Adolfsson R, Aschauer H, Blackwood D, Dam H, Dikeos D, Fuchshuber S, Heiden M, Jakovljevic M, Kaneva R, Kessing L, Lerer B, Lönnqvist J, Mellerup T, Milanova V, Muir W, Nylander PO, Oruc L, Mendlewicz J. Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism and phenotypic heterogeneity in bipolar affective disorder: a multicenter association study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 88:527-32. [PMID: 10490711 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<527::aid-ajmg17>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of catecholamines, is considered a candidate gene in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and has been the subject of numerous linkage and association studies. Taken together, most results do not support a major gene effect for the TH gene in BPAD. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity may partially explain the difficulty of confirming the exact role of this gene using both association and linkage methods. Four hundred one BPAD patients and 401 unrelated matched controls were recruited within a European collaborative project (BIOMED1 project in the area of brain research, European Community grant number CT 92-1217, project leader: J. Mendlewicz) involving 14 centers for a case-control association study with a tetranucleotide polymorphism in the TH gene. Patients and controls were carefully matched for geographical origin. Phenotypic heterogeneity was considered and subgroup analyses were performed with relevant variables: age at onset, family history, and diagnostic stability. No association was observed in the total sample or for subgroups according to age at onset (n = 172), family history alone (n = 159), or high degree of diagnostic stability and a positive family history (n = 131). The results of this association study do not confirm the possible implication of TH polymorphism in the susceptibility to BPAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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Furlong RA, Rubinsztein JS, Ho L, Walsh C, Coleman TA, Muir WJ, Paykel ES, Blackwood DH, Rubinsztein DC. Analysis and metaanalysis of two polymorphisms within the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 88:88-94. [PMID: 10050974 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990205)88:1<88::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine and noradrenaline. While positive associations between TH and bipolar affective disorder have been found in several studies, many studies have failed to reproduce these results. In order to clarify this situation, association studies of bipolar and unipolar affective disorder groups and metaanalyses of published data on the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism were done. The association studies used the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 1 and a PstI polymorphism at the 3' end of the gene. The study comprised 124 unrelated bipolar patients, 126 unipolar patients, and 242 controls. There was no significant association of either bipolar or unipolar affective disorder with the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism. However, a weak association (chi2 = 3.946, 1 df, P = 0.047; odds ratio, allele 2 vs. allele 1 = 0.71 (95% CI, 0.51-0.996)) was observed in the unipolar sample with the TH-PstI polymorphism. Three metaanalyses of published data on the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in major affective disorder were performed: bipolar I + II vs. control using 583 cases and 745 controls; unipolar vs. control using 204 cases and 359 controls; and bipolar + unipolar vs. control using 846 cases and 823 controls. In each analysis there was no association of the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism and affective disorder. These results do not support the tyrosine hydroxylase gene having a major role in the etiology of bipolar affective disorder. However, our data suggest that this locus should be examined in larger samples of unipolar affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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Abstract
This paper reviews the history of molecular genetic linkage studies of bipolar disorder. The topic is introduced with a brief discussion of various genetic concepts, including linkage, lod scores and non-parametric statistics. It is emphasized that criteria for declaring linkage must include independent confirmation by a second group of investigators. Given that the inherited susceptibility for bipolar disorder is most likely explained by multiple genes of small effect, simulations indicate that universal confirmation of valid linkages cannot be expected. With this background, several valid linkages of BP disorder to genomic regions are reviewed. These valid linkages include 18p11, 18q22, 21q21, Xq26 and 4pter. The issue of anticipation and expanding triplet repeats is discussed. Finally, there is a brief section on recommendations for future genetic linkage studies of bipolar disorder.
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MESH Headings
- Bipolar Disorder/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Pedigree
- Reproducibility of Results
- Research Design
- Trinucleotide Repeats
- X Chromosome
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Affiliation(s)
- W Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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Bellivier F, Schürhoff F, Nosten-Bertrand M, Mallet J, Feingold J, Leboyer M. Methodological problems in meta-analysis of association studies between bipolar affective disorders and the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 81:349-52. [PMID: 9674984 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980710)81:4<349::aid-ajmg15>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Malafosse A, Leboyer M, d'Amato T, Amadéo S, Abbar M, Campion D, Canseil O, Castelnau D, Gheysen F, Granger B, Henrikson B, Poirier MF, Sabaté O, Samolyk D, Feingold J, Mallet J. Manic depressive illness and tyrosine hydroxylase gene: linkage heterogeneity and association. Neurobiol Dis 1998; 4:337-49. [PMID: 9440122 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.1997.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have implicated the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) locus within the 11p15 region in susceptibility to manic depressive illness (MDI). This possibility was further investigated by both parametric (lod score) and nonparametric (affected-pedigree-member and a case-control study) methods of analysis in 11 French MDI families and in a sample of 200 unrelated subjects. Both types of analyses corroborate the implication of this locus, and positive lod scores were obtained in two families, which most likely reflects genetic heterogeneity. Statistical analyses were also performed including available data from published reports. These analyses, which allowed for genetic heterogeneity, substantiated our findings. The combined maximum lod score for all the families studied was 3.68 at theta = 0.00 (number of families: 36) assuming heterogeneity (alpha = 15%, P = 0.01). Taken together these results converge to suggest that the risk factors for MDI lie in the 11p15 region with TH being the most likely candidate gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malafosse
- CNRS UMR 9923, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
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Gill M. Genetics and molecular biology of manic-depression. MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF HUMAN DISEASES SERIES 1998; 4:173-93. [PMID: 9439749 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0709-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gill
- Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Mari J, Joober R, Morgan K. Lack of association between bipolar disorder and tyrosine hydroxylase: a meta-analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 74:348-52. [PMID: 9259367 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970725)74:4<348::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a candidate gene extensively explored in several association studies of bipolar disorder (BD). However, because of conflicting results of independent studies and low statistical power of individual studies to detect small differences between cases and controls, reliable conclusions are difficult to formulate. A method to obtain more reliable conclusions about the involvement of the TH locus in the etiology of BD is meta-analysis. We undertook a meta-analysis of studies that investigated the association between BD and TH genetic markers. The studies were identified by means of computerized searches of several databases, and the scanning of review articles and the reference lists of the primary articles identified. More than 60 publications were reviewed, and 9 relevant articles were included in this meta-analysis, with an overall sample of 1,069 subjects (547 cases and 522 normal controls). The overall odds ratio (and confidence interval) based on combining the results of the studies was 1.02 (0.68-1.54). Test of the null hypothesis that the mean log odds ratio equals zero (chi2 = 0.11; 5 df; P > 0.05) indicated that there was no overall association between bipolar disorder and tyrosine hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Turecki
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Alda M. Bipolar disorder: from families to genes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 1997; 42:378-87. [PMID: 9161762 DOI: 10.1177/070674379704200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors are known to contribute to the etiology of bipolar illness, but the actual genetic mechanisms remain to be clarified. METHODS This paper reviews the research undertaken to establish the genetic basis of bipolar illness and to elucidate the nature of its genetic predisposition. RESULTS The presented findings suggest that bipolar affective disorder is a heterogeneous condition characterized by a complex relationship between the genetic susceptibility and the clinical presentation. Linkage studies have generated promising and replicated findings on chromosomes 18 and 21. CONCLUSION In spite of the methodological difficulties inherent in the genetic study of psychiatric disorders recent investigations have made important advances and promise to identify specific susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario.
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Oruc L, Verheyen GR, Furac I, Jakovljević M, Ivezić S, Raeymaekers P, Van Broeckhoven C. Analysis of the tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D4 receptor genes in a Croatian sample of bipolar I and unipolar patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 74:176-8. [PMID: 9129719 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<176::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We selected 83 patients with bipolar disorder type I or unipolar recurrent major depression and 71 healthy controls for genetic analysis of the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. No significant association was found between bipolar disorder type I and unipolar recurrent major depression and the polymorphisms located near these genes. Therefore, the hypothesis that the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopamine D4 receptor genes may be involved in the etiology of bipolar disorder and unipolar recurrent major depression is not supported in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Oruc
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
SummaryThe present article reviews the recent molecular genetic findings in affective disorders. Results of linkage and association studies are discussed in regard to the main limitations of these approaches in psychiatric disorders. On the whole, linkage and association studies contributed to the localisation of some potential vulnerability genes for Bipolar affective disorder on chromosomes 18, 5, 11, 4, 21 and X. The hypothesis of anticipation in affective disorders is also considered in light of interesting results with trinucleotide repeat mutations.
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Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Mendelbaum K, De Martelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Association study of bipolar disorder with candidate genes involved in catecholamine neurotransmission: DRD2, DRD3, DAT1, and TH genes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 67:551-5. [PMID: 8950413 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19961122)67:6<551::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite strong evidence for genetic involvement in the etiology of affective disorders (from twin adoption and family studies), linkage and association methodologies are still exploring the nature of genetic factors in these diseases. Interesting testable hypotheses have been described, including candidate genes involved in catecholamine neurotransmission. We studied 69 bipolar patients and 69 matched controls (for age, sex, and geographical origin) for association and linkage disequilibrium with DNA markers at the following genes: the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, dopamine transporter gene, and dopamine D2 and D3 receptor genes. Association and linkage disequilibrium were excluded between bipolar affective disorder and these four candidate genes in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Joseph Kappock
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107 New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
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Cavazzoni P, Alda M, Turecki G, Rouleau G, Grof E, Martin R, Duffy A, Grof P. Lithium-responsive affective disorders: no association with the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Psychiatry Res 1996; 64:91-6. [PMID: 8912950 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Family, adoption, and twin studies have demonstrated the involvement of genetic factors in the etiology of major affective disorders. In an attempt to identify the involved genes, several linkage and association studies have focused on the gene coding for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. The discrepant results to date could be explained by etiological heterogeneity, which may be substantially reduced by selecting patients according to lithium response. Therefore, we investigated 54 patients who had shown definite long-term response to lithium monotherapy in spite of a high risk of recurrence as indicated by the previous clinical course. All the subjects suffered from major affective disorder by Research Diagnostic Criteria (48 bipolar, 6 recurrent unipolar). They were compared to 94 population controls of similar ethnic background to test for association with a penta-allelic microsatellite marker found within the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. No significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies were observed between the two groups, providing further evidence against a major role for the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in the etiology of major affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cavazzoni
- Affective Disorders Service, University of Ottawa, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Canada
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Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Mendelbaum K, De Bruyn A, De Maertelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Excess tyrosine hydroxylase restriction fragment length polymorphism homozygosity in unipolar but not bipolar patients: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:305-8. [PMID: 8871780 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(96)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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Turecki G, Alda M, Grof P, Martin R, Cavazzoni PA, Duffy A, Maciel P, Rouleau GA. No association between chromosome-18 markers and lithium-responsive affective disorders. Psychiatry Res 1996; 63:17-23. [PMID: 8832770 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An allelic association study of excellent responders to lithium was conducted with a candidate gene (Golf, a G-protein receptor gene) and five other chromosome-18p markers. Golf is of special interest because it maps to a region of chromosome 18 where two independent groups (Berrettini et al., 1994; Stine et al., 1995) have found linkage to bipolar disorder. It has been proposed that G proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, and lithium, an effective prophylactic agent, is known to impair G-protein activation. To reduce heterogeneity--a common obstacle to genetic investigation--only patients who showed excellent response to lithium prophylaxis were studied. Fifty-five genetically unrelated excellent responders to lithium prophylaxis were compared with 94 normal subjects of similar ethnic background. The groups did not differ in either allele or genotype frequency for the tested markers. The data do not support the hypothesis that the tested loci confer a major susceptibility for affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Turecki
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital, Canada
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Mallet J. The TiPS/TINS Lecture. Catecholamines: from gene regulation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19:191-6. [PMID: 8723206 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(96)10029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their ability to change the electrical properties of neurons, evidence suggests that neurotransmitters are able to alter the cell's metabolism. Transmitter phenotype is labile and expression might be regulated, during development, by the cellular environment of neurons. The study of a key enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), has provided clues about these adaptive responses. This enzyme has a large molecular diversity, resulting from the differential splicing of its mRNA, which is tissue-specific and might result in long-term changes in activity of the enzyme and, therefore, in the availability of neurotransmitter at various synapses. The presence of different DNA sequences at the TH locus confers susceptibility to various disorders of the brain, including manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia. Indeed, an association between a rare variant allele of the gene encoding TH and the occurrence of schizophrenia has been found in several populations. New techniques being developed to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease involve various gene therapies, including a method of transferring genes directly into nerve cells using an adenovirus-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mallet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs (LGN), CNRS, Paris, France
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Mallet J. The TiPS/TINS lecture. Catecholamines: from gene regulation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1996; 17:129-35. [PMID: 8984738 DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(96)81587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their ability to change the electrical properties of neurones, evidence suggests that neurotransmitters are able to alter the cell's metabolism. Transmitter phenotype is labile and expression might be regulated, during development, by the cellular environment of neurones. The study of a key enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), has provided clues about these adaptive responses. This enzyme has a large molecular diversity, resulting from the differential splicing of its mRNA, which is tissue-specific and might result in long-term changes in activity of the enzyme and, therefore, in the availability of neurotransmitter at various synapses. The presence of different DNA sequences at the TH locus confers susceptibility to various disorders of the brain, including manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia. Indeed, an association between a rare variant allele of the gene encoding TH and the occurrence of schizophrenia has been found in several populations. New techniques being developed to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease involve various gene therapies, including a method of transferring genes directly into nerve cells using an adenovirus-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mallet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Puertollano R, Visedo G, Saiz-Ruiz J, Llinares C, Fernández-Piqueras J. Lack of association between manic-depressive illness and a highly polymorphic marker from GABRA3 gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 60:434-5. [PMID: 8546157 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out an association study between a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in GABRA3 gene and manic-depressive illness in a Spanish population. This may be an important candidate gene for bipolar affective disorders since it is located in the Xq28 region, previously implicated in linkage studies. In addition, severe GABergic alterations have been reported in patients. We have not found significant differences between controls and patients in allele frequencies or genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Puertollano
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Turecki G, Smith M, Mari JJ. Type I bipolar disorder associated with a fragile site on chromosome 1. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 60:179-82. [PMID: 7573167 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study the association between chromosomal fragile sites and type I bipolar disorder. This case-control study compares bipolar patients with normal controls. Ten cases of type I bipolar disorder diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were selected from the Escola Paulista affective disorders outpatient clinic and 10 healthy controls (CIDI negative for psychiatric diagnoses) matched for sex and age were drawn from the otorhinolaryngologic outpatient clinic of the same hospital. The cytogenetic analysis was carried out with blood lymphocytes, which were cultured in a folic acid-free medium. A total of 100 mitoses per subject were blindly analyzed to the psychiatric diagnostic assignment, and fragile sites were identified according to a minimum expected frequency of events per band in conformity with a Poisson distribution. A higher frequency of chromosomal lesions for cases than controls was found for the following bands: 1q32, 5q31, and 11q23, the 1q32 being considered a fragile site. Although no evident neuropsychiatric etiological component has been mapped to the 1q32 region so far, this finding may lead to further investigation of a possible linkage between genetic markers of this region and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Maier W, Albus M, Franzek E, Propping P. Tyrosine hydroxylase gene and manic-depressive illness. Lancet 1995; 345:1368. [PMID: 7752774 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Comings DE, Gade R, Muhleman D, Sverd J. No association of a tyrosine hydroxylase gene tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in autism, Tourette syndrome, or ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37:484-6. [PMID: 7786965 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00311-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Comings
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010-0269, USA
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26
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Pérez de Castro I, Santos J, Torres P, Visedo G, Saiz-Ruiz J, Llinares C, Fernández-Piqueras J. A weak association between TH and DRD2 genes and bipolar affective disorder in a Spanish sample. J Med Genet 1995; 32:131-4. [PMID: 7760324 PMCID: PMC1050236 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in the aetiology of bipolar affective disorder (BP). So far, results of linkage studies have been largely disappointing. We have searched for a possible association between polymorphic DNA markers of two candidate genes (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH; dopamine D2 receptor gene, DRD2) and BP in a population from central Spain. Our results are consistent with the existence of a weak association between these two genes and BP, in such a way that TH and DRD2 could be considered as minor genes contributing to susceptibility.
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27
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Mallet J, Meloni R, Laurent C. Catecholamine metabolism and psychiatric or behavioral disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1994; 4:419-26. [PMID: 7919920 DOI: 10.1016/0959-437x(94)90031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of pharmacological data point to the involvement of catecholamine metabolism in a number of psychiatric and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, evidence points to many of these affective disorders having a moderate to large genetic component. These observations have provided the impetus to search for differences between individuals in the structure and regulatory elements of genes involved in catecholaminergic neurotransmission. The recent finding that a mutation in the structural gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A is associated, in several males of a large kindred, with borderline mental retardation and abnormal behavior is an important breakthrough in the field. Other promising results concern the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in manic depressive illness and the dopamine D2 receptor in alcoholism. These studies, their potential significance and difficulties in dealing with such complex disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mallet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Lim LC, Gurling H, Curtis D, Brynjolfsson J, Petursson H, Gill M. Linkage between tyrosine hydroxylase gene and affective disorder cannot be excluded in two of six pedigrees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 48:223-8. [PMID: 7907843 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320480410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic linkage between manic depression and DNA markers on the short arm of chromosome 11 was first reported in 1987 but not supported by further analyses. However, genetic markers at the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene located within this region have been reported to show allelic association with the affective disorder phenotype. We present the results of a linkage analysis using polymorphic DNA segments within the TH gene and the nearby dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene in 6 families multiply affected with affective disorder. Small positive Lod scores were obtained in 2 of 6 pedigrees with the TH polymorphism which may be indicative of genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lim
- Genetics Section, Institute of Psychiatry, University College London Medical School, England
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29
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Abstract
Growing interest in the application of molecular biological techniques to psychiatric disorders has reinvigorated interest in the genetics of the psychoses. It is therefore timely to review the current state of knowledge of the genetics of bipolar disorder. Family, twin and adoption studies are all consistent in confirming the strongly heritable nature of this condition. As segregation analyses have been unable to determine the mode of transmission of bipolar disorder, ongoing linkage analyses using DNA markers will be crucial in determining whether this condition is due to a single major gene, a small number of genes, or multifactorial polygenic inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington
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30
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Abstract
Affective (mood) disorders are common. There are several methodological impediments to genetic studies of affective disorders, including uncertainties about the best definition of disease phenotype, difficulties in the assessment of lifetime diagnosis and variable age of onset of illness. Despite these difficulties, family, twin and adoption studies provide compelling evidence for the existence of important genetic factors in determining susceptibility to affective disorders. However, the mode of inheritance is unknown. Simple mendelian inheritance may occur in some families but cannot explain the majority of cases. With the advent of polymorphic DNA markers, linkage and association studies have become more useful methods for the genetic analysis of complex disorders such as affective illness. No consistent finding has yet emerged, although chromosomal region 11p15 (and to a lesser extent Xq28) are of continuing interest. In addition to further study of these regions it will also be necessary to look for susceptibility loci in other parts of the genome. Large samples will almost certainly be required. If susceptibility loci of major effect exist then linkage approaches will find them. However, if there are only loci of small effect, then association approaches will be necessary. At present, it seems prudent to pursue both linkage and association approaches together.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Craddock
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
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31
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Inayama Y, Yoneda H, Sakai T, Ishida T, Kobayashi S, Nonomura Y, Kono Y, Koh J, Asaba H. Lack of association between bipolar affective disorder and tyrosine hydroxylase DNA marker. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 48:87-9. [PMID: 8103293 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320480206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-eight patients with bipolar affective disorder and 88 controls were investigated for genetic association of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). No significant association between bipolar affective disorder and TH was found. Thus the hypothesis that TH is involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar affective disorder was not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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32
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Mitchell P, Waters B, Vivero C, Le F, Donald J, Tully M, Campedelli K, Lannfelt L, Sokoloff P, Shine J. Exclusion of close linkage of bipolar disorder to the dopamine D3 receptor gene in nine Australian pedigrees. J Affect Disord 1993; 27:213-24. [PMID: 8509522 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90045-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The recently cloned dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene is of potential relevance to the aetiology of bipolar disorder because of an almost exclusive expression in limbic tissue, the region of the brain putatively responsible for control of emotion. We therefore aimed to determine whether bipolar disorder in nine pedigrees (with 171 members) was linked to this receptor gene, which has been mapped to chromosomal region 3q 13.3. Linkage of bipolar disorder and recurrent depression to the DRD3 gene was tested using a series of autosomal dominant and recessive models with varying penetrance levels. Additionally, linkage was examined using a series of levels of definitions of affective illness (ranging from bipolar I alone to all affective disorders). Close linkage to the DRD3 gene was strongly excluded using each model and definition, and these conclusions persisted when a wide range of rates of 'sporadic' (non-genetic) presentations of illness were incorporated in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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33
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Abstract
Genetic transmission in manic depressive illness (MDI) has been explored in twins, adoption, association, and linkage studies. The X-linked transmission hypothesis has been tested by using several markers on chromosome X: Xg blood group, colour blindness, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), factor IX (haemophilia B), and DNA probes such as DXS15, DXS52, F8C, ST14. The hypothesis of autosomal transmission has been tested by association studies with the O blood group located on chromosome 9, as well as linkage studies on chromosome 6 with the Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA) haplotypes and on Chromosome 11 with DNA markers for the following genes: D2 dopamine receptor, tyrosinase, C-Harvey-Ras-A (HRAS) oncogene, insuline (ins), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Although linkage studies support the hypothesis of a major locus for the transmission of MDI in the Xq27-28 region, several factors are limiting the results, and are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mendlewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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34
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Nimgaonkar VL, Ganguli R, Washington SS, Chakravarti A. Schizophrenia and porphobilinogen deaminase gene polymorphisms: an association study. Schizophr Res 1992; 8:51-8. [PMID: 1358185 DOI: 10.1016/0920-9964(92)90060-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A genetic case-control study was conducted in a group of patients with schizophrenia (n = 67; DSM-III) and psychiatrically normal controls matched for ethnicity (n = 84), living in the same geographical area. Using three different DNA polymorphisms of the gene encoding porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), a candidate gene for schizophrenia, an association with schizophrenia could not be detected. No significant associations were detected even after sub-division of the cohort by ethnicity and by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA 15261
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35
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Abstract
With the last two decades, the importance of genetic factors in the aetiology of major mental illness has been firmly re-established and psychiatric research has now firmly embraced the era of molecular genetics. Despite a number of false starts in the study of schizophrenia and affective disorder, there have been successes in unmasking some of the aetiological secrets of Alzheimer's disease. We will give an overview of the rationale behind these studies and the major findings to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C O'Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
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36
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Gill M, Castle D, Hunt N, Clements A, Sham P, Murray RM. Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphisms and bipolar affective disorder. J Psychiatr Res 1991; 25:179-84. [PMID: 1685750 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3956(91)90022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A reported genetic association between bipolar affective disorder and DNA polymorphisms at the tyrosine hydroxylase gene is not confirmed by the present study. The combined allele frequencies in the patients, from studies published to date, are significantly different from the frequencies in the controls for the TY7/BglII polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gill
- Genetics Section, Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K
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