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Allgire E, Ahlbrand RA, Nawreen N, Ajmani A, Hoover C, McAlees JW, Lewkowich IP, Sah R. Altered Fear Behavior in Aeroallergen House Dust Mite Exposed C57Bl/6 Mice: A Model of Th2-skewed Airway Inflammation. Neuroscience 2023; 528:75-88. [PMID: 37516435 PMCID: PMC10530159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest for studying the impact of chronic inflammation, particularly lung inflammation, on the brain and behavior. This includes asthma, a chronic inflammatory condition, that has been associated with psychiatric conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although asthma is driven by elevated production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), which drive asthma symptomology, recent work demonstrates that concomitant Th1 or Th17 cytokine production can worsen asthma severity. We previously demonstrated a detrimental link between PTSD-relevant fear behavior and allergen-induced lung inflammation associated with a mixed Th2/Th17-inflammatory profile in mice. However, the behavioral effects of Th2-skewed airway inflammation, typical to mild/moderate asthma, are unknown. Therefore, we investigated fear conditioning/extinction in allergen house dust mite (HDM)-exposed C57Bl/6 mice, a model of Th2-skewed allergic asthma. Behaviors relevant to panic, anxiety, and depression were also assessed. Furthermore, we investigated the accumulation of Th2/Th17-cytokine-expressing cells in lung and brain, and the neuronal activation marker, ΔFosB, in fear regulatory brain areas. HDM-exposed mice elicited lower freezing during fear extinction with no effects on acquisition and conditioned fear. No HDM effect on panic, anxiety or depression-relevant behaviors was observed. While HDM evoked a Th2-skewed immune response in lung tissue, no significant alterations in brain Th cell subsets were observed. Significantly reduced ΔFosB+ cells in the basolateral amygdala of HDM mice were observed post extinction. Our data indicate that allergen-driven Th2-skewed responses may induce fear extinction promoting effects, highlighting beneficial interactions of Th2-associated immune mediators with fear regulatory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Allgire
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - R A Ahlbrand
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - N Nawreen
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - A Ajmani
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - C Hoover
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - J W McAlees
- Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - I P Lewkowich
- Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - R Sah
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States; VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States.
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2
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Gao X, Tang Y, Kong L, Fan Y, Wang C, Wang R. Treg cell: Critical role of regulatory T-cells in depression. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106893. [PMID: 37611836 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent disorder of the central nervous system. The neuropsychiatric symptoms of clinical depression are persistent and include fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, altered sleep patterns, hyperalgesia, melancholia, anxiety, and impaired social behaviours. Mounting evidences suggest that neuroinflammation triggers dysregulated cellular immunity and increases susceptibility to psychiatric diseases. Neuroimmune responses have transformed the clinical approach to depression because of their roles in its pathophysiology and their therapeutic potential. In particular, activated regulatory T (Treg) cells play an increasingly evident role in the inflammatory immune response. In this review, we summarized the available data and discussed in depth the fundamental roles of Tregs in the pathogenesis of depression, as well as the clinical therapeutic potential of Tregs. We aimed to provide recent information regarding the potential of Tregs as immune-modulating biologics for the treatment and prevention of long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuru Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingli Kong
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pain Management, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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3
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Iadecola C, Smith EE, Anrather J, Gu C, Mishra A, Misra S, Perez-Pinzon MA, Shih AY, Sorond FA, van Veluw SJ, Wellington CL. The Neurovasculome: Key Roles in Brain Health and Cognitive Impairment: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2023; 54:e251-e271. [PMID: 37009740 PMCID: PMC10228567 DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preservation of brain health has emerged as a leading public health priority for the aging world population. Advances in neurovascular biology have revealed an intricate relationship among brain cells, meninges, and the hematic and lymphatic vasculature (the neurovasculome) that is highly relevant to the maintenance of cognitive function. In this scientific statement, a multidisciplinary team of experts examines these advances, assesses their relevance to brain health and disease, identifies knowledge gaps, and provides future directions. METHODS Authors with relevant expertise were selected in accordance with the American Heart Association conflict-of-interest management policy. They were assigned topics pertaining to their areas of expertise, reviewed the literature, and summarized the available data. RESULTS The neurovasculome, composed of extracranial, intracranial, and meningeal vessels, as well as lymphatics and associated cells, subserves critical homeostatic functions vital for brain health. These include delivering O2 and nutrients through blood flow and regulating immune trafficking, as well as clearing pathogenic proteins through perivascular spaces and dural lymphatics. Single-cell omics technologies have unveiled an unprecedented molecular heterogeneity in the cellular components of the neurovasculome and have identified novel reciprocal interactions with brain cells. The evidence suggests a previously unappreciated diversity of the pathogenic mechanisms by which disruption of the neurovasculome contributes to cognitive dysfunction in neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, providing new opportunities for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of these conditions. CONCLUSIONS These advances shed new light on the symbiotic relationship between the brain and its vessels and promise to provide new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for brain disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction.
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4
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Goertz JE, Garcia-Bonilla L, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Immune compartments at the brain's borders in health and neurovascular diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:437-449. [PMID: 37138042 PMCID: PMC10279585 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence implicates cranial border immune compartments in the meninges, choroid plexus, circumventricular organs, and skull bone marrow in several neuroinflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Their pathogenic importance has also been described for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and stroke. In this review, we will examine the cellular composition of these cranial border immune niches, the potential pathways through which they might interact, and the evidence linking them to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Goertz
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61St Street; RR-405, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61St Street; RR-405, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61St Street; RR-405, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61St Street; RR-405, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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5
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Kropp DR, Hodes GE. Sex differences in depression: An immunological perspective. Brain Res Bull 2023; 196:34-45. [PMID: 36863664 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a heterogenous disorder with symptoms that present differently across individuals. In a subset of people depression is associated with alterations of the immune system that may contribute to disorder onset and symptomology. Women are twice as likely to develop depression and on average have a more sensitive adaptive and innate immune system when compared to men. Sex differences in pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cell populations, and circulating cytokines play a critical role in inflammation onset. Sex differences in innate and adaptive immunity change the response of and repair to damage caused by dangerous pathogens or molecules in the body. This article reviews the evidence for sex specific immune responses that contribute to the sex differences in symptoms of depression that may account for the higher rate of depression in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson R Kropp
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Georgia E Hodes
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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6
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Kim DH, Krakowiak P, Meltzer A, Hertz-Picciotto I, Van de Water J. Neonatal chemokine markers predict subsequent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and delayed development. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:121-133. [PMID: 34808292 PMCID: PMC10846151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has been found to be related to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, investigations in very early childhood examining immunological abnormalities such as altered neonatal cytokine/chemokine profiles in association with an aberrant developmental trajectory, are sparse. We assessed neonatal blood spots from 398 children, including 171 with ASD, which were subdivided according to severity (121 severe, 50 mild/moderate) and cognitive/adaptive levels (144 low-functioning, 27 typical to high-functioning). The remainder were 69 children with developmental delay (DD), and 158 with typical development (TD), who served as controls in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study. Exploratory analysis suggested that, in comparisons with TD and DD, CTACK (CCL27) and MPIF-1 (CCL23), respectively, were independently associated with ASD. Higher neonatal levels of CTACK were associated with decreased odds of ASD compared to TD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 0.21, 0.77), whereas higher levels of MPIF-1 were associated with increased odds of ASD (OR = 2.38, 95% Cl 1.42, 3.98) compared to DD but not to TD. MPIF-1 was positively associated with better scores in several developmental domains. Dysregulation of chemokine levels in early life can impede normal immune and neurobehavioral development, which can lead to diagnosis of ASD or DD. This study collectively suggests that certain peripheral chemokines at birth are associated with ASD progression during childhood and that children with ASD and DD have distinct neonatal chemokine profiles that can differentiate their diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hj Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paula Krakowiak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amory Meltzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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7
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Matisz C, Gruber A. Neuroinflammatory remodeling of the anterior cingulate cortex as a key driver of mood disorders in gastrointestinal disease and disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 133:104497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Johnson E, J M, I L, R S. Asthma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Emerging links, potential models and mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:275-285. [PMID: 34107349 PMCID: PMC8453093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent, debilitating mental health condition. A better understanding of contributory neurobiological mechanisms will lead to effective treatments, improving quality of life for patients. Given that not all trauma-exposed individuals develop PTSD, identification of pre-trauma susceptibility factors that can modulate posttraumatic outcomes is important. Recent clinical evidence supports a strong link between inflammatory conditions and PTSD. A particularly strong association has been reported between asthma and PTSD prevalence and severity. Unlike many other PTSD-comorbid inflammatory conditions, asthma often develops in children, sensitizing them to subsequent posttraumatic pathology throughout their lifetime. Currently, there is a significant need to understand the neurobiology, shared mechanisms, and inflammatory mediators that may contribute to comorbid asthma and PTSD. Here, we provide a translational perspective of asthma and PTSD risk and comorbidity, focusing on clinical associations, relevant rodent paradigms and potential mechanisms that may translate asthma-associated inflammation to PTSD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Johnson
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, 45220,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, 45220
| | - McAlees J
- Division of Immunobiology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, 45220
| | - Lewkowich I
- Division of Immunobiology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, 45220,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, 45220
| | - Sah R
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, 45220,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, 45220,VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45220
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9
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Kim E, Cho S. CNS and peripheral immunity in cerebral ischemia: partition and interaction. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113508. [PMID: 33065078 PMCID: PMC7750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke elicits excessive immune activation in the injured brain tissue. This well-recognized neural inflammation in the brain is not just an intrinsic organ response but also a result of additional intricate interactions between infiltrating peripheral immune cells and the resident immune cells in the affected areas. Given that there is a finite number of immune cells in the organism at the time of stroke, the partitioned immune systems of the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery must appropriately distribute the limited pool of immune cells between the two domains, mounting a necessary post-stroke inflammatory response by supplying a sufficient number of immune cells into the brain while maintaining peripheral immunity. Stroke pathophysiology has mainly been neurocentric in focus, but understanding the distinct roles of the CNS and peripheral immunity in their concerted action against ischemic insults is crucial. This review will discuss stroke-induced influences of the peripheral immune system on CNS injury/repair and of neural inflammation on peripheral immunity, and how comorbidity influences each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America; Feil Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
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10
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Modulation of fear behavior and neuroimmune alterations in house dust mite exposed A/J mice, a model of severe asthma. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:688-698. [PMID: 32380274 PMCID: PMC8988097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear-associated conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic disorder (PD) are highly prevalent. There is considerable interest in understanding contributory risk and vulnerability factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronically elevated inflammatory load may be a potential risk factor for these disorders. In this regard, an association of asthma, a chronic inflammatory condition, with PTSD and PD has been reported. Symptoms of PD and PTSD are more prevalent in severe asthmatics, compared to those with mild or moderate asthma suggesting that factors that influence the severity of asthma, may also influence susceptibility to the development of fear-related disorders. There has been relatively little progress in identifying contributory factors and underlying mechanisms, particularly, the translation of severe asthma-associated lung inflammation to central neuroimmune alterations and behavioral manifestations remains unclear. The current study investigated the expression of behaviors relevant to PD and PTSD (CO2 inhalation and fear conditioning/extinction) in A/J mice using a model of severe allergic asthma associated with a mixed T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 immune response. We also investigated the accumulation of Th2- and Th17-cytokine expressing cells in lung and brain tissue, microglial alterations, as well as neuronal activation marker, delta FosB (ΔFosB)) in fear and panic regulatory brain areas. HDM-exposed mice elicited higher freezing during fear extinction. CO2-associated spontaneous and conditioned freezing, as well as anxiety or depression-relevant exploratory and coping behaviors were not altered by HDM treatment. A significant increase in brain Th17-associated inflammatory mediators was observed prior to behavioral testing, accompanied by microglial alterations in specialized blood brain barrier-compromised circumventricular area, subfornical organ. Post extinction measurements revealed increased ΔFosB staining within the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala in HDM-treated mice. Collectively, our data show modulation of brain immune mechanisms and fear circuits by peripheral airway inflammation, and is relevant to understanding the risk and comorbidity of asthma with fear-associated disorders such as PTSD.
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11
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Schwartz M, Peralta Ramos JM, Ben-Yehuda H. A 20-Year Journey from Axonal Injury to Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Prospect of Immunotherapy for Combating Alzheimer's Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:243-250. [PMID: 31907265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the dialogue between the brain and the immune system has undergone dramatic changes over the last two decades, with immense impact on the perception of neurodegenerative diseases, mental dysfunction, and many other brain pathologic conditions. Accumulated results have suggested that optimal function of the brain is dependent on support from the immune system, provided that this immune response is tightly controlled. Moreover, in contrast to the previous prevailing dogma, it is now widely accepted that circulating immune cells are needed for coping with brain pathologies and that their optimal effect is dependent on their type, location, and activity. In this perspective, we describe our own scientific journey, reviewing the milestones in attaining this understanding of the brain-immune axis integrated with numerous related studies by others. We then explain their significance in demonstrating the possibility of harnessing the immune system in a well-controlled manner for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schwartz
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142; and .,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Hila Ben-Yehuda
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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12
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Pasciuto E, Burton OT, Roca CP, Lagou V, Rajan WD, Theys T, Mancuso R, Tito RY, Kouser L, Callaerts-Vegh Z, de la Fuente AG, Prezzemolo T, Mascali LG, Brajic A, Whyte CE, Yshii L, Martinez-Muriana A, Naughton M, Young A, Moudra A, Lemaitre P, Poovathingal S, Raes J, De Strooper B, Fitzgerald DC, Dooley J, Liston A. Microglia Require CD4 T Cells to Complete the Fetal-to-Adult Transition. Cell 2020; 182:625-640.e24. [PMID: 32702313 PMCID: PMC7427333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a site of relative immune privilege. Although CD4 T cells have been reported in the central nervous system, their presence in the healthy brain remains controversial, and their function remains largely unknown. We used a combination of imaging, single cell, and surgical approaches to identify a CD69+ CD4 T cell population in both the mouse and human brain, distinct from circulating CD4 T cells. The brain-resident population was derived through in situ differentiation from activated circulatory cells and was shaped by self-antigen and the peripheral microbiome. Single-cell sequencing revealed that in the absence of murine CD4 T cells, resident microglia remained suspended between the fetal and adult states. This maturation defect resulted in excess immature neuronal synapses and behavioral abnormalities. These results illuminate a role for CD4 T cells in brain development and a potential interconnected dynamic between the evolution of the immunological and neurological systems. Video Abstract
Residential CD4 T cells are present in the healthy mouse and human brain Brain residency is a transient program initiated in situ and lasting weeks CD4 T cell entry around birth drives a transcriptional maturation step in microglia Absence of CD4 T cells results in defective synaptic pruning and behavior
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pasciuto
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Oliver T Burton
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Carlos P Roca
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Wenson D Rajan
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Department of Neurosurgery, UZ Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Raul Y Tito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lubna Kouser
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Alerie G de la Fuente
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Teresa Prezzemolo
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Loriana G Mascali
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Brajic
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Carly E Whyte
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Lidia Yshii
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Anna Martinez-Muriana
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Michelle Naughton
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Andrew Young
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Alena Moudra
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Pierre Lemaitre
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - James Dooley
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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13
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Song D, Qi F, Liu S, Tang Z, Duan J, Yao Z. The adoptive transfer of BCG-induced T lymphocytes contributes to hippocampal cell proliferation and tempers anxiety-like behavior in immune deficient mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225874. [PMID: 32240169 PMCID: PMC7117742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously have reported that neonatal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination improves neurogenesis and behavior in early life through affecting the neuroimmune milieu in the brain, but it is uncertain whether activation phenotypes and functional changes in T lymphocytes shape brain development. Here, we studied the effects of BCG vaccination via the adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes from the BALB/c wild-type mice into naive mice. Our results show that mice adoptive BCG-induced lymphocytes (BCG->naive mice) showed anxiolytic and antidepressant-like performance when completing an elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Meanwhile, BCG->naive mice possess more cell proliferation and newborn neurons than PBS->naive and nude mice in the hippocampus. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in the serum of BCG->naive mice also increased, while TNF-α and IL-1β levels were reduced relative to those of PBS->naive and nude mice. We further found that BCG->naive mice showed different repartition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell to naive (CD62L+CD44low), effector memory (CD62L−CD44hi), central memory (CD62L+CD44hi) and acute/activated effector (CD62L−CD44low) cells in the spleen. Importantly, the adoptive transfer of BCG-induced T lymphocytes infiltrated into the dura mater and brain parenchyma of the nude mice. Activation phenotypes and functional changes in T lymphocytes are very likely to affect the neuroimmune milieu in the brain, and alterations in ratios of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells may affect the expression of correlative cytokines in the serum, accounting for our behavioral results. We conclude thus that the adoptive transfer of BCG-induced T lymphocytes contributes to hippocampal cell proliferation and tempers anxiety-like behavior in immune deficient mice. Our work shows that BCG vaccination improves hippocampal cell proliferation outcomes and behaviors, likely as a result of splenic effector/memory T lymphocytes regulating the neuroimmune niche in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - ShuaiShuai Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhongsheng Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Jinhai Duan
- Department of neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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14
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Morimoto K, Nakajima K. Role of the Immune System in the Development of the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:916. [PMID: 31551681 PMCID: PMC6735264 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system are both intricate and highly organized systems that regulate the entire body, with both sharing certain common features in developmental mechanisms and operational modes. It is known that innate immunity-related molecules, such as cytokines, toll-like receptors, the complement family, and acquired immunity-related molecules, such as the major histocompatibility complex and antibody receptors, are also expressed in the brain and play important roles in brain development. Moreover, although the brain has previously been regarded as an immune-privileged site, it is known to contain lymphatic vessels. Not only microglia but also lymphocytes regulate cognition and play a vital role in the formation of neuronal circuits. This review provides an overview of the function of immune cells and immune molecules in the CNS, with particular emphasis on their effect on neural developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Morimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Clark SM, Song C, Li X, Keegan AD, Tonelli LH. CD8 + T cells promote cytokine responses to stress. Cytokine 2018; 113:256-264. [PMID: 30033139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress is known to have profound effects on immune function and to promote inflammatory conditions. Elevated circulating levels of cytokines associated with stress are known to increase the risk to several diseases, but little is known about this mechanism. This study assessed the role of T cells on cytokine levels after exposure to stress in the learned helplessness paradigm. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells into Rag2-/- mice did not change cytokine levels to stress while CD8+ T cells resulted in an increase in TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ in stressed Rag2-/- mice. Moreover, depletion of CD8+ T cells in WT mice abolished these cytokine responses to stress. Corticosterone and behavioral stress responsiveness was impaired in Rag2-/- mice reconstituted with CD8+ T cells. Notably, depletion of these cells in WT mice had no effect on behavior or corticosterone levels. Exposure to stress did not change the expression of canonical markers of T cell activation including CD62L and CD44 or modified intracellular cytokine content, suggesting that they are not the main producers of circulating cytokines in response to stress. These results show that CD8+ T cells promote TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ responses to stress, possibly by stimulating non-lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Clark
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chang Song
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo H Tonelli
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Tanabe S, Yamashita T. The role of immune cells in brain development and neurodevelopmental diseases. Int Immunol 2018; 30:437-444. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Zarif H, Nicolas S, Guyot M, Hosseiny S, Lazzari A, Canali MM, Cazareth J, Brau F, Golzné V, Dourneau E, Maillaut M, Luci C, Paquet A, Lebrigand K, Arguel MJ, Daoudlarian D, Heurteaux C, Glaichenhaus N, Chabry J, Guyon A, Petit-Paitel A. CD8 + T cells are essential for the effects of enriched environment on hippocampus-dependent behavior, hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:235-254. [PMID: 29175168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enriched environment (EE) induces plasticity changes in the brain. Recently, CD4+ T cells have been shown to be involved in brain plasticity processes. Here, we show that CD8+ T cells are required for EE-induced brain plasticity in mice, as revealed by measurements of hippocampal volume, neurogenesis in the DG of the hippocampus, spinogenesis and glutamatergic synaptic function in the CA of the hippocampus. As a consequence, EE-induced behavioral benefits depend, at least in part, on CD8+ T cells. In addition, we show that spleen CD8+ T cells from mice housed in standard environment (SE) and EE have different properties in terms of 1) TNFα release after in vitro CD3/CD28 or PMA/Iono stimulation 2) in vitro proliferation properties 3) CD8+ CD44+ CD62Llow and CD62Lhi T cells repartition 4) transcriptomic signature as revealed by RNA sequencing. CD8+ T cells purified from the choroid plexus of SE and EE mice also exhibit different transcriptomic profiles as highlighted by single-cell mRNA sequencing. We show that CD8+ T cells are essential mediators of beneficial EE effects on brain plasticity and cognition. Additionally, we propose that EE differentially primes CD8+ T cells leading to behavioral improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zarif
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, France
| | | | | | | | - Anne Lazzari
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmelo Luci
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M, INSERM U 1065, France
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18
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Clark SM, Vaughn CN, Soroka JA, Li X, Tonelli LH. Neonatal adoptive transfer of lymphocytes rescues social behaviour during adolescence in immune-deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:968-978. [PMID: 29430738 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that lymphocytes modulate behaviour and cognition by direct interactions with the central nervous system. Studies have shown that reconstitution by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from wild type into immune-deficient mice restores a number of neurobehavioural deficits observed in these models. Moreover, it has been shown that these effects are mostly mediated by T lymphocytes. Studies of adoptive transfer thus far have employed adult mice, but whether lymphocytes may also modulate behaviour during development remains unknown. In this study, neonate lymphocyte-deficient Rag2-/- mice were reconstituted within 48 hours after birth with lymphoid cells from transgenic donors expressing green fluorescent protein, allowing for their identification in various tissues in recipient mice while retaining all functional aspects. Adolescent Rag2-/- and reconstituted Rag2-/- along with C57BL/6J wild-type mice underwent a series of behavioural tests, including open field, social interaction and sucrose preference tests. At 12 weeks, they were evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM). Reconstituted mice showed changes in almost all aspects of behaviour that were assessed, with a remarkable complete rescue of impaired social behaviour displayed by adolescent Rag2-/- mice. Consistent with previous reports in adult mice, neonatal reconstitution in Rag2-/- mice restored spatial memory in the MWM. The presence of donor lymphocytes in the brain of neonatally reconstituted Rag2-/- mice was confirmed at various developmental points. These findings provide evidence that lymphocytes colonize the brain during post-natal development and modulate behaviour across the lifespan supporting a role for adaptive immunity during brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Clark
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF Building Room 934E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chloe N Vaughn
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF Building Room 934E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jennifer A Soroka
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF Building Room 934E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF Building Room 934E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Leonardo H Tonelli
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF Building Room 934E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Herkenham M, Kigar SL. Contributions of the adaptive immune system to mood regulation: Mechanisms and pathways of neuroimmune interactions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:49-57. [PMID: 27613155 PMCID: PMC5339070 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and basic studies of functional interactions between adaptive immunity, affective states, and brain function are reviewed, and the neural, humoral, and cellular routes of bidirectional communication between the brain and the adaptive immune system are evaluated. In clinical studies of depressed populations, lymphocytes-the principal cells of the adaptive immune system-exhibit altered T cell subtype ratios and CD4+ helper T cell polarization profiles. In basic studies using psychological stress to model depression, T cell profiles are altered as well, consistent with stress effects conveyed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. Lymphocytes in turn have effects on behavior and CNS structure and function. CD4+ T cells in particular appear to modify affective behavior and rates of hippocampal dentate gyrus neurogenesis. These observations force the question of how such actions are carried out. CNS effects may occur via cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby effector memory T cells and the cytokine profiles they produce in the blood interact with the blood-brain barrier in ways that remain to be clarified. Understanding the mechanisms by which T cells polarize and interact with the brain to alter mood states is key to advances in the field, and may permit development of therapies that target cells in the periphery, thus bypassing problems associated with bioavailability of drugs within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Stacey L Kigar
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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